Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química - PPGEQ/ITEC

URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2308

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química (PPGEQ) do Insituto de Tecnologia (ITEC) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA). Sendo aprovado pela CAPES / MEC em 1991, foi oficialmente iniciado em março de 1992.

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Agora exibindo 1 - 16 de 16

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Craqueamento termocatalítico da borra de neutralização do óleo de palma (Elaeis guineensis) em escala piloto
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-21) ABREU, Deise Hellen Soares de; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456
The byproducts of oil refining industries and biodiesel, as the dregs of neutralization are quite extensive and due to their low economic value and purity are a problem for these industries in the culling and disposal, are of fundamental interest for the use of this research reject. Therefore, this work aims to investigate a viable, economic and environmental fate of this byproduct using Termocatalítico Cracking Process of Neutralization Sludge Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jaqc) pilot scale using 5, 10 and 15% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as catalyst and final temperatures of 440 ° C and 420 ° C. The sludge was obtained by the neutralization process and subjected to a dehydration and characterized as the catalyst was dried in an oven and characterized in relation to the X-ray diffraction, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (TDA). Five tests were performed in termocatalítico cracking Cracking Pilot Plant (THERMTEK / FEQ / UFPA) which consists in a reactor with mechanical agitation and capacity 125 liters, and the dynamics of the process and distillation of cracking. The organic liquid product (PLO), samples of the dynamics of the process and the distillation fractions were characterized according to each standard required by ANP N°65 and analyzed by IR and NMR. After analysis of the results showed that the efficiency of the process increases with temperature and catalyst and the feedstock provides products of low acidity and good characteristics for use as fuel. By analyzing the thermodynamic realized that some of the process parameters such as viscosity, flash point and density decrease with increasing time and temperature, forming lighter hydrocarbons. Regarding distillation fractions in the heavier tracks resemble diesel oil in most of the parameters required by the ANP Nº 65.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.), óleo de palma (Elaeis guineensis) e sabões do óleo de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-06-30) SILVA, Marcilene Silva da; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456
The present work aims to investigate the Thermocatalytic Cracking Process of the Buriti Oil ( L.), Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) and burit oil soap, considering the transformation of vegetable oils and soaps using the thermocatalytic cracking in biofuels, using Na2CO3 (Sodium Carbonate), CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate), CaO (Calcium Oxide) and Acidic Zeolites (HZSM-5) as catalysts and temperatures of 420, 450 and 480 ° C. The fruit of Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L) was collected and extracted from the pulp oil, and then this oil was characterized in relation to the Acidity Index, Saponification Number, Viscosity, Density, Refractive Index and CHN analysis. In preliminary tests it was used the refined and neutralized palm oil, so they were not characterized. Buriti soap was prepared in the laboratory with potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide and stored for thermal pyrolysis. The catalysts were also characterized in relation to Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 29Si and 27Al, XRay Diffraction, thermal analysis, chemical analysis and TPD of ammonia. In the process of thermocatalytic cracking the liquid products produced were analyzed regarding the parameters: yield, acidity index, infrared spectrum, NMR and CHN analysis and then were characterized in relation to density and kinematic viscosity. However, regarding the level of acidity of the liquid products, only basic catalysts produced cracked with acceptable values for use as fuel. From the results it was verified the efficiency of catalysts in which the sodium carbonate catalyst gave products with low acidity and good characteristics for use as fuel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de fritura residual
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-20) SANTOS, Wenderson Gomes dos; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456
This paper studied the cracking process termocatalítico the frying oil in bench and pilot scales, varying the percentage of sodium carbonate catalyst 5 and 10% m / m of raw material used and temperature of 440 º C. The objective was to obtain hydrocarbon mixtures rich in diesel fraction. The frying oil was neutralized and dried characterized in relation to the Acid Value, Saponification, Viscosity, Density and Refractive Index. After cracking, the liquid product obtained was purified by decanting the aqueous phase and simple filtration bench scale. This product was fractionated by fractional distillation and condensate were collected in a separating funnel according to the distillation range of gasoline (40ºC-175ºC), kerosene (175ºC-235ºC), light diesel (235°C-305°C) and heavy diesel (305°C-400°C). Were characterized both physical as chemical composition of the liquid products and their fractions. We also carried out the evolution of the cracking process in pilot scale, with the behavior of physical characteristics and chemical composition of the product formed during the cracking process. The results showed that the catalyst sodium carbonate supplied products of low acidity and good characteristics for use as fuel. The variation in the percentage of catalyst significantly influences the physical and chemical composition of both the product and its fractions. It was found also that the cracking termocatalítico the frying oil promotes the formation of hydrocarbons in rich fraction of diesel (19.16% and 41.18% light diesel heavy diesel to the test with 10% Na2CO3 and 13, 53% light and heavy diesel 52.73% for the test with 5% Na2CO3 ). The time intervals generate the final cracking fuel with low acid content and physicochemical properties according to the specified standard mineral diesel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desacidificação de frações destiladas de produto líquido orgânico do craqueamento termo-catalítico de óleos vegetais via adsorção em y-alumina e lama vermelha ativada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-04-16) COSTA, Karen Marcela Barros da; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This paper studied the adsorption of residual free fatty acids (carboxylic acids) present in distilled fractions from the Liquid Organic Product (PLO) obtained by thermal catalytic cracking of vegetable oil. The objective was to deacidification of distilled fractions obtained from the distillation of the PLO. The experiments were performed using different distilled fractions using three different adsorbents, y-Alumina, Red Mud Thermally activated (400 °C) and Red mud chemically activated with solutions of HCl in different concentrations (0.25, 1 and 2M). The adsorbent capacity relative to adsorption of free fatty acids was evaluated by means of kinetic studies, measuring the change in concentration of free fatty acids present before and after adsorption by determining the Acid Number. The results indicated that increasing the initial concentration of acids decreases the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, showing that the process is less effective at higher concentrations. For experiments with different percentages of adsorbents seen that when using 0.5% adsorbent to obtain greater efficiency in the removal of fatty acids, which decreases with increasing percentage of adsorbent. The most efficient adsorbent was red mud activated with 1M HCl, which was obtained a reduction of 98% of the fatty acids to a sample with an initial acid number of 4 mg KOH/g. Mathematical modeling indicated that the kinetic model that best represents the process was the Pseudo Second- Order. Therefore, the results show that the adsorbents used are mostly effective in the removal of free fatty acids and the initial concentration of acids in the sample has a direct effect on the performance of adsorption thereof.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo cinético e das isotermas de adsorção dos óleos de palma (Elaes guineensis, Jacq.) e andiroba (Carapa guianensis, Aubl.) em y-alumina e modelagem da dessorção com dióxido de carbono supercrítico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-11-08) AMARAL, Anderson Rocha; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In this work, the variables of the batch adsorption process of palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) and andiroba (Carapa guianensis, Aubl.) vegetables oils on thermally activated alumina at 723,15 K and 923,15 K (y-alumina) has been investigated by analyzing the influence of temperature, time, mass of vegetable oil, mass of adsorbent on the adsorbent capacity. A kinetic model of second-order was proposed to modeling the adsorption capacity of free fatty acids (FFA). Capacity results of FFA of the crude palm oil on y-alumina AG.450 at 328.15 K and of the crude andiroba oil on y-alumina AG.650 at 323.15 K were obtained from the consecutive adsorption experiments and adjusted by isotherms of Langmuir e BET. The transfer mass model of TAN & LIOU (1989) was used to modeling the kinetic desorption of the palm oil from y-alumina AG.650 and of the andiroba oil on y-alumina AG.450 with supercritical carbon dioxide, evaluating the yields, errors, correlation coefficients and the residues of the desorbed oil mass versus predicted by the model.The study of the variables influence, over the adsorption capacity, presented negative correlation (with exponential behavior) to the variable mass of oil. The adsorbent mass influence, presented a positive correlation (with a linear behavior) and the temperature increase is favorable to the adsorption process. The total reduction of the FFA after three consecutive adsorptions of the crude palm oil on y-alumina AG.450 and after four consecutive adsorptions on -alumina AG.650 with andiroba oil, were 21.07 % and 40.29 %, respectively. The modeling of the FFA capacity to the palm oil with Langmuir model, presented a high experimental data prediction ability (R² = 0.9610), as well as to the andiroba oil with the BET model, which presented a high adjustment (R² = 0.9140). Tan & Liou model evidenced high prediction capacity of the desorption oil mass from γ-alumina for all experiments, minimum correlation coefficient of 0.9230 and magnitude residues of 10-1 grams. The yields, based on adsorbate initial mass, of the palm oil desorbed from y-alumina AG.650 at 20 MPa up to 30 MPa and 323.15 K up to 328.15 K were 28.880 % up to 34.563 %, while to the andiroba oil on y-alumina AG.450 at 15 MPa up to 25 MPa at 323.15 K were 14.108 % up to 27.972 %. The yields results shows that the increase of pressure and temperature are favorable to the supercritical desorption.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo comparativo dos processos de separação na obtenção do biodiesel de óleo de palma bruto (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-05-05) RIBEIRO, Haroldo Jorge da Silva; ARAÚJO, Marilena Emmi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8983914018546682; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This work investigated the influence of the separation processes on the yield and properties relating to the quality of biodiesel from crude palm oil ( Elaeis guineensis, Jacq ) obtained in laboratory scale , such as decantation , centrifugation , evaporation , washing and dehydration, where the following operating conditions are used : the settling time ( sludge/neutral oil ) - 120 minutes at 50 ° C; settling time used for washing the neutral oil 60, 90 and 120 minutes at 50 °C; H2O percentages used in washing the neutral oil 10%, 20% and 30% ( m./m.); temperatures centrifugation for separating the neutral/oil sludge and washings neutral oil 40, 50 and 60 °C; temperature and pressure range of dehydration of neutral oil and biodiesel and 80 °C from 480,0 to 80,0 mbar respectively; temperature and pressure in the evaporation of excess ethanol 75 °C and 213,3 and 146,6 respectively March; the settling time of biodiesel/glycerol system and washes 60, 90 and 180 minutes at 50 °C; operating temperature used in the centrifuge separation system biodiesel/glycerin 50 °C; H2O percentage of biodiesel used for washing by centrifugation 20% relative to the ester phase. The results found that neutralization in general was satisfactory as generated about 10% of blurs, highlighting the Experiment 1 that generated about 84,6% by weight of neutral oil. Washes in 90 minutes (Exp. 1) and 20% water (exp.2) showed the best performance for the separation by settling, while in the process of centrifugation and washing better separation occurred at 40 and 50 ° C respectively. In relation to the evaporation of ethanol, the best percentage in alcohol was obtained at 80 °C and 1466 mbar. Regarding the separation of phases rich in glycerol esters and the process of centrifugation at 50 °C led to a better quality biodiesel, however, the best yields were observed in the biodiesel from the settling process. The final evaluation of the biodiesel produced in this study was positive, because most of the analyzed parameters is according to the official specifications.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da aplicação da lama vermelha como catalisador na reação de craqueamento térmico catalítico de resíduos de caixas de gordura
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-07-02) EID, Janaina Guedes; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This study aimed to evaluate the use of residual fat taken from retaining grease traps as an alternative raw material in the biofuel production process. The catalytic process of thermal cracking of the residual fat was carried out in bench scale and pilot using the red mud (LV) calcined at 1000 ° C as catalyst at different concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%). Organic liquids (PLO's) obtained in the cracking experiments were distilled in a bench unit, which was the production of hydrocarbon fractions in bands of light green diesel and heavy green diesel. Thus, PLO'se fractions were characterized by carrying out physicochemical and compositional analysis where the results turned out to be compared according to the specifications established by the standard of ANP No. 65 for diesel S10. The produced in the PLO counter and cracking unit using the pilot content of 5% catalyst (LV calcined at 1000 ° C) when compared with experiments using concentrations of 10% and 15% of LV showed the best results for the acid value, kinematic viscosity and density, confirming that this experiment had one of the best yields of the process and significant results regarding the physicochemical and compositional analysis. Distillation processes of the PLO's done in the distillation unit in Bench Scale showed good yields for hydrocarbon fractions in heavy green diesel range. The heavy green diesel fractions obtained after distillation of the PLO produced with 5% catalyst content showed significant yield and the best physicochemical results of all fractions obtained in this study, especially with regard to the acid value. It was confirmed through analysis of the Infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer the presence of hydrocarbons in the composition of the organic liquids.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da hidrólise enzimática do caroço de açaí (euterpe oleraceae mart) para a produção de etanol
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-08-31) CORDEIRO, Márcio de Andrade; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065; ALMEIDA, Ossalin; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7040173036131516; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3895-0952
The use of Acai seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart), for energy purposes has been little studied, therefore we sought in this work to study the production of second generation ethanol from enzymatic hydrolysis of core açai in natura and treated with solvent two temperature conditions (60 to 70 °C). The enzyme β-glucosidase used in this study as technical specifications (Table 5). The Açai core samples, passed through washing, drying at ambient temperature, in an oven with air circulation at 105 ± 5 °C until constant weight, grinding and solvent treatment. The moisture content and the yield on a wet basis of acai core "in natura" was 39.59 and 60.41%. Morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), allowed to analyze the structure and the presence of chemical elements (C, O, Si and Al) in the core and fiber. The -ethanoic acid extract of acai seed showed satisfactory capacity (82%) to scavenge free radicals (antioxidant activity), against free radical DPPH. As a result of the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the core acai without treatment (CANT60) proved to be a promising lignocellulosic biomass to obtain second generation ethanol, it contains a high cellulose content (40.29%), besides presenting good income in the release of glucose (13.687 g L-1) after enzymatic hydrolysis. The average ash content for CANT and CAT were 0.15 and 0.13%. Treatment with acai core of the solvent in the conversion of cellulose into glucose, the yield was below 25%, in both temperature conditions (60 to 70 °C), it was not able to disrupt the plant wall biomass in particular cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, making fermentable sugars available on the enzymatic hydrolysis process, because of possible inhibitors generated during the treatment. By analyzing the experimental data, we can say that the best condition of enzymatic hydrolysis of acai core was CANT60 and glucose obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of acai seed was well assimilated by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da obtenção de biocombustíveis a partir da rota tecnológica de craqueamento utilizando carbonato de sódio e lama vermelha como catalisadores
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-12-26) OLIVEIRA, Romero Moreira de; MOTA, Silvio Alex Pereira da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2688995977218366; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In this paper the crude distillation process of the liquid organic product obtained in the catalytic cracking of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) was studied in pilot scale , using the sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and red mud catalysts by varying the percentage of catalyst in 10% m/m and 15% m/m for the raw material used , an operating temperature of 450ºC in order to obtain fractions of biofuels (bio-gasoline, bio-kerosene and bio-oil) similar to fuels derived from being fixed oil. The catalysts were subjected to a dehydration pre-treatment for 2 hours in an oven at 300°C, subsequently the XRD, IR and TG were performed. Regarding raw materials, physical and chemical analysis, aiming to characterize palm oil were performed. The organic liquid products (PLOs) were subjected to unit operations of separation, decanting and simple filtration bench scale should then be performed physical-chemical and compositional analyzes. The temples were distilled in a Vigreux column six (06) stages, and the condensed fractions were collected according to the ranges of the distillation of gasoline (60ºC - 190ºC) , kerosene (190ºC - 235ºC ) and diesel (235°C - 370°C), later to be characterized. There was a better catalyst efficiency for sodium carbonate 15% w/w as reducing the acid value about 1.7 mgKOH/g , and a conversion of 97% by weight of the oil in PLO was noted also, by increasing the amount of catalyst that favors the obtaining of an end product with better quality. The red mud on the other hand, showed yields of up to 64% m/m products with a low acidity of about 62.90 mgKOH/g, comparing this result with literature data. Based on the final results verified the efficiency of catalysts, the catalyst which sodium carbonate gave products with low acidity and good characteristics for use as fuel.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo das variáveis operacionais dos processos de separação na produção de biodiesel, a partir do óleo de palma bruto (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) em escala de laboratório
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-11-14) CASTRO, Douglas Alberto Rocha de; ARAUJO, Marilena Emmi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8983914018546682; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In this work, the operational variables involved on the separation processes applied on the pre-treatment of crude palm oil (guineensis Elaeis, jacq) , as well as on the purification of biodiesel, produced by transesterification with ethanol and using NaOH as catalyst, have been investigated systematically in laboratory scale. In the pre-treatment step, the processes of Filtration and Decantation have been investigated, being the filtration of the product, carried out by neutralization at 40ºC, 50ºC and 60ºC, whereas by Decantation, it had been evaluated the temperatures of 40ºC and 60ºC in 120 minutes. After that, it was investigated the influence of the time of decantation by 60, 90 and 120 minutes on the water washing process of the neutralized oil at 40ºC and 60ºC, followed by dehydration under vacuum at 80ºC, having been investigated in this stage the influence of the pressure. After the production of biodiesel, it had been evaluated the process of Evaporation of ethanol in excess, whereas in a first step, it had been investigated the temperatures of 70 and 80 ºC, maintaining the evaporation time constant and equal to 20 minutes, within the interval of 613,30 and 80,0 mbar, and in a second step, it had been investigated the system pressures of 480,00 and 346,60 mbar. After that, it had been investigated the influence of time on the decantation process of the glycerol rich phase at 70ºC, for times of 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Afterwards, the ester rich phase has been submitted to water washing at 70ºC, for the times of 60, 90 and 120 minutes. After that, it was evaluated the efficiency of the process of centrifugation of the mixture biodiesel and glycerol at 60 and 70ºC, 2000 rpm, and a time of 15 minutes. After that, the ester rich phase has been washed with water at 60 and 70ºC, being the separation carried out by centrifugation at 60 and 70ºC. The ester rich phases, obtained by decantation and centrifugation have been submitted to dehydration under vacuum, and characterized according to the specifications of the ANP. In accordance with the experimental results, on the basis of the quality of neutral oil and process yield, it has been observed that the Filtration at 50ºC produced the best results. In relation to the evaporation of ethanol, the higher ethanol recovery was obtained by 80ºC and 346.6 mbar. In relation the separation of ester and glycerol rich phases, the process of centrifugation at 60ºC produced a biodiesel of better quality and higher yield. It was still observed, the necessity of one second step of centrifugation to minimize the losses of biodiesel in the rich phase in glycerol.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo de misturas de enzimas (complexo celulásico, complexo enzimático, xilanase, β-glucanase e xilanase, β-glucosidase e Glucoamilase) na bioconversão do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar em etanol
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015) MOREIRA, Rosiane Fernandes; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This work, it was proposed to evaluate mixtures of commercial enzymes by supplier Novozymes A / S. The enzymes used in this work were: celulase complex, xylanase, β-glucosidase, enzymático complex, xylanase and β-glucanase and glucoamylase in the glucose production from sugarcane bagasse subjected to treatment with alkali hydroxide solution sodium at room temperature, 70 ° C, 90 ° C and 120 ° C. The BCA yield on a dry basis after treatment with NaOH solution 6 (w / v) were 30.64% ± 1.395 (PACTA), 44.00% ± 1.787 (PAC70), 65.91% ± 1.096 (PAC90), and 95.25% ± 1.461 (CAP 120), respectively. The ash content for the BCA were 2.05% ± 0.027 (PACTA), 0.62% ± 0.013 (PAC70), 0.48% ± 0.007 (PAC90) and 0.18% ± 0.008 (PAC120). The lignin contents were 20.67 ± 0.603 (PACTA), 13.03 ± 0.711 (PAC70), 6.05 ± 0.196 (PAC90) and 5.49 ± 0.151 (PAC120). The results suggest that the conversion rates of cellulosic waste into glucose are strongly dependent on temperature in the alkaline pulping process. The kinetic parameters obtained in kinetic adjustments enzymatic hydrolysis of the BCA for PACTA, PAC70, PAC90 and PAC120 were: Vmax (g/h) equal to 7.20; 5.12; 4.54 and 0.87 respectively; Km (g) equal to 3.6; 2.56; 2.27 and 2.56 respectively; Kcat (h) equal to 1.44; 1.02; 0.91 and 0.17 respectively; Km/Vmax equal to 0.5 for all samples and Kcat/Km of 0.4 for all samples.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo do processo de craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de palma (Elaeis guineensis) com lama vermelha calcinada e alumina ativada em reatores de bancada e batelada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-05-29) LOURENÇO, Rafael Martins; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
In the present work was to study the thermal catalytic cracking process palm oil for biofuel production. In the development of this study were performed in crackings Bench and Semipilot. Initially, basic catalysts in cracking tests were performed (Red Mud; Red Mud Calcined at 550 ° C; Red Mud Calcined at 800C; Red Mud Calcined at 1000 ° C; Activated Alumina (AA) with NaOH 20% solution and Activated Alumina (AA) NaOH solution 30%) and acid (not activated alumina) in bench scale using as raw palm oil. Before the mentioned catalysts are used in thermal catalytics crackings, they were subjected to the following tests: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and BET in order to characterize them. The results of the bench scale showed that the cracked products Gross (PCB's) achieved in thermal catalytics oil crackings using as a catalyst 15% Red Mud Calcined at 800 ° C and 15% AA by NaOH 20% solution, had a significant reduction in their Acidity Index (IA's) compared to the IA's of heat and thermal catalytics crackings used with other catalysts. In Semipilot Scale the thermal catalytics crackings were developed with the best results obtained, Bench Scale, between the Red Mud’s Calcined or not in different concentrations (15% of Red Mud Calcined 800 ° C) and between the Activated Aluminas or not at various concentrations (AA with 15% NaOH solution at 20%) compared to IA's, in addition to the thermal cracking which was also reproduced on the scale. Some of the products obtained in Semipilot Scale was submitted to distillation in Bench Scale to obtain fractions corresponding to the tracks: gasoline, kerosene, light diesel and heavy diesel. The RMN analysis of 13C, held on the heat crackings and diesel thermal catalytic with 15% Red Mud Calcined at 800 °C proves that they are basically formed from long chain fatty acids. Moreover, the GC-MS performed in the cut of gasoline range (40 °C- 175 °C) showed that the three gasolines analyzed showed the formation of paraffinic hydrocarbons, olefinic and naphthenic.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo sistematico do processo para obtenção e desacidificação das frações de gasolina verde, querosene verde e diesel verde via destilação fracionada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-08-31) FERREIRA, Caio Campos; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This study aimed to investigate the fractionation and deacidification of organic liquid product (PLO) as the distilled fractions in Bench Scale and Pilot Unit; moreover, in the bench scale we studied the effect distillation with or without reflux, and vary the size of the Vigreux type column, which was ten (10), thity (30) and fifty (50) centimeters. First, for the production of PLO was performed cracking catalyst term in Pilot Unit, for it, was used as raw material oil palm (Elais guineensis Jacq) and Na2CO3 catalyst, of which percentage varied at 5, 10 and 15%. Then, the PLO was fractionated into bench and pilot scale, in the cutting bands established by Thomas et al. Distilled fractions and the PLO’s were submitted to physical and chemical analysis, FT-IR, NMR and GC-MS. In a general way, those from experiments the catalytic cracking term with 15% Na2CO3 showed the best results in both operating parameters and the qualities of physical-chemical analysis and composition, whose incomes range 62.6% to 80,9mm.) and 71.7% to 89.4% (wt.) for distillations bench with and without reflux, respectively. It can be said that the reflux in the fractional distillation bench was essential to a better refining fractions, given that most of the physico-chemical analysis is within the limits of the ANP specifications, as the density and viscosity. The variation of the size of the Vigreux column in bench scale with / without reflux, macro point of view, does not change or improves the refining of distilled fractions, that is, its variation does not represent significant changes in effective production / quality of distilled fractions. For the distillation experiments in pilot scale, acidity values of green gasoline, kerosene green, green diesel obtained the best results which were 0.33, 0.42, and 0.34 mg KOH / g, respectively. Moreover, distillation in the Pilot Unit obtained excellent results, as the analysis of FT-IR and GC-MS showed the presence of paraffinic, naphthenic and olefinic hydrocarbons; with hydrocarbon percentages of 83.95%, 93.63% and 100% to green gasoline, green kerosene and green diesel, respectively, which confirms that the refining through distillation operation satisfactorily contributes to the separation and purity of the organic liquid product.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Produção de biocombustíveis em diferentes escalas via craqueamento térmico catalítico de resíduos de caixa de gordura com catalisador Na2CO3
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-07-03) CORRÊA, Onésimo Amorim; BORGES, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8756886156388456; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
This paper presents the residual fat taken from retaining grease traps as a potential feedstock for the production of alternative and renewable fuels. The residual oil was used as filler in experiments catalytic thermal cracking countertop units, Semi-pilot and pilot. Different levels of sodium carbonate (5%, 10% and 15%) were used as a catalyst in the catalytic thermal craqueamneto experiments. Organic liquids (PLO's) obtained in the cracking experiments were distilled in distillation units in bench and pilot scale. Distillation processes resulted in the development of hydrocarbon fractions in kerosene bands, light and heavy diesel. The PLO's with the green light and heavy diesel fractions were characterized according to the specifications established by the standard of ANP 65 for diesel S10. The green kerosene fractions were characterized according to the specifications established by the standard of ANP 37 for petroleum-based kerosene. The results showed that the PLO's had low values for the acid value, moreover, it was confirmed that the use of different percentages of catalyst ash in the three scales of production contributed to obtaining promising results in terms of yield and physico -chemical and compositional, indicating the efficiency of this basic catalyst. The results also showed that the fractions of green kerosene, heavy and light green diesel had low levels of free fatty acids, significant income and physical and chemical characteristics in line with their respective standards. The experiments using the percentage of 10% sodium carbonate as catalyst showed the highest incomes, lower levels of acidity and the best results of physicochemical and compositional characterization of all the tests in this study. The PLO produced using the level of 10% of sodium carbonate showed a total of 78.98% of hydrocarbons in the composition, while the green kerosene obtained after distillation of the same PLO showed 92.64% total hydrocarbons in its composition, these results were confirmed by analysis as FT-IR, RMN and GC-MS.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Simulação do processo de desacidificação do produto líquido orgânico do craqueamento termo catalítico de óleo de palma
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-07-02) SANTOS, André Luiz Bonelar dos; ARAÚJO, Marilena Emmi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8983914018546682; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
The suggested approach to lead this work aims at the simulation comparative analysis between two process routes, both able to be applied in the deacidification process and both responsible to adequate the Organic Liquid Product (OLP) acid obtained by the process of Thermocatalytic cracking of oil palm for separation of the fractions in derivatives step, in order to define which process performs the higher operational efficiency. To elaborate the process flow diagram it was used the process simulator ASPEN HYSYS Version 8.4, part of the package Aspen ONE from Aspen Technology. The analyzed cases were the liquid-liquid extraction and the fractional distillation. For the acidification process by liquid-liquid extraction the flow diagram was designed through three extraction stages in series, followed by two separator vessels and two distillation columns, one of them containing 10 theoretical plates for recovery of the hydrocarbons contained in the refined stream, and the other containing 05 theoretical plates to suit the acidity contained in the stream with high hydrocarbonets level to the limit set in the ANP standard. For the acidification process via fractional distillation it was designed a process flow diagram which consists of a column with 25 theoretical plates. In the simulation it was evaluated the impacts on yield and energy consumption of the process variations caused by the acidity of the feed stream, water content of the ethanol used as the solvent, number of plates of the column and energy recovery initiatives lost along the flow . In the simulated conditions, both processes have proven to be effective in the acidification process of the PLO, being obtained from the liquid-liquid extraction 80% and the fractional distillation 91% of the total acidity removal, however, the fractional distillation proved to be more effective for presenting an operating cost lower than the 34.1% obtained by liquid-liquid extraction.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Teoria do funcional de densidade aplicada a reatividade química de combustíveis e biocombustíveis na fase gasosa: gasolina, etanol e gasolina-etanol
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-10) GOMES NETO, Abel Ferreira; CHAVES NETO, Antonio Maia de Jesus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3507474637884699; MACHADO, Nelio Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5698208558551065
We performed a theoretical study using the Density Functional Theory, with the B3LYP functional and the basis set 6-311 ++ g (d,p) to calculate thermodynamic properties of the following fuels and biofuels: gasoline, ethanol and gasoline-ethanol mixture, all in gas phase. The simulations were performed using the Gaussian 09W and Hyperchem 7.5 softwares and allowed obtaining fuel properties, witch, were calculated from the weighted average for the properties to each of its major components, considering the mass fractions of components of two kinds of gasoline, a Standard kind and other commercial Regular. The simulations were performed at various temperatures in the range 0.5K - 1500K and under pressure of 1 atm, using continuous polarizable model to simulate solvated systems with each component. Conformational search, optimization and frequency calculations (Raman and Infrared) were simulated were performed, where, was possible obtain physical quantities associated with the chemical reactivity and the calorific value of the fuel during injection phase in combustion chamber. It was also possible to prove and quantify some relevant characteristics of the fuels, such as, The high antiknock potential of ethanol when it is compared to the gasoline, as well as the influence caused for the ethanol when blended with gasoline. These comparisons were made from the study of thermodynamic potentials (internal energy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy) obtained during the simulations. In addition to these properties, were calculated the rate-change of Gibbs free energy in relation to temperature, specific heat at constant pressure and entropy of major components. This methodology has been reproduced using the PM3 and PM6 semi-empirical computational methods with the purpose of comparing its accuracy and computational cost to the study fuels, to results obtained from the B3LYP functional. We found that semi-empirical methods can generate results with a good precision for calculations of thermodynamic properties of major components, as such as, functional B3LYP showed, but with a computational cost far lower enabling this work presents itself as a methodology quite effective for the thermodynamic characterization of fuels and biofuels in the gas phase, when they are injected into the combustion chamber.

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