Os efeitos Delaware e Groningen: um estudo quantitativo por elementos finitos

Abstract

The Delaware and Groningen effects are two different kinds of anomaly affecting electrode type resistivity logging tools. Both effects take place when there is a high-resistivity bed, like halite or anhydrite, above the reservoir(s), producing a gradient on the resistivity log, which resembles an oil-water contact. The misinterpretations therefore produced have caused considerable losses to oil industry. PETROBRAS, in particular, has faced problems caused by Groningen effect on logs obtained in paleozoic basins of northern Brazil. In this work we have adapted and improved upon a methodology developed by LOVELL (1990) based on Helmholtz's equation for HΦ for modeling Delaware and Groningen effects. We solve this equation by triangular and rectangular finite elements. The finite element linear system is solved by preconditioned bi-conjugate gradient, the preconditioner being obtained by incomplete LU (Low Up) decomposition. Voltages are calculated by a recently developed, and more precise, algorithm. Logs are generated by a new algorithm involving successive switching of subdomain resistivity. This procedure allows the computation of each new stiffness matrix from the previous one by the very fast computation of matrix variation. Moreover, this method allows rapid iterative solution by using the solution from the previous tool position. Finally we compute resistivity logs subject to each effect for a model of the Dual Laterolog Tool.