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Dissertações em Geologia e Geoquímica (Mestrado) - PPGG/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2604

O Mestrado Acadêmico pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise mineralógica por difratometria de raios-X e método de análise de agrupamento (cluster analysis) como critério para individualização de horizontes bauxíticos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-08) OLIVEIRA, Kelly Silva; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The formation of wide profile of alteration like as bauxitic deposits on Amazon during Cenozoic period is resultant of intense intemperism caused by seasonal climate, elevated temperature and humidity that are characteristics this region. The bauxitic Province of Paragominas, localized in the east portion the state Pará and west portion of Maranhão, occupies 50,000 km2 approximately forming the largest group of bauxite of Brazil. This work was used X-ray diffractometry, a technique that requires little analysis time, minimum pretreatment steps and small sample amounts, associated with cluster analysis for identify and group samples of same horizon of bauxitic profile of the mine Miltonia 3, Paragominas-PA. The results obtain were correlated with chemical analysis, frequently used for quality control and processing of bauxites. The samples used in this work and your chemical analysis were made available for company Norsk Hydro. The mineralogical types of ore were initially defined through clusters analysis of the XRD patterns of two sections (HIJ-229 e HIJ-231) from polling mesh, with 23 holes each section, and with 375 samples analyzed in all. Based on peak position and intensity of the pattern XRD was possible discern the bauxitics horizons. Due the mineralogic similarity this horizon, the differences found in this group refer principals proportions of minerals constituents: Gibbsite, kaolinite, goethite, hematite, and, more rarely, quartz and anatase. Thought clusters analyses was possible to separate by group a set of similar samples, besides facilitate the analysis of many samples quickly and with efficient results. It was possible yet observe a good correlation of the clusters with the lithotypes identified by the company Norsk Hydro through the results of the chemical analysis. In this way, the analysis of clusters in diffractograms of samples of aluminum ore can be an efficient tool aiding in the protocols of processing of this material.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação da influência dos cátions Na+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ na desativação de Ca, Mg-Bentonitas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-04-28) CARMO, Andre Luiz Vilaça do; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
In Brazil there is no occurrence of sodium bentonite, because of that, companies that explore this mineral raw material using a denominated sodium activation process, which is the exchange of cations in the interlayer space by Na+. Through this process, the bentonite present considerable improvements in their properties rheologies. However, after some time, these properties decline, which has been called deactivation. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of cations Na+, Mg 2+ and Ca2+ in the bentonite deactivation. For this, three bentonite considered calcic, from the state of Paraíba, and a magnesian, coming from the state of Maranhão, were studied in its natural form, activated and washed. The mineralogical phases of the samples were identified by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), chemical composition by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and cations in the interlayer by Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). The rheological properties’ study was carried out by swelling. The XRD patterns showed that the dioctahedral smectite is the dominant mineral phase. There was the improvement in swelling results of all bentonite after the sodium activation, as well as subsequent decrease in the swelling value over 95 days (deactivation). Only one of the bentonite remained activated. The swelling results of washed bentonite showed increased for approximately the first 35 days, with subsequent decrease. The chemical composition results showed that a small amount of Na+ is removed from the washed bentonite. Furthermore, these results indicate that not only Na+ influences the swelling, but also Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação das características físicas, químicas e mineralógicas da matéria-prima utilizada na indústria de cerâmica vermelha nos municípios de Macapá e Santana-AP
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-09-30) SOUTO, Flávio Augusto França; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The activity ceramic of the State of Amapá still it presents very incipient, not managing to attend the market local. Among the main hindrances diagnosed, we can cite the next: 1) problems in the rental of lain new; 2) ignorance of the physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the raw material (clay); 3) the lack of technical criteria in the raw material extraction. The work goals are: 1) Do the rising, register and to study clays main occurrences geological context for red pottery of the state of Amapá, the which ones are concentrate in the municipal districts surroundings of Macapá and Santana; 2) In occurrences selected, evaluate the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the raw material, besides the technological-potteries properties, through which wishes the products improvement of red pottery (bricks and tiles). The work was developed in the area that embraces Macapá's Municipal districts and Santana in Amapá, limited by the latitudes (0º0’30”S and 0º3’30”S) and longitudes (51º12’30”W and 51º5’30”W), where are located the biggest numbers of ceramic of the State. The used materials in this work are coming of clays seized by 4 ceramic: Calandrine (CA) and Amapá Telhas (AT)(Macapá); União (U) and Fortaleza (F) (Santana), besides one regarding Corte de Estrada (CE) in Elesbão's District in Santana's Municipal district, representative sample of the Formation Barreiras. In the total were used 12 samples of the 5 cited places, distributed in profiles with average depth of 2,3 m. The methodology constituted in weigh 1 kg of brute sample, drying itself to 50ºC in stove, disintegrating and homogenizer the same. After this initial treatment, separate in four equal parts, it was separating 500 g for file and the remaining for analysis granulometric. Of the fraction clay it accomplished X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), espectroscopy in the region of the infrared with transformed of Fourier (spectrums FTIR), chemical analysis (SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, TiO2, CaO, Na2O, K2O, MgO and loss to the fire). For the technological rehearsals they used rules ABNT and were made bodies of proofs of 6x2x0,5cm to determination of the following parameters: color, water absorption (WA) , apparent porosity (AP), linear shrinkage (LS), apparent density (AD), Flexural Strenght (FS), liquidity limit (LL), plasticity limit (PL) and plasticity index (PI). The data obtained through the chemical analysis show great quantity of SiO2, Al2O3 + H2O, associates to the quartz and kaolinite. Values of Fe2O3, TiO2 suggest refractory and changes reduction in the coloration when burnt to 950ºC, besides being linked to the accessory minerals goethite, anatase and hematite. That was observed CaO and MgO are elements that drop for refractory and linked for montmorollonite and muscovite. Already Na2O and K2O, are fundentes important in vitrification process. For X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and espectroscopy in the region of the infrared revealed the presence of the following minerals: quartz, illite, kaolinite, esmectite (montmorillonite), goethite, anatase. Clays rehearsed characterize for present elevated plasticity with plasticity index (PI) >15% and fraction silte high percentage. The water absorption measures, apparent porosity, lineal retraction and rupture tension to the inflection after burning in oven in the temperatures of 950ºC and 1050ºC, they presented values adequate for clays use in industry of red pottery. According to the measures obtained in the technological-ceramic rehearsals for the bodies of proofs burnt in the temperatures of 950ºC and 1050ºC, they contacted the next applications in clays studied: 1) Burning temperature to 950ºC - For masonry bricks 10 samples served (U-01, U-02, U-03, F-01, F-02, AT-01, AT-02, CA-01, CA-02, CA-03); for structural bricks 8 samples served (U-01, U-02, U-03, F-01, F-02, AT-02, CA-01, CA-03); and for tiles just 5 samples they presented inside the standards (U-01, U-03, F-02, F-01, AT-02). 2) Burning temperature to 1050ºC - 10 samples they presented inside the standards demanded for tiles production, masonry bricks and structural (U-01, U-02, U-03, F-01, F-02, AT-01, AT-02, CA-01, CA-02, CA-03).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
As bauxitas nodulares do Platô Miltônia-3, Paragominas-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-12-12) CALADO, Waldirney Manfredi.; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3026-5523
There are two distinct levels of bauxites on the Miltônia-3 plateau located at the Bauxite Province of Paragominas-PA. These levels are separated by a pseudopsolitic to concretionary ferruginous laterite (FL) horizon, marking a hiatus between two distinct cycles of the current bauxite profile formation. The bauxites of the upper level (2nd cycle of formation) have nodular to concrete characteristics whereas those of the basal level (1st cycle of formation) are composed by a more physically complete concrete bauxite (CB) added by another level of a more friable bauxite with clayey portions for its base (concrete bauxite with clayey bauxite - CBCB). It was noticeable the CNB located at the upper level of gibbsite-enriched horizon with low reactive silica and iron contents, which are very similar to those found on the horizon of the main bauxite ore (CB) of the profile. In field observations, on the survey fronts and in the drill holes it was found that this CNB is a gradation of the above Nodular Bauxite (NB) horizon. This gradation is observed by the increase in the size of the bauxite nodules, where their Fe-gibbsite pseudopsolites grows up by coalescence, decreasing the diffused iron and silica contents marked by the change in color from lilac-yellow to a red-orange color, to ocher, in higher depths. It is also noticeable a decrease until the complete disappearance of the Al-ferruginous pseudopsolites, in addition to the decrease of the volume of gibsytic-kaolinite clay at this level. Based on this study using macroscopic and microscopic petrography, SEM/EDS, XRD and chemical analysis, as well as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and descriptive statistics, two evolution model proposals were developed on the genesis of the upper level of nodular bauxites of this lateritic-bauxite deposit, considering: Model (1) - Origin from the degradation of the original bauxites (1st Cycle), related to a 2nd Lateritization Cycle which consists of the preexistence of mature bauxite (CB), overlapped by FL, which was covered by "Belterra Clay". This new nodular level (NB) occurs through the coalescence process whereby the residual aluminous phase junction occurred, resulting from the migration of Fe and Si in solution out of this level and by the migration of the neighboring levels above the clayey overburden (CAP) and below that of FL and CB, forming and concentrating large scale gibbsite preferably and secondarily to kaolinite. With the continuous evolution of this level of NB, a maturation of the basal portion of this level is observed, forming the CNB whose nodules are interincreased, connecting locally, consuming neighboring levels above NB and levels below FL and CB, up to the total consumption of these; Model (2) - Its origin from a 2nd Lateritization Cycle, however from a later sedimentary deposition on the lateritic profile of the 1st Cycle. With the exposure of a source rock as a granitoid pluton (Cantão, Japiim, Jonasa, Ourém and Ney Peixoto of Neoproterozoic granites), gneiss (Archaean crystalline basement) or siliciclastic sediments (Itapecuru and Ipixuna Formations of the Upper Cretaceous), whose weathering degradation made it possible the generation of sediments of clayey nature preferentially kaolinite during the Paleogene until the beginning of the Oligocene. Migration of Fe, Si, Ca, Na, etc. occurred outside this level, preserving and concentrating the Al and O in situ, in addition to the residual Si. The process of coalescence allowed for the addition of the residual aluminous phase, preferentially concentrating the gibbsite and secondarily kaolinite, closing the first cycle of bauxite formation. Thereafter, there was a regional upwelling, followed by erosive processes that allowed for the exposure of this previously formed bauxite profile, under a seasonal climate, with an abundance of meteoric water and intense intercalated insolation, where the FL developed, of regional occurrence marking a hiatus between the formation cycles of these bauxites. New regional retraction movement, which allowed for the deposition of sediments of siliciclastic origin, which served as source rock for a new bauxite formation cycle during the Upper Miocene. They may be the same rocks from which physical and chemical degradation provided sediments for the 1st cycle of bauxite formation. Repeating the coalescence process of the residual aluminous phase, with the large scale development preferably of the gibbsite and secondarily kaolinite, closing the second cycle of NB and CNB formation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização geológica, mineralógica, química e física do caulim da Mina da RCC-Rio Capim Caulim (PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000-07-24) SOUSA, Daniel José Lima de; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização geoquímica de arsênio total em águas e sedimentos em áreas de rejeitos de minérios de manganês no município de Santana - estado do Amapá
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-02-27) LIMA, Marcelo de Oliveira; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização química, mineralógica e aplicações potenciais da bentonita associada a basaltos intemperizados da Formação Mosquito, Bacia do Parnaíba, Sul do Maranhão
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-03-01) PAZ, Simone Patrícia Aranha da; NEVES, Roberto de Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9559386620588673; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3026-5523
In the city of Formosa da Serra Negra (Maranhão state, northern Brazil), extensive outcrops of weathered basalts are found, which show enough clay contents to be a potential bentonitic material. The basalts are related to the Jurassic Mosquito Formation (Parnaíba Sedimentary Paleozoic Basin). In this work these saprolites were referred as Formosa bentonite, and the main purpose was to characterize their mineralogical and chemical composition for further potential applications. X-ray diffraction results show that montmorillonite is the main mineral present along with minor amounts of hematite, K-feldspar, magnetite and kaolinite. The Formosa Bentonite was compared with four reference bentonites: Chocolate and Bofe (from the famous Paraiba state deposits), SWy-2 and SAz-1 (from the Clay Mineral Society). Although these bentonites have showed a wide chemical, mineralogy and texture variation, common for such material, the similarities were convincing to increase the expectations of a new Brazilian bentonite. The present montmorillonite was successfully pillared with aluminium polyhydroxications. Results showed that the pillarization process increased the basal spacing of the natural clay from 15.3 to 18.7 Å and the surface area from 55.9 to 180.3 m2/g, proper for catalytic and adsorption applications. Adsorption tests were also carried out for Cu2+ in aqueous solution using the natural and pillared Formosa Bentonite. Surprisingly, in the three evaluated process variables (pH, contact time and adsorption equilibrium) the natural bentonite exhibited a better adsorptive capacity in comparison with the pillarized one. This is of special value if one intends to use these bentonites in natura, for instance, for wastewater treatment. They are environmentally correct, economically viable and assure low cost.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comportamento de metais pesados e nutrientes nos sedimentos de fundo da Baía do Guajará e Baía do Marajó
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-01-28) HOLANDA, Nielton de Souza; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
Human activities influence the physical and chemical characteristics of water, sediments and organisms in aquatic environments located in industrialized areas and high population density. With the increasing use of estuaries as a reservoir for a large amount of waste, coastal and estuarine ecosystems are gradually being subject to significant impacts. The bottom sediments play an important role in the investigation of these impacts since it has the ability to retain chemical species and inorganic. The objective of this research is to study the geochemical behavior of metals in the bottom sediment of the Bay of Guajará, Guama River and the Bay of Marajo. The two regions were chosen for their opposite characteristics: a Guajará Bay Area (1) under strong anthropogenic influence and Marajó Bay Area (2) considered the reference. We collected 83 points in Area 1 and 60 points in Area 2. Determined chemical concentrations of the following metals: Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, V and Zn, and also the levels of nitrogen, carbon, organic matter, total phosphorus and phosphorus bound to organic compounds. Area 1 shows the average content of nitrogen of 0,08 %, mean levels of carbon and organic matter from 1,51 % and 2,60 %, respectively. The concentration of phosphorus and phosphorus bound to organic compounds 307 mg / kg and 126 mg / kg, respectively. The concentration of metals showed the following values: Ba (529 mg / kg), Cr (91 mg / kg), Cu (17 mg / kg) , Fe (6,82 %), Ni (32 mg / kg), Pb (27mg / kg), V (120 mg / kg) and Zn (69 mg / kg). Area 2 shows the average content of organic matter 1.70 % of carbon and nitrogen 0,98 % and 0,08 % respectively. The concentration of phosphorus and phosphorus bound to organic compounds 193 mg / kg and 7 mg / kg, respectively. The concentration of metals showed the following values: Ba (596 mg / kg), Cr (102 mg / kg), Cu (21 mg / kg) , Fe (8,31 %), Ni (40 mg / kg), Pb (28 mg / kg), V (141 mg / kg) and Zn (85 mg / kg). The carbon and phosphorus (0,98 %, 193 mg / kg), respectively found in area 2 were lower than those found in area 1 (0,51 %, 307 mg / kg) and demonstrate the influence of effluents that are released in the estuary Guajarino. In both areas there is the same downward trend in levels: Fe2O3> Ba> V> Cr> Zn> Ni> Pb> Cu. In area 1 were found higher metal alone while in area 2, with the major averages, the distribution is homogeneous, two areas in the metals has a slight tendency to concentrate where there is a higher content of organic matter.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Cristaloquímica da sodalita Bayer derivada de bauxitas com alta sílica reativa de Paragominas-Pa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-05-24) MELO, Caio César Amorim de; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
In the Paragomina’s region, as well as the whole Brazilian north, gibbisitic bauxite deposits commonly shows high amount of kaolinite. The processing of this bauxites (called as High Silica Bauxites - BASR) became a challenge because in the conventional conditions of the Bayer process, the kaolinite is undesirably leached by NaOH solution, and then precipitated as sodalite. The formation of this phase brings a significant increase in process costs, both by increasing the processing time as the irreversible loss of NaOH robbed from the system to form sodalite, which is then discarded in the red mud. Given this metallurgical problem this study aimed to investigate the crystal chemistry of sodalite formed in conventional conditions of the Bayer process, so that, from these results, studies to reduce these losses of the process and facilitate the processing of BARS can be developed in the future. The materials investigated were kaolinitic gangues from 4 lithologies of an exploration well in Miltonia 3 mine (BN, BNC, BC and BCBA), as well as a kaolin from IMERYS S.A. The digestions were carried out in Teflon-lined, stainless steel autoclaves, using 1 g of solid material, 25 mL of NaOH solution and at a temperature of 150ºC in an oven. The NaOH concentration and the reaction time ranged from 2,5 to 5,0 M and 60 to 420 min, respectively. Then the solid material was characterized by XRD, DTA/TG, FTIR, SEM and ICP-OES. The results of the starting materials showed that the kaolin sample is essentially constituted by kaolinite, which has a high structural ordering degree. All the samples of kaolinitic gangue showed the same minerals: gibbsite, kaolinite, hematite, goethite and anatase. By the observation of the XRD patterns and DTA curves can be noted that the BN and BNC samples are more reactive than the others, possibly due a lower structural ordering degree and particle size. In the experiments with kaolin, it can be observed that are formed not one, but two sodalite phases, which coexist practically throughout the whole process and tending to an equilibrium phase. These two phases differs themselves by the amount and behavior of the NaOH and H2O molecules within the framework. The results of the refinments showed that these phases were: basic sodalita with cell parameter (ao) ~ 8,96 Å, which is predominant in the initial stages of the transformation, and hydrosodalite with ao ~ 8,85 Å dominant in the secondary stage (mainly in 180 min). The XRD results from kaolinitic gangues showed that in 60 min there was no full kaolinite/sodalite conversion, and the sodalite patterns in BN and BNC were more intense and well defined than BC and BCBA, confirming that these samples have more reactive kaolinites. The increase of the reaction time and NaOH concentration provided a slight increase of the structural sodalite order. It may be noted that in almost all experiments the only phase formed was basic sodalite. The exceptions were the lithologies: BCBA and BC, which hydrosodalite was formed in the highest time of reaction and NaOH concentration, thus showing that this phase is directly associated with a higher time, concentration and crystallinity of kaolinite available in the reaction medium. It can be observed that throughout the reaction, in shorter time and concentration it is not possible to achieve a balance, which leads to a constant interchange of predominant phase in the system. In the higher time and concentration experiments, a balance is virtually reached, in order that it cannot be observed separated diffraction peaks. However there is no significant increase of the structural ordering even for extreme times as 3 days of reaction. The ammonium chloride experiments showed that this reaction medium allows the formation of more crystalline phases than all others achieved in this research. However, it did not result in the diminished of the sodium consumption.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Espeleotemas fosfáticos em cavernas ferríferas de Carajás e uma nova ocorrência de esfeniscidita
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-02-26) ALBUQUERQUE, Alan Rodrigo Leal de; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
Iron ore mining in Brazil is important for maintaining the country’s positive trade balance. Iron ore is among the country’s main exports, and as a result of intense extraction, new environmental policies have been implemented. In an attempt to balance economic activity and environmental conservation, an inventory and a relevance-based classification of caves were implemented in 2008 as criteria for environmental licensing of mining ventures. This implementation motivated the present study of phosphate speleothems in iron caves in the Carajás Mineral Province. The objectives of this study were to describe the phosphate minerals and their formation processes based on data from geochemical and petrographic analysis in concert with X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry coupled with thermogravimetry, infrared and scanning electron microscopy. We studied eight caves where the development of phosphate speleothems appeared to be directly associated with the presence of guano. DSC-TG curves allowed us to identify two phosphate groups: leucophosphite-spheniscidite, which displayed two endothermic events at 323.4 and 400 °C attributed to OH and NH4 removal, respectively, and strengite-phosphosiderite, which displayed no such events. Infrared spectra allowed us to identify the NH4 functional group, related to the presence of spheniscidite, based on absorbance bands centered at 1430 and 3040 cm-1. Values of the unit cell parameters for spheniscidite, calculated by Rietveld refinement, revealed dimensions and angulations slightly lower than those reported in the literature (a = 9.803 Å, b = 9.722 Å, c = 9.858 Å, β = 102.78°). These smaller values are attributed to increased substitutions of K for NH4 and Al for Fe. Based on the geochemical analysis, significant enrichment in P2O5, Zn, Ni and Rb was detected, suggesting that bat guano was a potential source of these elements. Guano decomposition releases phosphoric acid, which percolates the lateritic substrate reacting and substituting iron hydroxides for phosphate minerals, with simultaneous assimilation of metals that had been bioaccumulated and excreted by bats.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Gênese das bauxitas nodulares do Platô Miltônia-3, Paragominas - PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-12-12) CALADO, Waldirney Manfredi; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
There are two distinct levels of bauxites on the Miltônia-3 plateau located at the Bauxite Province of Paragominas-PA. These levels are separated by a pseudopsolitic to concretionary ferruginous laterite (FL) horizon, marking a hiatus between two distinct cycles of the current bauxite profile formation. The bauxites of the upper level (2nd cycle of formation) have nodular to concrete characteristics whereas those of the basal level (1st cycle of formation) are composed by a more physically complete concrete bauxite (CB) added by another level of a more friable bauxite with clayey portions for its base (concrete bauxite with clayey bauxite - CBCB). It was noticeable the CNB located at the upper level of gibbsite-enriched horizon with low reactive silica and iron contents, which are very similar to those found on the horizon of the main bauxite ore (CB) of the profile. In field observations, on the survey fronts and in the drill holes it was found that this CNB is a gradation of the above Nodular Bauxite (NB) horizon. This gradation is observed by the increase in the size of the bauxite nodules, where their Fe-gibbsite pseudopsolites grows up by coalescence, decreasing the diffused iron and silica contents marked by the change in color from lilac-yellow to a red-orange color, to ocher, in higher depths. It is also noticeable a decrease until the complete disappearance of the Al-ferruginous pseudopsolites, in addition to the decrease of the volume of gibsytic-kaolinite clay at this level. Based on this study using macroscopic and microscopic petrography, SEM/EDS, XRD and chemical analysis, as well as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and descriptive statistics, two evolution model proposals were developed on the genesis of the upper level of nodular bauxites of this lateritic-bauxite deposit, considering: Model (1) - Origin from the degradation of the original bauxites (1st Cycle), related to a 2nd Lateritization Cycle which consists of the preexistence of mature bauxite (CB), overlapped by FL, which was covered by "Belterra Clay". This new nodular level (NB) occurs through the coalescence process whereby the residual aluminous phase junction occurred, resulting from the migration of Fe and Si in solution out of this level and by the migration of the neighboring levels above the clayey overburden (CAP) and below that of FL and CB, forming and concentrating large scale gibbsitepreferably and secondarily to kaolinite. With the continuous evolution of this level of NB, a maturation of the basal portion of this level is observed, forming the CNB whose nodules are interincreased, connecting locally, consuming neighboring levels above NB and levels below FL and CB, up to the total consumption of these; Model (2) - Its origin from a 2nd Lateritization Cycle, however from a later sedimentary deposition on the lateritic profile of the 1st Cycle. With the exposure of a source rock as a granitoid pluton (Cantão, Japiim, Jonasa, Ourém and Ney Peixoto of Neoproterozoic granites), gneiss (Archaean crystalline basement) or siliciclastic sediments (Itapecuru and Ipixuna Formations of the Upper Cretaceous), whose weathering degradation made it possible the generation of sediments of clayey nature preferentially kaolinite during the Paleogene until the beginning of the Oligocene. Migration of Fe, Si, Ca, Na, etc. occurred outside this level, preserving and concentrating the Al and O in situ, in addition to the residual Si. The process of coalescence allowed for the addition of the residual aluminous phase, preferentially concentrating the gibbsite and secondarily kaolinite, closing the first cycle of bauxite formation. Thereafter, there was a regional upwelling, followed by erosive processes that allowed for the exposure of this previously formed bauxite profile, under a seasonal climate, with an abundance of meteoric water and intense intercalated insolation, where the FL developed, of regional occurrence marking a hiatus between the formation cycles of these bauxites. New regional retraction movement, which allowed for the deposition of sediments of siliciclastic origin, which served as source rock for a new bauxite formation cycle during the Upper Miocene. They may be the same rocks from which physical and chemical degradation provided sediments for the 1st cycle of bauxite formation. Repeating the coalescence process of the residual aluminous phase, with the large scale development preferably of the gibbsite and secondarily kaolinite, closing the second cycle of NB and CNB formation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Geoquímica regional multielementar aplicada aos campos da saúde humana e ambiental na porção continental da folha SA.22-X-D - Belém, Região Nordeste do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-05-12) VIGLIO, Eduardo Paim; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The present work was done together with PGAGEM – National Program of the Medical Geology and Environmental Geochemistry Research of CPRM - Geological Survey of Brazil, on the 1:250.000 that took place in northeast of the Pará State and the northwest of Maranhão State. This study focused on the Belém Sheet SA.22-X-D, on the same scale. With regional approach, 74 drainage basins with around 100km² were sampled for water and stream sediments. These were analyzed for 33 and 53 elements respectively in order to understand the distribution pattern on the environment. Some points of the public water distribution supply systems where also studied. The water samples were maintained by refrigeration and analyzed by ICP-OES in the LAMIN laboratory of CPRM in Rio de Janeiro. Physiochemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature were measured in situ. The stream sediments samples were collected in various points of the drainage (composed sample), and analyzed at Acme Laboratory using three different analytical methods: hydret generation connected to ICP-OES, for As and Se; mercury vapor generation connected to atomic absorption spectroscopy – CVAAS for Hg and ICP-OES for the others elements. To all the geochemical maps generated for the water samples was added the curve of maximum allowed concentration for the CONAMA/ Brazilian Health Ministry/WHO. It was also possible to define on the opposite margins of the Guamá river two regions with contributions from distinct source areas. On the south portion the primary source area is the Barreiras Formation. On the north portion, the primary source area are sands so called “post Barreiras” from the Pleistocene and submitted to intense lixiviation, with grades always below the background values, where the totality of the original rock elements was removed. The comparison of water and stream sediments results from the same point shows that the migration of the elements from the sedimentary rocks to the water, with pH values varying from 3.6 to 5.5, is a process actually working. More detailed isotopic studies must be done to confirm that despite smaller grades in the right margin, right on the more populated region of Belém city, these grades are anthropogenic, mainly for Pb and Cu. The data of PGAGEM Project for the public water distribution supply systems was reevaluated. Areas of high concentration and time of exposure were indicated using an expression called the Exposition Grade, the product of the concentration of a chemical element times the daily average ingestion of water (two liters) times the time of exposure. The Exposition Grade Factor defined the localities of Barcarena, Vila dos Cabanos and Moju (located in Belém Sheet), as 3 among 10 localities submitted to the highest exposure risk in all the PGAGEM area. It introduces the concept of ample and restrict geogenic anomaly. The first refers to the natural distribution pattern of elements on the environment. The second refers to both anthropogenic and natural distribution. Twelve basins where detected with ample geogenic anomalies for Al, B, Cu, Fe and Pb, and restrict geogenic anomalies for Cd, Co, Cr, F and Hg. These results are presented on the Geochemical Orientation for the Territorial Management and Public Health Map. This work generated a Geochemical Atlas of the continental portion of the Belém Sheet 1:250.000 scale with analytical results tables and over one hundred geochemical maps. This work confirms that regional and multi-element geochemical surveys outline the distribution patterns of the chemical elements in Nature, and therefore may predict and explain human health problems due to natural factors. This kind of study turns out to be a very useful tool in preventive implementation of Health and Territorial Management public policies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mapeamento geoquímico e estimativa de Background em solos na região da Província Mineral de Carajás – Leste do Cráton Amazônico, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-09) SALOMÃO, Gabriel Negreiros; DALL’AGNOL, Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2158196443144675; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
This research is linked to the project 'Geochemical Background of the Itacaiúnas River Basin' under development by the Vale Institute of Technology Sustainable Development (ITVDS). In Brazil, geochemical surveys have been carried out mainly by the Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (CPRM – Brazilian geological survey), which has executed some projects focused on the region of Carajás, the largest mineral province in Brazil and in which the Itacaiúnas River basin is located. One of these projects, titled 'Evaluation of the Potential of the Strategic Mineral Resources of Brazil', carried out in the year 2012, covered the region of Canaã dos Carajás and generated a large collection of soil geochemical data. As such data were made available, the main purpose of this dissertation is to explore as much information as possible to elaborate multi-elemental geochemical maps based on interpolation techniques and to establish geochemical background values of the elements in soils of the target region of the CPRM survey. 225 soil samples, along with 32 duplicates, were collected in that project in an area of approximately 4,500 km2. The 80 mesh (0.177 mm) fraction of these samples was submitted to aqua regia digestion and 53 elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hf, Hg, In, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rb, Re, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr) were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for the major and minor elements and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the trace elements. The analytical data provided by the CPRM were initially submitted to a quality control by means of Residual Standard Deviation (RSD) calculation for each duplicate. Then, the simple substitution method was used for the values beyond the limit of detection, followed by uniand multivariate statistical analyzis, including descriptive statistical treatments, identification of outliers via Grubb test, normality tests (Lilliefors and Kolmogrov- Smirnov), correlation and cluster analysis. All statistical analyzis previously highlighted were conducted by STATISTICA® and SPSS® softwares. To determine the values of threshold and geochemical background and graphical representation were used the methods boxplot and cumulative frequency curve methods (Minitab® and Excel® software) and the iterative techniques 2 and calculated distribution function (freeware Visual Basic macro denominada VB Background®). For the construction of geochemical maps, the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) coordinate system was adopted as standard. Spatial representations followed techniques of interpolation according to the kriging or inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods. 43 analyzed elements were submitted to the statistical tests, having been left aside Au, B, Ge, Na, Pd, Pt, Re, Se, Ta e Te, because they presented ≥90% of the analytical data below the limit of detection. Correlation analyzis revealed 14 moderate correlations (0.650> r ≥ 0.575) and 19 high correlations (r ≥ 0.650), generally consistent with usual geochemical associations in geological environments such as Cr-Ni, Cu-Ni and U-Th. The cluster analysis discriminated seven clusters, at a linkage distance of 0.8, with evident geogenic origin, as for example the group composed of Cr, Ni and Mg, typical of mafic-ultramafic rocks. The geochemical maps allowed to identify occurrences of several anomalies in soils, interpreted as being of geogenic origin. Thus, U, Th, La and Ce enrichment was found in soils derived from sub-alkaline neoarchean granites, for example Estrela, Serra do Rabo and Planalto granites, and Cr and Ni in soils from mafic-ultramafic rocks of Luanga and Vermelho complexes and the Cateté Suite. Elements typically associated with anthropic activities, such as P, Zn, Mn, Ba and Pb, as well as potentially toxic elements (EPT), such as Al, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Hg, Mo and Sn, did not generally exhibit, anomalous concentrations and, when this occurred, these appear to be due to geological conditions. Among the methods used to estimate the background values of the 43 evaluated elements, the iterative technique 2 was the one that presented the best result. In cases where this method could not be used, the values obtained by the calculated distribution function (As) and the boxplot representation (Hg and S) were adopted as background. The cumulative frequency curve showed to be a useful graphical technique in the identification of outliers and multiple thresholds. The 225 samples were grouped into five classes that revealed the close linkage between the background values and the geology of the region: 1) Sub-alkaline granites (39 samples); 2) Sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks (28 samples); 3) Gneisses and associated granitoids (70 samples); 4) Metamafic, intermediate and banded iron formation (BIF) (80 samples); 5) mafic-ultramafic rocks (8 samples). With the results obtained, it is concluded that, in the scale of the survey carried out, there is no conclusive evidence of contamination related to human activity, but rather strong evidence of a marked geogenic contribution in the soils of the study area.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mineralogia e geoquímica da palygorskita e argilominerais associados da fácies lagunar da Formação Alcântara, Cretáceo Superior da Bacia de São Luis – Grajaú
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-01) AMORIM, Kamilla Borges; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The Alcântara Formation lithotypes (pelites, sandstones and dolomites) outcrop along the cliffs in the town of Alcântara, Maranhão state, and are characterized by the occurrence of the clay mineral palygorskite mainly in the form of whitish pockets, more specifically in pelitic levels. This unit is represented by shoreface deposits generated by storms processes, covered by lagoon/washover and tidal channel, comprinsing a progradational succession. In this paper, the results of mineralogical characterization of these rocks are presented, in order to understand/define palygorskite origin (autigenic or detrital), discuss the geochemical context of paleoenvironmental conditions of rich-magnesium clay minerals formation and theirs paragenesis, specially the relation between palygorskita and dolomite. Furthermore, this research shows a preliminary assessment of mineral potential of palygorskita occurrence, showing the levels where this mineral is massive and the approximate thickness of the packets. A geological profile was described at Baronesa Beach, where 22 samples were collected in two field stages. After laboratorial preparation, they were submitted to the following instrumental techniques: X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray fluorescence, thermal analysis (DTA-TAG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The first field stage results and chemical and mineralogical analysis were utilized in the submitted and accepted paper by Cerâmica journal. These data show that Baronesa Brach profile is composed of sandstones, in the base, succeeded by mudstones with dolomites intercalations. In the mudstones, a vast clay mineral assemblage was described, characteristic of lagoonal environment, with variations in the contents of palygoskite, dolomite, chlorite, illite, smectite and traces of kaolinite and feldspars. Two different generations of palygorksite were described: (1) in the form of pockets or macroscopic accumulations in the rich-palygorskite pelitic levels, and (2) in the massive form, as the higher pelitic levels dominant mineral of the Baronesa Beach profile. The second generation, described for the first time in this paper, may constitute metric levels with potential economic interest. In the second field stage, analysis were performed with more detail in pelitic layers, and also, in dolomitic layers. In this stage, it was possible to observe that palygorskite is indeed the dominant clay mineral in pelites, and appear as trace mineral in dolomitic levels. Data reveal that palygorskite contents tend to increase in the upper portions of the profile, showing an inversely proportional relationship with chlorite and illite clay minerals, whose values decrease as palygorskite increases. The relationship between palygorskite and dolomite is also very significant, because when the first mineral is the dominant, dolomite appears as the second most abundant mineral. This relationship is accentuated when SEM data are analysed, because both minerals always occur associated. Palygorskite micromorphological analysis indicate its origin is autigenic, that is, it was formed “in situ”, since its features do not exhibit any wearing or reworking, eliminating any possibility of detrital origin. It is known that palygorskite can be found in association with carbonate rocks and that the appropriated conditions for its formation are semi-arid to arid climate, high Si and Mg activities with Al available, and alkaline pH (~8). These conditions, added to mineralogical assemblage, indicate that Mg concentration in solution was probably enough to precipitate palygorskite, after dolomite formation. Others factors, such as changes in physic-chemical conditions (Si increasing by the consumption of other minerals (chlorite and illite?)), may also have favoured palygorskite precipitation. In addition to the observed results, new XRD data showed that upper horizons of the profile, approximately 4m of pelites, are the ones with the highest palygorskite concentration. This mineral occurrence seems to be very significant, with very high contents in some horizons, revealing prospects of future works related to industry properties of this mineral, to a better quantifying and to possibilities about its economic use.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mineralogia e Geoquímica de U, Th, ETR e outros elementos-traço em bauxitas da região de Paragominas, NE do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-08-17) PARAENSE, Breno Marcelo Ribeiro; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3026-5523
The state of Pará has the largest deposits of metallurgical bauxite in Brazil, with emphasis on the western regions (municipalities of Oriximiná and Juruti, with two mines in operation) and Northeast regions of the state (municipalities of Paragominas – one mine in operation – and Rondon do Pará). The lateritic/bauxitic cover of the bauxite province of Paragominas is a product of extreme weathering of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks and is composed of minerals resulting from the highest degree of alteration, that is, kaolinite (Al2Si2O5 (OH)4), gibbsite (Al(OH) )3 , goethite (FeOOH), hematite (Fe2O3) and anatase (TiO2), to which are added traces of relict quartz, traces of heavily degraded mica and heavy minerals of greater resistance in humid tropical conditions such as rutile (TiO2), tourmaline and zircon (ZrSiO4). In addition to the extraction of bauxite, its mineral transformation, which takes place in the industrial district of Barcarena, near Belém, with the Hydro-Alunorte Alumina refinery, and the production of metallic aluminum by Albras. Due to recent events related to the disposal of waste in decantation basins (DRS) used by the mining company, a climate of distrust on the part of public opinion regarding the safety of the mining populations that live in the vicinity of the company, especially regarding the issue of human health, since the constitution of residues from the mineral transformation of the ore is not completely known. The objective of this research is to determine the presence and study the geochemical behavior of trace elements such as U, Th and ETR, in addition to other heavy metals, such as Hg, Cd and Pb, in bauxites and lateritic covers from the Miltônia mine, in Paragominas, and residues (red muds) from Barcarena, the relationship with the accessory mineralogy of these materials and establishment of reference or background values for environmental assessment. The present work was carried out with samples from 1 bauxite profile (section HIJ-231), located in the Miltônia 3 mine, collected through drilling holes and/or from the mine front, process samples were also collected from the SAG mill of the plant I, separated into different granulometric fractions, supplied by Norsk Hydro. The XRD and XRF analytical processes were carried out at the Mineral Characterization Laboratory (LCM) from UFPA, while the Scanning Electronic Microscopy stage was carried out at the Microanalysis Laboratory of same Unit/Institution. The results of chemical and mineralogical analyzes of samples from the Miltônia 3 mine, both raw bauxite and its granulometric fractions, after autogenous milling, showed a relationship between the high values of ZrO2 and TiO2 verified and the accessory minerals - zircon, rutile and anatase.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mineralogia e geoquímica dos perfis bauxíticos da mina Miltônia 3, região de Paragominas/PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-10-16) PEREIRA, Carla Braga; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The Paragominas Bauxite Province is located in eastern of Pará state and western of Maranhão state, occupying the NW portion of Grajaú Basin and the southern of Bragantina platform, with an area of approximately 50.000 km2. The important bauxite deposites from that area were originated by an intense chemistry weathering above siliciclastic rocks from Cretaceous age. This research focus on the mineralogical e geochemistry studies of bauxite profiles in the area of Bauxite mine that belongs to the Norsk Hydro Company, in Miltonia 3 mine, municipality of Paragominas, Pará state. This research aims to contribute to understanding of the origin and developing of these profiles. Were conducted two sample collections of lateritic profiles representatives of Miltonia 3 mine, following the chemistry, mineralogy and texture differences of the horizons that structures the studied profiles. We used the following methodological procedures and/or instrumental techniques: X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), petrology and chemical analysis. The lateritic profiles studied in this research were described according to their horizons structuring: Amorphous Bauxite (AB), Crystallized Amorphous Bauxite (CAB), Crystallized Bauxite (CB), Ferruginous Laterite (FL). In the profile 1, the overlying horizon to FL is described as Nodular Bauxite (NB), while in the profile 2, it is the Crystallized Nodular Bauxite (BNC). Both of these profiles are covered by unconsolidated sandy-clay horizon, with an orange red coloring, called by many authors as Belterra clay. Petrographically, the horizons show the following typical mineral of a bauxitic/lateritic profile: gibbsite, kaolinite, goethite, hematite e anatase. This paragenesis was confirmed by XRD analysis, which the mineral content varies for each horizon. Allied to the SEM analysis it is possible to describe the morphologic aspect of gibbsite and kaolinite crystals. It is noticeable the presence of three gibbsite generations, which the precocious phase is part of matrix, sometimes, associated with iron oxide-hydroxide, showing a cryptocrystalline character. The second generation comprises microcrystalline crystals that fill partially or totally pores. The latest generation is cryptocrystalline crystal found occupying totally or covering the cavity walls of cutans. The geochemical pattern of Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 residual phases are similar in both profiles, as well as the contents of Al2O3_available e SiO2_reactive. Over the profile, the contents of SiO2 e SiO2_reactive are more expressive in the most clayey layers, and they reflect the kaolinite content. The content of Al2O3_available has the same Al2O3 behavior due to: the first is related to gibbsite, the most elevated contents are in top of AB, CAB e CB, and the last represents the most economically exploitable level. According to the order/disorder degree of this kaolinite in the soil profile, it was verified an elevation of the FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) results from base towards top, that showed the possibilities of: 1) kaolinite degradation with the process of developing of lateritic profile; and/or neoformations of new kaolinite generations with low crystallinity. The new data furnished during the analysis give support to understand the process that produced the mineralogical, chemistry and textural differences and similarities that exist between bauxite horizons, as well as the recovery of bauxitization process (two phases of bauxitization) that resulted in formation of Nodular Bauxite (NB) and Crystallized Nodular Bauxite horizons, leading the hypothesis of polyphasic and complex evolution of studied profile, wich culminated in the origin of bauxitic/lateritic deposits.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mineralogia, geoquímica e produtos do intemperismo das rochas potássicas e ultrapotássicas de Santa Cruz das Lages, região SW da Província Alcalina de Goiás
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-10-11) LIMA, Carlos Alex Alves; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The soil of the Brazilian Cerrado is poor in macro and micronutrients. Although Brazil is one of the most important countries in agribusiness, there is only one potash mine in production, more than 90% of which has to be imported. This dependence also has a significant impact on the country's trade balance. Due to relative high potash prices on the market it is unlikely that any significant new production capacity will be developed in Brazil from the local potassium salt deposits. The need for alternative sources led Terrativa Minerais to a series of geological surveys in search of ultrapotassic rocks in different regions of Brazil, searching for sites near agricultural areas such as the Cerrado and favorable geology and logistics. Due to this, in 2013, field research in the area of Santa Cruz das Lajes, in the Alkali Province of Goiás, SW of the State of Goiás, mapped ultrapotassic rocks with kamafugite affinities. These rocks are marked by a series of volcanic magmatic manifestations installed during the Upper Cretaceous, representing one of the largest occurrences of ultrapotassic and Kamafugite rocks in Brazil. From then on, these rocks deserved special attention, being the object of this work where petrochemical and geochemical characterization of their occurrences in the Santa Cruz of Lajes region, was evaluated the potassium, K+, in the profile of weathering, its mineralogical transformations along the The degree of soil fertility for the development of agriculture was determined to verify the agronomic efficiency of this type of rock and its wheatering products. In order to reach the mentioned objectives, field campaigns were carried out over the course of one year aiming the mapping and sampling of the research area. The collected rock and channel samples were analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence by the SGS GEOSOL laboratory in Goiânia. The channel samples were also analyzed by the Esalq USPlaboratory in Belo Horizonte for later identification of the soil fertility generated by the weathering of the ultrapotassic rocks. The mineralogical analysis, petrography allied to X-ray diffraction, characterized the ultrapotassic rocks in three types such as Mafuritos, Uganditos and tefrifonolites. The Mafuritos have dark coloration, are aphanitic with olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts and fine polycrystalline matrix, composed of pyroxenes, analcima, sanidine, nepheline and smectite. The Ugandites are light gray, phaneritic with aphanitic matrix, when altered they show light brown to yellowish coloration, frequently present amygdas filled with calcite and zeolites. Its mineralogy is marked by the presence of rare crystals of olivine, pyroxenes, usually euhedral, prismatic, zoned and sometimes fractured, occurring at random and sometimes describing a foliation of magmatic flow. Tefrifonoliths are aphanitic, light gray in color, with rare tonsils filled by carbonaceous material and / or zeolites. The sampling of the weathering profile on these rocks was carried out at different points. The profiles are shallow and generally, about one meter deep, one arrives at the mother rock. It is interesting to observe the distribution of the K2O values in a profile on the Ugandite, where the top soil is clayey dark brown, and in the XRD it still presents sanidine and pyroxene, besides hematite and a great amount of smectite and zeolites, in a diffraction pattern of Very low crystallinity. This reveals that the primary minerals bearing K are still present, and that together with the smectite, zeolites, are responsible for the high levels of K available in soils, increasing their fertility.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Organofilização de uma Mg-bentonita da bacia do Parnaíba-Sul do Maranhão e sua utilização em poli (metacrilato de metila)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-02-21) CAVALCANTE, Manoella da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7249500407405478; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
Bentonites are clays whose main constituent is a clay mineral of the smectite group, mainly montmorillonite. According to the predominant cation that occupies the interlayer space of the smectite, they can be classified as sodium-, calcium- or magnesian-bentonites. Such clays have wide industrial applications, such as: drilling fluids, pelletizing, foundry molds, among others. For some specific applications that add greater value to the final product, as in the synthesis of polymer/clay nanocomposites, it is necessary to intercalate organic ions in the interlayer of the clay mineral. In Brazil, industrial production of organoclays is small and geared towards the markets of paints, greases and polyester resins. Most companies that exploit bentonites for the traditional uses and do not produce this type of material are showing increasing interest in this new kind of application. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of the Formosa Bentonite in the production of organoclays and its application in the synthesis of polymer/clay nanocomposites. Formosa is a Mg-bentonite recently described and relatively abundant in northeastern Brazil. For this purpose, synthesis experiments were carried out by varying the concentration of two surfactants: hexadecyltrimethylammonium ions (HDTMA+) and dodecyltrimethylammonium (DTMA+), in the concentrations 0.7, 1.0 and 1.5 times the value of CEC, with reaction time of 12 hours and temperature variation of 25 ºC and 80 ºC. The Mg-bentonite was used as starting material both in natura and activated with sodium carbonate. Both the starting material and the organoclays obtained were characterized by XRD, DTA/TG and FTIR. The clays that exhibited better intercalation results were used in the proportions of 1%, 3% and 10% for further synthesis of the polymer (PMMA)/clay nanocomposites. The XRD results confirmed the intercalation of organic ions in the interlayer space of the Mg-smectite, for both in natura and activated samples. According to FTIR results, it was observed that the ratio of gauche/trans conformers decreases with the increasing of basal spacing. The results of DTA/TG confirm the thermal stability of organoclays at a maximum temperature of 200 °C, allowing the use of such material in the synthesis of polymer/clay nanocomposites obtained by the fusion process. XRD patterns confirmed the intercalation of PMMA in the interlayer space of the Mgsmectite for all nanocomposites produced. With the DSC analysis, it was possible to observe the increase in glass transition temperature for all nanocomposites in comparison with pure PMMA. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the Mg-bentonite can be intercalated with alkylammonium ions, without previous sodium activation, forming organoclays, as well as their use in the synthesis of nanocomposites. This possibility of using natural (non-activated) Mg-bentonite may represent an important difference in terms of process costs, in comparison with existing Ca-bentonites in Brazil, or even the imported, that need to be activated during beneficiation. Finally, one believes that the research should proceed with the evaluation of mechanical properties of the nanocomposites produced in this work, aiming future possibilities of application for such materials.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Prospecção geoquímica e mapeamento de regolito na região de Carajás, estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-12-16) MEDEIROS FILHO, Carlos Augusto de; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Síntese de pigmentos zeolíticos a partir de zeólita A derivada de rejeito de caulim da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-03-13) MENEZES, Raquel Aranha de; PERGHER, Sibele Berenice Castellã; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5249001430287414; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
Ultramarine pigments were successful synthesized from zeolite A obtained from kaolin waste. This waste has been used as an excellent source of silicon and aluminum for zeolite synthesis because of its high kaolinite concentrations and low contents of other accessory minerals. The cost is naturally less than the industrialized product. The zeolite NaA derived from kaolin waste presents characteristics favorable for synthesis ultramarine pigments, sulfur species can be inserted inside the zeolite voids, which act as chromophores, and should provide some protection against oxidation and avoids high levels of toxic gases during reaction. Zeolite A was mixed with Sulfur and Sodium Carbonate in different proportions in order to check the influence of this variation in color and shade of pigments. Further calcined for 5 hs@500º C. They were characterized by XRD, XRF and, Raman in addition to visual classification by color and shade. These products show colors from blue to green at different shades, both influenced by the amount of additives, cooling rate after calcination and by particle size. Thus, a different quantity of the same additives in the same zeolitic matrix provides an increase in the color intensity, cooling rate after calcination and particle size induces the color change. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the structure of zeolite NaA is not change in sodalite type as normally found in the literature. Raman spectroscopy identified sulfur species responsible for color in zeolitic pigments. S6 2- is yellow and S3- is blue and the mixture both is green, majority color in this work. Utilization the kaolin waste in the production of zeolitic pigments is a good proposal for sustainable production.