Análise filogeografica e populacional do gênero Corythopis sundevall, 1936 (Aves: Rhynchocyclidae)

Abstract

The genus Corythopis, family Rhynchocyclidae, has several taxa whose limits and validity are still doubtful, generating uncertainty about the actual amount of diagnosable evolutionary units within the group. This genus has two species: Corythopis delalandi, monotypic and distributed in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, and C. torquatus (endemic to Amazonia), in which three forms are recognized, characterized and distinguished from each other by the pattern of shades of brown on the head: C. t. torquatus Tschudi, 1844; C. t. anthoides (Pucheran, 1855), and C. t. sarayacuensis Chubb, 1918. The objective of this study is to reconstruct the temporal and spatial contexts of the diversification of the genus Corythopis, allowing inferences about the evolutionary history and inter and intraespecific boundaries of the group. We performed phylogeographic (ML and IB) and population genetics analyzes based on a mitochondrial marker (ND2), and estimated a species tree for lineages within Corythopis with two nuclear (MUSK and βf5) and mitochondrial (ND2) markers. According to the results observed, there are five main filogroups of Corythopis endemic to the following regions (neotropical areas of endemism): 1- Xingu, Tapajós e Rondônia (north; east of the Jiparaná); 2- Napo; 3- Guiana; 4- Inambari e Rondônia (south, west of the river Jiparaná) e 5- Mata Atlântica. The results of phylogenetic and population genetics analyzes indicated the existence of two reciprocally monophyletic clades supported by high bootstrap support (>80%) and posterior probabilities (> 0.95), thus agreeing with the current taxonomy of the genus Corythopis, which recognizes an Amazonian (C. torquatus) and an Atlantic Forest / Cerrado biological species. The species tree agrees with the other analyzes showing that there are only two reciprocally monophyletic lineages in Corythopis with high statistical support: C. torquatus (F1, F2, F3 e F4) and C. delalandi (F5), reinforcing their status as independent biological species. The biogeographic pattern of separation between the different filogroups of Corythopis in the Amazon is quite different from that reported to date for different lineages of Amazonian birds, whereby the initial separation events involved populations from the Brazilian and Guianan shields.