Vulnerabilidade socioambiental diante da ação do mar na zona costeira de Salinópolis-Pará-Amazônia

Abstract

Presentation: Amazonia has an extensive Coastal Zone, with approximately 3,044 km, occupying 35% of the Brazilian coast, with great part of the Orla in different levels of physical vulnerability. Objective: This thesis aims to analyze the physical vulnerability to the action of the sea, the socioenvironmental impacts and related adaptation strategies in the Coastal Zone of the Municipality of Salinópolis, located in the Northern Coast, Pará-Maranhão region of the Amazon Coastal Zone. Methodology: The Orla was subdivided into seven subsectors, according to the Orla Project criteria and physiographic and topographic characteristics. Two general vulnerability indices were determined: Sea Energy Action Vulnerability Index and Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Index (IVC). For the determination of the two indices, the following variables were used: geological, geomorphological, coast slope, topographic dimension, wave height, tidal amplitude, coastline variation, current sea level variation, using time series and future, based on the RCP8.5 scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Questionnaires were applied to the population and to the main Municipal Secretariats. The maps were made using orbital images of 1984, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2015 and 2016, SRTM images and aerial surveying, processed in ArcGis 10.3. Statistical analysis was performed in the Statistical Analysis Software SAS 9.4 program. The socioeconomic data were extracted from the census tracts of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, year 2010. Results: five sectors presented Muto Alto indexes and two Moderate to the energy action of the sea. The current vulnerability index to sea level rise showed three sectors of the Lower Bay, two in Moderate and two in High. In the future IVC, five sectors showed Very High, High and Low. In a one-meter elevation sea environment, major environmental systems will be affected, beaches, mangroves, dunes, cliffs, as well as the most vulnerable population will suffer the greatest impacts. The application of the questionnaires showed that the local population can identify the main impacts and has its own adaptation strategies. The municipality does not have in the Master Plan, nor do the secretariats present containment mechanisms, intervention and adaptation of impacts arising from a possible rise in sea level. Conclusion: the high levels of vulnerability of the sea energy action have caused erosion along the coast. The scenario of impacts of sea elevation on the edge of Salinópolis requires the application of efficient public policies to adapt the most socially vulnerable population.