Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento - PPGTPC/NTPC

URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2332

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento (PPGTPC), que integra o Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento(NTPC) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), iniciou suas atividades em 1987 com o curso de Mestrado Acadêmico em Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento. O curso de Doutorado passou a ser oferecido a partir do ano 2000.

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 24

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise de conteúdo verbal na solução de dificuldades de portadores de transtornos ansiosos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-06-15) MOREIRA, Sandra Bernadete da Silva; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Verbal behavior comprehension is crucial to the analysis of dysfunctional behaviors attended in behavior analytic therapy. Studies of verbal report studies on clinical context, have showed the importance of the use of verbal behavior and have generated intervention procedures to solve problems. Self-reports reinforcement, as a function of reinforcement contingencies, indicates that changing verbal behavior is an effective way to change non verbal behavior outside the therapeutic setting. The goal of this study is to show the utility of a procedure of managing verbal contingencies by a therapist through the systematization of a client verbal contents and its written devolution to solve problems of individuals with anxious disorders in a therapeutic setting. After being exposed to their own verbal behavior, it was possible to two participants of this study to characterize their difficulties, identifying and describing ambient contingencies related to their undesirable behavior and consequently to describe proposes of solution of these difficulties. It is discussed how the exposition to systematized verbal report changes further the verbal reports and the problem behavior.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Associação de emissões vocais de macacos-prego (Cebus apella, Primate, Cebidae) a contextos comportamentais em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) MARQUES, Karoline Luiza Sarges; SILVA, Maria Luisa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2101884291102108; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
The vocalization is an important form of communication in primates, because the majority of the species lives in dense forests, what makes difficult visual communication at a distance. The Cebus apella species presents a rich vocal repertoire contextualized to diverse behaviors, as feeding, foraging, predators avoidance, contact, copulation, and others. Aiming to elaborate a vocalization data base of sixteen Cebus apella captive subjects, we collected, at the Experimental School for Primates biotery of Federal University of Pará, vocalizations emitted in natural occurrences (agonism, contact) and in designed experiments (individual meal and alarm). The vocalizations were recorded, edited, and the sonograms were made and analysed. At least ten distinct vocal emissions, grouped in different contexts (feeding, alarm, agonism and contact) and the behaviors without vocalizations were mapped. Our data confirmed that Cebus apella species, own an extensive vocal repertoire, with different calls associated to particular behaviors, exhibit sexual differences in calls and sound unity combinations, in agreement with indications of the cerebral plasticity and the social complexity of the species.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Bem estar em cativeiro: análise e planejamento da ocupação do tempo em macacos-prego (Cebus apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) LESSA, Miguel Angelo Monteiro; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Foraging is one of the most important activities and consuming great part of the day time of neotropical primates in the natural environment. In the wild, Capuchins spend up to 80% of their time traveling and foraging in the search for food. On the other side, in captivity no effort is usually required to obtain food. Therefore the opportunity to express foraging activities becomes virtually excluded in captivity. The main objective of this work was to create and evaluate the effectiveness of an environmental enrichment tool called “bowlboard”, designed to difficult access, extending the time devoted to reach food. The observation was carried through in four different contexts, being one in the morning and three in the afternoon, using a focal animal sampling method. The relative duration of each behavioral event was compared in the absence and presence of the enrichment. It was found that the bowller extended foraging time, functioning as instrument of environmental enrichment. A considerable lowering in frequency of abnormal behaviors, while search and manipulation of food was more time consuming.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Bem-estar de macacos-prego no cativeiro: engenharia comportamental no enriquecimento ambiental e análise da dinâmica espacial.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-03-25) LESSA, Miguel Angelo Monteiro; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9912-3833
Capuchin monkeys (Sapajus ssp.) in captivity have few opportunities to perform characteristics skills of these monkeys in the natural environment. The responsibility for the welfare of the capuchin monkeys living in the Experimental School for Primates poses the task of finding healthier living conditions. The objective is to build captive environment conditions functionally similar to the natural environment, using physical, foraging, cognitive and social environmental-enrichment techniques. Aditionally, interested in knowing about the social relations within the spatial interactions it is proposed to describe the relationships in terms of inter-individual spatial proximity and preferred heights in different groups of Sapajus spp. kept in captivity. Fourteen individuals of four groups of three institutions were observed in three different contexts: before, during and after feeding. The positions of each individual were recorded using the scan sampling method. The results showed a pattern of inter-distance between different dyads of animals in study groups. The monkeys were closer after feeding and far before and during feeding. Differences among preferred places were also observed. The dominant monkeys spent more time in places that were most attractive. The subordinate monkeys spent more time on the opposite and less attractive places in relation to the place occupied by the dominant. The overall pattern of interindividual spacing was similar to that observed in nature, male capuchin monkeys showed a characteristic avoidance and no approximation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comparação de dois procedimentos computadorizados para avaliação de discriminação de cores em Cebus sp
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-11) MAKIAMA, Sheila Tetsume; GOULART, Paulo Roney Kilpp; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7800966999068746; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Color vision consists in discrimination of objects based on their spectral composition, assisting in the organism-environment interaction. Among primates, it is estimated that the majority of the platyrrhines monkeys has a polymorphic and sex-linked dichromacy. The objective of this study was to compare the results produced by different equipments and softwares for assessment of tri/dichromatic conditions of two males and two females of the genus Cebus sp. Two computerized programs were used: one involving an adapted version of the Cambridge Colour Test and another one developed for a standard computational system. In Experiment 1 and 2 were possible to verify the trichromatic condition of one female subject and the dichromatic condition of the rest of the participants. In Experiment 3, a female and a male subject presented a dichromatic performance compatible to that one registered in previous experiments. In this Experiment, a female participant presented a trichromatic performance compatible to that one registered in previous experiments. It was concluded that favorable conditions for assessment of color vision in platyrrhines species can be built involving equipment and software with low financial cost and easy to program. However, due the few number of sessions with the low financial cost equipment, it is suggested the replication of the Experiment 3 and more sessions should be made with more subjects and involving new stimuli arrangement. It is believed that, if new data confirm the data produced here, this equipment and procedure can be used for evaluation of others platyrrhines species where behavioral data are scarce.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento comportamental manipulativo e ocorrência de olhar mútuo entre macacos-prego (Cebus cf. apella) em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-11-07) JACOMETTO, Ingrid Schunlaus Nikolak; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
During the first two months of life the offspring of Cebus depend almost exclusively on their mother. Only after the third month the newborn starts to move around independently, and at that time major changes in their behaviors pattern occur, along with an increase in the manipulative repertoire. The objectives of this study are to monitor the development of manipulative behavior in three Cebus cf. apella newborns, and check the possible occurrence of mutual gaze between monkeys. In Experiment 1, using the focal animal sampling, it was observed the baseline frequency of the behavioral categories of manipulative behavior of three Cebus cf. apella newborns. Following, four types of objects were inserted in the cage, one every week. Experiment 2 was a simple discrimination test between pictures of faces with direct versus desviated gaze. Experiment 3 was a simple discrimination training, between two stimulus pairs: front faces with direct versus deviated gaze, and front face versus profile face. The results show that newborns of the same age group spent about the same time manipulating objects. It was not possible to observe a clear pattern of preference for direct or deviated gaze in Experiment 2. Subjects were able to discriminate gaze direction (Experiment 3).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema informatizado de instrução para a formação de conceitos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-03) MARQUES, Leonardo Brandão; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Programmed Education, Teaching Machines and the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) are behavior-biased approachs to education which guided the design of a computer-aided educational software based in choice tasks used to evaluate two instructional conditions: choices among definitions and choices among examples, with naive and experienced students. Tasks were built considering performances as training of intraverbal operants relatated to concepts and allowed to verify the decrease in errors after first block of trials in all four conditions. Performances in all four conditions were similar, naive and experienced students equally benefited of the program. Data indicated transfer of learning to a post-test categorization task. Comparisons between complex questions with multiple choices between examples and definitions must be cautious. Errors concentrated in the first block of questions of each concept indicated that samplecomparison relations transferred to questions presented in the next block. Parametric manipulation in future studies may generate more evidences on variables contributing to better learning of concepts in computer programmed choice tasks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Discriminação auditivo-visual em adultos com deficiência auditiva e implante coclear
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-03-21) PEREIRA, Fabiane da Silva; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
The expectation of the cochlear implant (CI) user is recovering auditory sensitivity and understands spoken language. Considering the auditory rehabilitation as a prerequisite for the development of language skills, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of training on the behavior of the listener to speaker in this group, check the emergence of relationships and the generalization to indirectly taught voice different frequency. Participated of the study three adults with profound, bilateral, neurosensory hearing, loss post-lingual, CI users, with time deprivation (TD) ranging from 5 months to 23 years. Data were collected with a computer with touch screen and application programming routines for the teaching and testing. The teaching program, with seven stages, had choice according to the model. Phase 1) Pre-train for habituation, the participant with auditory-visual tasks by fading out, 2) Pre-test naming and reading, to select 8 words for training, 3) Training of relations between dictated words and figures; 4) Training of relations between dictated words and written words; 5) Testing equivalence class, which were not directly taught; 6) generalization testing, with the dictated words, with an adult male voice; 7) Post-test of picture naming and word reading. Two of the three participants learned the tasks (Phases 3 and 4), and showed equivalence class (Phase 5) e generalization (Phase 6). All of the participants improved their ability of speaking after the study (Phase 7). The performance of the participant with 23 years of TD, which presented difficulties in oral language, was low, indicating further investigation of the variables due to flaw on the training, or to the IC operation, or inappropriate use of the device, etc. More studies are required to evaluate the potential of the procedure adopted for the auditory rehabilitation of CI users.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito do treino de discriminação simples sobre o repertório de pareamento ao modelo por identidade de um macaco-prego (Cebus apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-03-01) MAN, Tiago Sales Larroudé de; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
this paper reports an experiment training to verify the function of simple simultaneous discrimination training with pairs of stimuli on identity match-to-sample performance with the same stimuli. An infant capuchin monkey with experience with identity match-to-sample served as subject. It was investigated how much training with a Repeated Shift of Simple Discrimination (RSSD) procedure would facilitate performance in match-to-sample with the same stimuli. Response ratio to advance the procedure and duration of the intertrial interval (ITI) were manipulated, and discriminative training for all possible pairs of a four-stimulus set was undergone. Identity match-to-sample with set A was used as baseline. Set B was trained in simple discrimination and tested in identity matching-to-sample. Test trials were interspersed among baseline trials. Correct responses were followed by a grape-flavor sugar pellet of 45 mg, and started the ITI. Incorrect responses ended the trial and started the ITI. Results shows variable performances on identity tests and RSSD, indicating small contribution of RSSD to IDMTS when to choices are used in both. Discuss about wrong patterns on identity test yelded by contraditory Stimulus Topography Control selectioned by RSSD procedure.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Enriquecimento alimentar e cognitivo para o bem-estar em cativeiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) COUTINHO, Paulo Henrique Módena; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
When put an animal in captivity, we limit their actions, taking control of most of the variables that act on a restricted environment. These variables, although to remedy the basic needs of the animals has the potential to be highly predictable and therefore stress. Environmental enrichment can be one of the most important advances in animal health in captivity in recent times, raising the psychological and physiological parameters of well-being, suppressed by captivity. The main objective was to create and verify the effectiveness of an environmental enrichment equipment called "roulette" with the function of minimizing the harmful effects of the two captive capuchins, by increasing the time devoted to foraging activities, approaching its budget activities relevant to that of animals in the wild. The observations were made by instantaneous sampling method in five steps: 1) pre-intervention, 2) D5, 3) D10 4) D15 and 5) post-intervention, and subsequently compared longitudinally. The data demonstrate the effectiveness of roulette item enriching the environment, since the behaviors associated with the exploitation and displacement suffered increased over the intervention - with the exception of D10, which will soon be re-evaluated - keeping average frequency of foraging near than expected in free-living animals (Rímoli, 2001) still in the post-intervention observations, rather than the frequency of abnormal behavior or stereotyped.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ensino de leitura a partir de unidades mínimas a jovens e adultos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002) SANTOS, Ana Cláudia Cunha dos; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior has contributed expressively to the production of knowledge applied to human problem solving. The behavior analysts have been producing a variety of studies that investigate the basic processes involved in the acquisition of reading and writing performances, and teaching procedures that may develop these repertoires. Some studies have obtained positive results using procedures that establish the control by minimal units of reading, syllables, starting teaching macro units, words. However, it may be possible to teach reading using other alternative procedures. This study investigates the efficacy of a teaching program that starts teaching reading from minimal units and then macro units, using behavioral technology. Four of six participants finished the program. All participants learned to read the taught words. One participant showed generalized reading when first tested, the other three participants needed repeated tests. Two participants developed construction of dictated taught and recombined words. Results indicate control by minimal units. Further research concerning stimulus control of writing dictated words, one important relation to be learned to achieve functional literacy, is necessary.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Equivalência de estímulos e generalização de leitura em crianças de primeira série com dificuldade na aquisição de leitura
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004) RAMOS, Luciane; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Considering that the stimulus equivalence paradigm has been relevant to understanding literacy this study was designed aiming to verify the formation of equivalent class between dictated words, printed words and pictures, and to investigate procedures to facilitate the acquisition of generalized reading. Participated eight students, boys and girls, aging from 7 y-o to 8 y-o, in the first grade of a public school. The study consisted of three phases: Pretest, that was applied to the whole class, consisting of a word-naming test (reading), and a picture-naming test. Eight children were unable to read. Teaching, applied to four children of the eight, consisting of programmed computer exercises, with immediate differential feedback for correct and incorrect responses. And Tests, to verify the emergence of the relation of pictures to printed words and relation of printed words to pictures and test reading generalization. Three participants showed equivalence class Considering that the stimulus equivalence paradigm has been relevant to understanding literacy this study was designed aiming to verify the formation of equivalent class between dictated words, printed words and pictures, and to investigate procedures to facilitate the acquisition of generalized reading. Participated eight students, boys and girls, aging from 7 y-o to 8 y-o, in the first grade of a public school. The study consisted of three phases: Pretest, that was applied to the whole class, consisting of a word-naming test (reading), and a picture-naming test. Eight children were unable to read. Teaching, applied to four children of the eight, consisting of programmed computer exercises, with immediate differential feedback for correct and incorrect responses. And Tests, to verify the emergence of the relation of pictures to printed words and relation of printed words to pictures and test reading generalization. Three participants showed equivalence class formation involving dictated words, printed words and pictures, and reading with comprehension. Generalized reading tests were negative. The study is continuing, reading will be taught using exclusion and other procedures until generalized reading emerges. A postest of reading will also be applied to the eight children. A similar procedure will be provided to the four children that showed difficulty in the pretest and stood in the control group. (CNPq Master Fellowship). formation involving dictated words, printed words and pictures, and reading with comprehension. Generalized reading tests were negative. The study is continuing, reading will be taught using exclusion and other procedures until generalized reading emerges. A postest of reading will also be applied to the eight children. A similar procedure will be provided to the four children that showed difficulty in the pretest and stood in the control group. (CNPq Master Fellowship).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudos sobre a avaliação da afasia expressiva: material e procedimentos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-08-07) NELSON, TONY; FERRARI, Cristiana; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1843316540336825; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
This work addresses the improvement and development of material and procedures of evaluation of adults with expressive aphasia. It presents a study of receptive and expressive language, and subdivides each category into one preparation phase, with the participation of seemingly healthy adults, and an application phase, with the participation of adults with expressive aphasia. The study of receptive language examines the short form of Token Test. During the preparation phase, the performance of 150 adults hailing from two cities (Belém and São Luís) was observed. Schooling was a significant factor in scores, and great heterogeneity was observed in the low schooling group (1 to 4 years), possibly due to literacy level. The application phase saw the observation of the performance of six patients with expressive aphasia who, generally, scored relatively low, although some individuals produced better results. The score percentiles of the control group are considered viable as provisional norms to evaluate the performance of the aphasics. During the study of expressive language, material and procedure of aphasia evaluation was developed considering two language use contexts. In the preparation phase, 20 participants were asked to name 70 photographs to observe conformity with given names. As a result of this verification, photographs with 90 to 100% conformity were selected, considering the structure of emitted words (e.g., alternating vowels and consonants), and two conditions to be applied in the next phase were randomly assigned to the pictures: tact (task of naming by visual confrontation) and mand (task involving request). Two adults with expressive aphasia participated in the application phase. When considering the aphasics’ self-corrections, some difference can be observed betweenIV the two verbal contexts, but with opposite results for both aphasics. The conclusion is that the procedure used in the mand context is viable in an evaluation situation and should be further investigated. The expansion of the verbal classes (tact and mand) is recommended as well as their application at different occasions in time in order to verify whether or not there are consistent differences.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Investigação de propriedades quantitativas de relações simbólicas em quatro estudos experimentais envolvendo o paradigma de equivalência de estímulos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-06-07) BORTOLOTI, Renato; ROSE, Júlio Cesar Coelho de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3386857761295187; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
This work presents four experimental studies that evaluated transfer of functions from faces expressing emotions to arbitrary figures equivalent to them. The specific goals of each study can be articulated around a proposal to investigate quantitative properties of equivalence relations. Chapter 1 describes an experiment conducted to examine if the level of transfer of functions can be affected by the delayed presentation of the comparison stimuli in a matching-to-sample training. In effect, the results showed more transfer when classes were trained with a delayed matching-to-sample procedure. The experiment presented in the Chapter 2 manipulated delayed matching and the number of stimuli intervening in the relation established among faces and figures. The increase in the number of intervenient stimuli negatively affected the formation of equivalence classes and reduced the transfer of function, but these effects were less pronounced when the relations were established by the delayed matching-to-sample procedure. Chapter 3 describes an experiment conducted to verify if arbitrary figures acquire properties from facial expressions presented always very quickly. In this condition, the transfer of functions occurred with less intensity than when the faces are presented for longer periods. Chapter 4 presents a study to evaluate the time spent by the participants to find arbitrary figures equivalent to certain facial patterns described as more quickly localized. Results replicated only in part the transfer of functions demonstrated in a previous experiment. The studies that compose this work provide evidence that the transfer of functions can suffer systematical variations according to the experimental parameters that are employed. Variations in the transfer of function indicate variations in the relatedness of equivalent stimuli.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Medidas não convencionais de transferências de função entre expressões faciais e figuras abstratas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002) BORTOLOTI, Renato; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Equivalence relation can be defined as arbitrary relation capable to turn interchangeable different stimuli in many situations. This implicates that the elements that compose an equivalence class should transfer functions amongst themselves. The present work presents two studies that have in common equivalence class formation including facial expressions and abstract figures, and non-conventional measures of transference of functions. In Experiment 1 there were trained conditional relations of facial expressions (A) to arbitrary stimuli (sets B and C) and C to set D. Then, equivalence of relations D to B were tested. Set A was composed of pictures of human faces expressing three emotions –happiness, angry and disgust–, sets B, C and D were composed of three abstract figures each. Participants were then asked to evaluate the abstract stimuli D1, D2 and D3 according to a set of bipolar scales of antonymous adjectives. Correspondence was found between evaluations of the facial expressions by a control group and evaluations of the stimuli D by experimental participants. The use of meaningful stimuli and transference measures without forced-choice procedures allowed (1) an independent validation of the equivalence model, showing that arbitrary stimuli became symbols of facial expressions, acquiring similar meaning, and (2) to evaluate the degree in which the symbols acquired the meaning of the referents. Experiment 2 departed from the fact that an angry facial expression amid a number of expressions of happiness is selected faster than a happy face in an angry crowd to verify if detection of expressions of anger could be transferred to arbitrary stimuli by equivalence relations. The same relations of Experiment 1 were trained. Tests presented three abstract figures related to one facial expression and one figure related to another facial expression. Participants had to select the figure alone as fast as possible. Symbols related to the angry face were selected faster than symbols related to the happy face, indicating that such effect could be transferred through equivalence class formation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O racismo na trajetória escolar e profissional de professoras universitárias
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-04-24) CHAVES, Evenice Santos; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
This research utilized an interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological apparatus and focused on social and racial disparities along the academic and professional way of female professors. Brazilian literature examined in Psychology field does not offer examples of qualitative researches about social and racial disparities with an emphasis on black and white individuals. This way, and in this context, this study was included and intended to answer the following questions: 1) are there elements which indicate social disparities structurally produced that are related to the academic and professional trajectories of individuals socially entitled as black, mulatto and white? 2) Are there elements indicating racial disparities when comparing the life trajectories of those socially entitled as blacks and mulattos to those of the ones socially called whites? Three female professors participated in this research: one socially defined as white and two socially designated as blacks (a black-skinned and a mulatto). They concluded post graduation and work in different departments in a Brazilian public university. A social demographic questionnaire and a list for completing phrases were used as information was collected. The information gathered was converted into data. Data organization included a categorization process. The results showed that poverty, indicative of social disparities, was a reality for the participants during some periods of their existential trajectories, though, when considering skin color, it was verified the existence of a connection between the participants level of poverty and her skin color, and between the participants level of poverty and career choices. The results also showed that the schooling process became their path through their professional course in life and ascending social mobility; adversities that emerged along the white, the black-skinned and the mulatto womens life were overcome through support offered by relatives and friends and through the use of personal strategies; that despite the black-skinned professor finished her academic cycle, is a qualified professional who graduated in two different courses and has a post graduation degree, she is still a target for racism, displayed either explicitly, either in disguised ways; that racism toward black individuals, expressed directly or indirectly, was addressed both to the blackskinned and the mulatto women in different episodes of their lives, while the white woman was only an observer of racial social interactions in daily basis situations; that school and family are consolidated institutions that reproduce racism against blacks; that school presented itself as a contradictory social place since, although it pursues the development of citizens, it promoted social ostracism toward the participants when they were poor children attending elementary school, putting them aside during amusing activities, collaborating to the reproduction of social disparities. The results also showed a paradox, from one hand the school is an institution responsible for the upbringing of citizens, on the other hand, it presents itself as a place for the materialization of racism expressed in social interactions among classmates or between the teacher and the student, regardless the grade in which the student is; that racism against blacks is part of a subjectivity (re)construction process, though the meanings they attribute to this process differ according to their phenotypes and experiences in social relations involving a race issue; that the participants points of view toward racism and engagement in social movements against racial discrimination are related to the way racism affected their lives, as well as to the visibility of this phenomenon in the social world and/or in their personal experiences; that being a target for racism against blacks generates singularities responsible for the constitution of the individual herself and for the construction of an ethnic identity. The results of this study will help us in the understanding of racisms social and psychological aspects, in theoretical constructions about this issue, in identifying psychological and social mechanisms of social inclusion that exclude the black, in identifying ones psychological mechanisms when facing racism, in the elaboration of strategies for racism research, in providing subsidies to the creation and execution of programs that fight racism at school through curricular and extracurricular activities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Procedimentos de treino e teste de relações entre estímulos em Cebus apella
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-08-04) BRINO, Ana Leda de Faria; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Complex learning encompasses the control by abstract relations after some relations have been directly trained. In these work, a sequence of experiments investigated stimulus relations learning in two capuchin-monkeys (Cebus apella) involving direct training of identity relations, successive tests of generalized identity, direct training of arbitrary relations, and test for symmetric relations as indication of equivalence class formation. Three theoretical foundations were followed: 1) Equivalence class formation is a basic stimulus function; 2) Stimulus control topography coherence theory; and 3) A version of the personalized system of instruction as an alternative to establish relational repertoires in non-verbal organisms. The subjects presented high levels of performance in identity and arbitrary conditional discriminations. The subjects given generalized identity tests demonstrated that abstract relation; the subject given arbitrary training presented negative results in the test for symmetric performances. Stimulus relations learning problems found here with nonhuman subjects seem to be similar to that presented by human individuals with retarded development. Teaching procedures for retarded individuals were sufficient to solve most repertoire deficiencies of non-humans, which are usually attributed to species limitations.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Reforçamento específico em treino de discriminações condicionais e teste de simetria com um macaco-prego (Cebus apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-02-04) KATAOKA, Katarina Bonfim; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
It is possible that organisms have a basic relational capacity. Therefore, equivalence relations would be generated by the reinforcing contingencies. Inconsistent outcomes obtained in test of equivalence class formation would be due to experimental procedures of training and testing that are not capable to generate the performance planned. Building on the assumption that not only the discriminative stimuli, but also the response and reinforcers, if specific to each class, become members of the class, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of a capuchin-monkey (Cebus apella) with pre-experimental history in condicional discriminations and use of the blank comparison (mask), in tests of symmetry BA after training with specific reinforcement, pellets of food of the diferent flavors for each discrimination. During training, blank comparisons substituting S+ and Swere used, to assure controlling relations consistent with planned. After training, it was tested the symmetric relations, also with specific reinforcing, the outcome was inconsistent with the formation of classes. It is possible that more training sessions with specific. Reinforcement would be necessary, and/or the similarities between reinforcers of each class have allowed generalization between them.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Relações de identidade entre estímulos familiares de diferentes categorias em macacos-prego (Cebus cf. apella)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) LOBATO, Suélen Nicole da Silva; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
Assuming that teaching complex repertoires begins with teaching its prerequisites, controlling relationships in teaching two adult capuchin monkeys zero-delay identity matching to sample conditional discriminations of pictures of known items were investigated. The number of simultaneous choices was gradually increased as performance reached criterion of 90% of correct choices. Eva was first trained IDMTS with two simultaneous choices, then four relations of identity with only 2 comparisons in each trial, and finally four identity relations with four comparisons. Cotoh was first trained IDMTS with four stimuli and four comparisons per trial, then 8 relations and 8 comparisons per trial, and finally 16 relations and 16 comparisons, followed by a generalized identity test. Changes were contingent to reaching criterion of 90% correct trials for two sessions. Both participants eventually reached criterion in identity matching. Further than generalized identity, the male showed signs of category formation with new stimuli the second test. The use of familiar stimuli, the gradual increase in the number of identity relations and number of comparisons per trial seems to promote learning.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Um teste computadorizado para a avaliação de visão de cores em crianças e sujeitos não-verbais baseado no teste de discriminação de cores de Mollon-Reffin
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-12-16) GOULART, Paulo Roney Kilpp; SILVEIRA, Luiz Carlos de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9383834641490219; GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7483948147827075
The present study aimed at providing conditions for the assessment of color discrimination in children using a modified version of the Trivector mode of the Mollon-Reffin color discrimination test. Since the task of indicating the gap of the Landolt C used in that test proved counterintuitive and/or difficult for young children to understand the target stimulus was changed to a square patch of color the subjects were asked to touch. The Trivector test measures color discrimination for the protan, deutan and tritan confusion lines. Experiment I sought to evaluate the correspondence between the CCT and the child-friendly adaptation with adult subjects (n=29) with normal color vision. Comparison of the thresholds obtained with both tests using Bland-Altman statistical methods showed good agreement between the two test versions. Experiment II tested the child-friendly software with children 2 to 7 years old (n=25) using operant training techniques for establishing and maintaining the subjects‟ performance. Color discrimination thresholds were progressively lower as age increased. The protan and deutan thresholds were consistently lower than tritan thresholds, a pattern repeatedly observed in adults tested with the CCT. The results demonstrate that the test is fit for assessment of color discrimination in young children and may be a useful tool for the establishment of color vision thresholds during development, as well as for use with other human populations, as well as with other primate species. (CNPq, FINEP).