Navegando por Autor "PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva"

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Análise do controle por regras
(2010) ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
In Behavior Analysis there is a proposal in which rules do not alter the probability of behavior future occurrence and another one in which rules can exercise this effect. The present study has the objective of presenting such proposals. Before this, the distinction between rule-controlled behavior and the contingency-controlled behavior are presented, besides some procedures used to investigate rule control and some theoretical propositions concerning how rules function. Afterwards, some reasons why rules are followed are presented, highlighting the effects of delayed consequences. In conclusion, arguments stating that rules can alter the probability of future behavior are presented.
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Análise do papel de variáveis sociais e de conseqüências programadas no seguimento de instruções
(2004) ALBUQUERQUE, Niele Márcia Amaral de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de
Twelve children in the eight-to-nine year age range were exposed to a matching-to-sample procedure in an investigation dealing with the role of monitoring in instruction-following. On this task, two comparison stimuli were touched in the presence of a contextual stimulus. Whereas incorrect responses resulted in reinforcement loss, correct responses avoided this consequence. There were five phases in the experiment: Phases 1, 3 and 5 began with an instruction corresponding to the contingencies; contingencies in effect in Phase 1 were reversed in Phase 2, reestablished in Phase 3, reversed again in Phase 4 and renewed in Phase 5. The participants were subjected to two conditions, differing with regard to the phase where an observer was introduced in the experimental situation. During Phases 2 and 4, 10 participants did not follow instructions. This finding indicates that even when monitoring is present, instruction-following does not occur if it is not reinforced.
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Análise dos efeitos de histórias de variação comportamental sobre o seguimento de regras
(2004) SANTOS, José Guilherme Wady; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de
In a study concerning the sensitivity of instruction-following to signaled changes in contingencies, 14 children in the 8-to-9 age range were exposed to a matching-to-sample procedure. On this task, 1 of 2 comparison stimuli were touched in the presence of a contextual stimuli. There were 3 phases in the experiment. Those contingencies in effect in Phase 1 were reversed in Phase 2, and reestablished in Phase 3. The transition from one phase to another was cued by a signal. The participants were subjected to 2 conditions that differed in the number of instructions corresponding to the contingencies presented in Phase 1: Only 1 instruction was given in Condition UI, and 3 different instructions were given in Condition MI. One of the 6 participants in Condition UI and 4 of the 8 in Condition MI ceased following instructions. These results suggest that the presence of an interaction between history of behavioral variation produced by different instructions and signalling contingency shifts may render the instructed behavior susceptible to contingency shifts.
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Controle por regras: efeitos de perguntas, propriedades formais de regras e esquemas de reforço
(2015-09) GONÇALVES, Adelina Santana; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
Aiming the investigation of the effects of some variables on rule following, 24 college students were submitted to a matching-to-sample procedure, with the task of pointing to the comparison stimuli in sequence. In Phase 1 the correct sequence was established by differential reinforcement in continuous reinforcement schedule. In Phases 2 and 3 the reinforcement contingencies were kept unchanged, and meanwhile rules (suggestion and mand) discrepant of the contingencies were manipulated. In Conditions 1 and 2, Phases 2 and 3 suggestion and mand were presented in this sequence. In Conditions 3 and 4 the presentation order was reversed. Questions concerning why the behavior was reinforced were presented only in Phase 1 of Conditions 1 and 3. Hundred percent participants did not follow the suggestion, 60% did not follow the mand. Results indicate that the history of alternative behavior to the specified by the rule, justifications, and questions may interfere with the discrepant-to-the-contingencies rule-following, and implications for the comprehension of the functions of the reinforcement contingencies and rules in the explanation of behavior.
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Efeitos de histórias do ouvinte sobre o seguimento de regras discrepantes das contingências
(Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia, 2017-12) LIMA, Fernanda Monteiro; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
Testing proposition by aiming on the listener’s history critical characteristics that may meddle on the discrepant-rule following, eight college students were exposed to a matching to sample procedure. The task was to point to the three comparison stimuli in a sequence. In Phase 1 no sequence was instructed or reinforced. Phase 2 begun with the rule corresponding to the contingencies. Contingencies effective in Phase 2 were shifted without warning in Phase 3. Contingencies in Phase 3 were kept unchanged in Phase 4, which started with the presentation of a discrepant rule. Six out of eight participants showed an independent behavior and two out of eight showed a dependent behavior from its immediate consequences in Phase 3. From those six out of eight participants showing an independent behavior, four managed to follow the discrepant-rule in Phase 4. And from the latter two out of eight showing a dependent behavior, all of them abandoned the discrepant-rule following in Phase 4. It is suggested that the behavior’s dependence and independence to its immediate consequences, before the discrepant-rule presentation, are critical variables of the listener’s history that may be used to foresee maintenance, or not, from the subsequent discrepant-rule following.
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Efeitos de histórias experimentais e de justificativas sociais sobre o comportamento de seguir regras
(2015-09) SOUSA, Lorena de Medeiros; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de
The effect of justifications on rule-following behavior after a history of reinforcement for not following rules was evaluated. Ten children were submitted to a matching to sample procedure such as the task was to touch one of two comparison stimuli in the presence of a contextual stimulus. In Conditions 1 and 2, the Phases 1, 2, and 4 begun with the presentation of an instruction that was discrepant to the contingencies; following the rule lead to the loss of tokens. In Phase 3 it was presented an instruction corresponding to the contingencies, with a justification for following the instruction that lead to the loss of tokens. The difference of Conditions 1 and 2 was only regarding to the justification presented in Phase 3. The justification presented in Condition 1 was "to help poor children" and in Condition 2 a justification regarding experimenter's approval. The behavior of 9 out of 10 participants was under control of the experimental history of reinforcement for not following instructions and of the immediate consequences produced by the behavior of not following instructions; the behavior of one participant was under control of the justification for following the corresponding instruction.
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Efeitos de instruções preliminares sobre o seguimento de regras
(2012-09) TEIXEIRA JÚNIOR, Ronaldo Rodrigues; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
The present work had as objective to test the effects of different general instructions on rule following. Eighteen college students were exposed to a modified match-to-sample task and divided in three groups, which differed in the presentation of preliminary instructions (complete, without passages about materials or without passages about consequences). Subjects of each group were divided in two experimental conditions, in which accurate and inaccurate instructions were presented. Results showed that absence of sections about materials in the instructions complicates the learning task while absence of sections about consequences decreases the variety of responses. Notwithstanding, all subjects that performed the task correctly followed both accurate and inaccurate instructions.
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Efeitos de manipulações de propriedades formais de estímulos verbais sobre o comportamento
(2010) BRAGA, Mariella Vasconcelos Nogueira; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; SANTOS, Joene Vieira dos
Aiming to investigate the effects of antecedent verbal stimuli on behavior, twenty-four students were exposed to a match to sample procedure. The task consisted of pointing out to each of three comparison stimuli. The correct behavior was reinforced in fixed ratio 6. In Condition 1, the order of the presentation of the stimuli at the beginning of phases 2, 3, 4 and 5 was: corresponding instruction, minimal instruction, corresponding question, minimal question, respectively. The eight conditions differed only in the order in which the verbal stimuli were presented. The corresponding stimuli and corresponding question established the correct behavior in 95% and 33% of the cases, respectively. The minimal stimuli didn't establish the correct behavior. The results have implications on the defining of rules.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de perguntas e de respostas às perguntas sobre o seguir regras apresentadas em uma história infantil
(2013-12) PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; MESCOUTO, Wandria de Andrade; FARIAS, Andréa Fonseca
The effects of questions and answers to questions upon rule following were investigated with 15 children, distributed in three groups. In phases 1 and 3, the number of candies given was measured; in Phase 2, a story was told with a rule specifying that who gives goodies has friends to play. The groups differed in Phase 2: for Group 1, the experimenter did not ask questions; for Group 2, questions were asked during the story telling; and for Group 3, questions were asked at the end of the story. From those participants who did not give candies in Phase 1 of groups 1, 2 e 3, 50%, 100% and 100%, respectively, did so in Phase 3. The results of this study suggest that questions and answers interfere with the occurrence of rule following.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de regras sobre relatos de comportamentos de cuidados com os pés em pessoas com diabetes
(2014) NAJJAR, Enise Cássia Abdo; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
Aiming to establish reports on foot care, baseline reports of diabetic adults were registered before experimental manipulations. In Experiment 1, Condition 1, questions were made to 6 participants and their feet were examined. In Condition 2, no questions were made and an exam was performed. In Condition 3, no questions were made and no exam was performed. In Experiment 2, all 16 participants were exposed to rules on how to take care of their feet. In Condition 1, reports were reinforced; in Condition 2 reasons for following the rules were presented; in Condition 3 there were reinforcement and reasons; and in Condition 4, neither reinforcement for reports nor reasons were presented. In all conditions of Experiment 2, the number of reports increased. The effects of the variables involved in rule-governed behavior are discussed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de uma história de reforço contínuo e de conseqüências sociais sobre o seguir regras
(2006) MONTELES, Karla Maria Costa; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de
In order to investigate the effects of variables involved in rule following, 18 children were exposed to a matching-to-sample procedure. Each child touched one of two comparison stimuli in the presence of a contextual stimulus. Correct responses were reinforced with tokens. Phase 1 began with minimal instruction, Phase 2 with a contingency-correspondent rule, and Phases 3 and 4 with a change in the contingencies. The three experimental conditions differed in Phases 1 and 3. In Phase 1 of Condition 1, no response was reinforced, and in Phase 1 of Conditions 2 and 3, there was differential reinforcement of the correct responses. In Phase 3 of the three conditions, the maintenance of rule following was not rewarded with tokens; instead praise was delivered in Condition 3. Rule following was maintained in Conditions 1 and 3, but left out in Condition 2. Some explanations are provided for the maintenance of rule following behavior.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Investigação do controle por regras e do controle por histórias de reforço sobre o comportamento humano
(2004) ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; MATOS, Maria Amélia; SOUZA, Deisy das Graças de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
This study investigated the role of experimental history and of relative density of reinforcement on rule following behavior. Sixteen undergraduate students participated. Under a matching-to-sample procedure, with 3 comparison stimuli, the participants were asked to point the comparisons in sequence, according to their dimension, Color, Thickness or Form, in common to the sample. At the beginning of Phases 1, 2, 3 and 4, participants were exposed, respectively, to minimal instructions, a discrepant rule (specifying a non reinforced sequence), a corresponding rule (specifying a TFC sequence) and a repeated discrepant rule. Only the CTF sequence was reinforced in all phases. In Phase 3, two sequences, TFC and CTF, were concurrently reinforced (Concurrent FR 2 FR6 and FR2 FR6). Control by rules and by reinforcement history were both observed, under specific conditions. These findings have implications for drawing a distinction between behaviors controlled by rules and those shaped by contingencies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Seleção do comportamento por justificativas constituintes de regras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-12) ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
Considering that the distinction between the effects of stimuli that are constituent of rules and of reinforcement contingencies in the determination of behavior is not clear, this study attempts to clarify such a distinction by the presentation of the Theory of Control by Justifi cations and by Immediate Consequences (TJC Theory). This theory, grounded in experimental results, comprises the following concepts, as defi ned in previous studies: formal properties of verbal stimuli; rules; behavior; social environment; verbal social environment; nonverbal social environment; immediate consequences; justifi cations; justifi cation Types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; approval or disapproval by justifi cation and by immediate consequences; rules with and without reported justifi cations; future events that may or may not be contacted; and control histories of the listener by (a) immediate differential consequences, (b) differential justifi cations, and (c) the interaction between justifi cations and immediate differential consequences for following rules and for not following rules. The theory postulates the establishment of limits between what should be attributed to functions of stimuli as constituent of rules and what should be attributed to functions of stimuli as constituent of reinforcement contingencies. TJC Theory also postulates that justifi cation can select behavior.
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Variáveis que podem interferir no seguir regras de participantes flexíveis e inflexíveis
(2014-03) PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; SOUZA, Lívia Mello; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de
Aiming to evaluate the effect of pre-experimental histories on rule-following, 16 college students were submitted to a computerized matching-to-sample procedure. The task was to point to each of three comparison stimuli in sequence. Eight participants, 4 flexible and 4 inflexible, were allocated to each of two four-phase conditions. In Phase 1, the correct sequence was established by contingencies. Reinforcement to the emission of the correct sequence was maintained during the following three phases – in Condition 1, the continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF), and in Condition 2, the fixed-ratio 4 (FR4). In both conditions, Phase 2 started with the presentation of a discrepant rule, Phase 3 started with a corresponding rule, and Phase 4 started with a discrepant rule. Following the discrepant rule did not produce the programmed reinforcement, but following the corresponding rule produced reinforcement. In Condition 1 (CRF), the 8 participants, flexible and inflexible, stopped following the discrepant rule. In Condition 2 (FR 4), the inflexible participants kept following the discrepant rule and the flexible ones stopped following it. It is suggested that the effects of pre-experimental histories are modulated by present variables.