SIBI! EM BREVE O RIUFPA ESTARÁ LIBERADO! AGUARDEM!

Dissertações em Geologia e Geoquímica (Mestrado) - PPGG/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2604

O Mestrado Acadêmico pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

Navegar

Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 23

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Acúmulo e fracionamento de fósforo nos sedimentos do estuário do rio Coreaú (Ceará) para avaliação do impacto da carcinicultura
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-11-17) AQUINO, Rafael Fernando Oliveira; KAWAKAMI, Silvia Keiko; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5306256489815710; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
The shrimp culture (shrimp farms) is one of the activities of aquaculture widely employed in Brazilian estuaries and mangroves. The shrimps are fed with phosphate enriched compounds. Thus, the effluent produced by farms can accelerate the eutrophication process. An increase of shrimp farming has been seen in Coreaú River Estuary, state of Ceará, but data about environmental quality are scarce to allow monitoring of the region. The aim of the present research was to assess the contribution of the shrimp farms on phosphorus input to the Coreaú River Estuary. The main forms of phosphorus: bioavailable (P-Exch); bound to iron oxy-hydroxides (P-Fe), on the biogenic, autigênica carbonates and apatite (P-CFAP), on the detrital apatite (P-FAP) and organic phosphorus (P-Org) and as well as total organic carbon (%TOC) and chlorophyll-a were determined in samples of surface sediments and cores from the margins of the Coreaú River Estuary. The high concentrations of P-Total in surface sediments indicated the need for monitoring studies. The larger fraction was P-Fe, composing 30% of P-Total, approximately. These results indicate the ability of the iron oxy-hydroxides to immobilize or release phosphorus. The contribution of the farm’s effluents was evidenced by higher concentrations of P-Org in points adjacent to discharge areas. In sediment cores, the highest P-Total concentrations were found predominantly in fine sediments (silt and clay), with the P-Fe, P-CFAP and P-FAP fractions being the main contributors. The sedimentation rates and concentration increases of P-Total indicate the possible period of deforestation and starting or maximum activity of shrimp farms in the end of the 1980 and mid 1990, respectively. High phosphorus concentrations as well as %TOC and chlorophyll-a levels suggested a significant anthropogenic contribution, associated with a high potential for eutrophication.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da dinâmica morfo-sedimentar da praia da Marieta – Ilha do Marco-Maracanã (NE do Pará)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-04-19) GUERREIRO, Juliana de Sá; EL-ROBRINI, Maâmar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5707365981163429
This study aims the investigation of the morphological and sedimentological variations occurred in Marieta’s Beach- Marco Island (NE of Pará) during the rainy season (March) and rainyless season (November) of 2007, seeking to identify the main factors responsible by these variations. The Marieta’s beach has 3 km long, with NW-SE direction, and is supported by the sediments of the Barreiras Group, Post-Barreiras and the recent sediments that provide much of the sediment at the mouth of the estuary Urindeua. Topographic profiles were conducted in June in the following subdivisions Beach Marieta: Sector sandy spit - profiles I and II (tgβ = 0.0015); central section - profiles III, IV (tgβ = 0.0017) and NW sector - and V profiles VI (tgβ = 0.005). We applied the following morphological beach models: Inmam & Guza (1975), Sandy Spur -        in the rainy season         in the rainyless period, Sector Central -      12 in the rainy season        during rainyless. These results show a strong reflection with some dissipation, characterized as Intermediate Bar and Longitudinal with the NW sector, which indicated a Dissipative behavior during the two periods studied, According to Wright & Short (1984) had a whole beach Dissipative behavior during the two periods studied -       in the rainy season         in the less rainy period; And following Masselink & Short (1993) showed the profiles to be modified by tides, with dissipative bars RTR = 4 in the rainy season and RTR= 3.6 in the rainyless period. The beaches are predominantly covered by very fine sand, very well selected and moderately selected, with mesocurtic and platicurtic kurtosis and negative asymmetry at the supratidal zones during the rainy season and in areas of infratidal in the rainyless season in other areas of the beach Marieta were approximately symmetrical and positive asymmetries. The Marieta’s beach has been profiled morpho-sedimentary influenced by the displacement of the Convergence Zone Inter-Tropical (ITCZ) in the rainy season (1736.6 mm) and at rainless (2.4 mm). The speed of the wind was weaker during the rainy season with an average of 6.7 nodes while in the less rainy period the average speed was 11.3 knots with preferential direction NE, and therefore, buckled with higher energy (Hb = 1 , 5 m in the rainy season in March). Coupled with an amplitude of 5.5 m tide reaching the innermost areas of the beach. In the less rainy period, the waves were smaller, compared to the rainy season, which reached 1.2 m combined with an amplitude of 4.8 m tide. Through these parameters showed that the major changes in the beach profile were associated mainly to the interaction of the effects of winds, waves and tides, showing the strong relationship between the shape and orientation of the beach and the incidence of these agents.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise faciológica da formação Codó (Aptiano superior) na Região de Codó (MA), leste da Bacia do Grajaú
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000-09-11) PAZ, Jackson Douglas Silva da; ROSSETTI, Dilce de Fátima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0307721738107549
The Codó Formation, focused in this paper, is exposed in the adjacencies of Codó town, eastern Maranhão State, where it consists of intergraded shales, limestones and evaporites, laterally continuous, forming shoaling-upward successions averaging 2.5 m in thickness. Sedimentological features, the abundance of freshwater ostracodes and Charophyte algae, as well as the absence of any marine fauna, characterize this unit as a dominantly lacustrine unit, which can be described by three broad facies associations, attributed to: 1. central lake; 2. transitional lake; and 3, marginal lake. The central lake facies association represents the base of the shoaling upward successions and consists of two facies: a) black shale; and b) evaporite. The dominance of shale beds in this association indicates sedimentation in low energy depositional settings, typical of central lake areas, where the abundance of pyrite and the bituminous composition point to highly reducing conditions. The scarcity of infauna is indicated by the complete absence of bioturbation, which is consistent with anoxia. The evaporite facies point to a highly saline lake setting. The transitional facies association consists of: a)laminated argillite; hb)lime- mudstone; c)peloidal limestone (mudstone to packstone); and d)meso-crystalline limestone. These deposits, between central lake and marginal lake facies associations, own in the middle portion of the shoaling upward cycles, consistent with a transitional lacustrine setting. The marginal lake facies association represents the top of the shoaling upward successions and consists of a variety of intergrading lithofacies: ajmassive pelite; b)calcite-arenite; Cc) ostracodal limestone (wackestone to grainstone); d) pisoidal limestone (packstone) ; e)gipsite-arenite; £f) tuffa; and 9) rhythmite. These deposits show an abundance of sedimentary features (i.e., paleosoil, karstic surface, fenestrae) typical of subaerial and/or meteoric exposure, which is consistent with their interpretation as marginal lake deposits. A lacustrine facies model with ramp margin and low energy flow is proposed for the study area, taking into account the following characteristics: 1) low rates of sediment supply; 2) presence of areas with low relief around the lacustrine basin; 3) abundance of sedimentary features recording episodes of subaerial and/or meteoric exposure; and 4) prevalence of marginal facies. This interpretation is further suggested by: 1) the small thickness of the depositional cycles, which is attributed to decreased accommodation; 2) absence of turbiditic deposits, which are typical in lacustrine settings with pronounced slope break; and 3) absence of resedimented deposits, which are also common in bench margin lacustrine settings. The abundance of black shales and evaporites suggests a hydrologically closed lacustrine basin with stratified and saline water column for the study area. The depositonal cycles identified reveal a regressive character for this lacustrine succession. Three types of cycles were recognized: 1) complete shoaling-upward cycle; 2) incomplete shoaling-upward cycle; and 3) flooding-upward cycle. The origin of these cycles is attributed to tectonism, based on the assymetrical vertical stacking pattern. This interpretation is corroborated by the presence of sin- sedimentary deformational features related to sin- depositional sismic activity. The faciological, palaeontological and geochemical data presented in this work suggested on show that the Late Aptian marine transgression recorded in the northern portion of the São Luís-Grajaú Basin did not reach the Codó area.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aplicação da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência na investigação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em testemunhos sedimentares
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-07-31) EVANGELISTA, Camila do Carmo Pereira; KAWAKAMI, Silvia Keiko; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5306256489815710
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are organic (PAH) compounds originated from natural or anthropogenic sources and are considered priority substances by environmental agencies because of carcinogenic and mutagenic potentials. Therefore, rapid and low cost analytical methods for these compounds are of significant relevance for environmental purposes. The present study aimed the optimization of an analytical method for PAHs using High Performance Liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for the application to an estuarine sediment core. For the optimization and evaluation of the method, a sedimentary column measuring 46 cm length was collected at the mouth of the Igarapé Tucunduba (Belém, Pará) and sectioned in 2 cm portions. After dryness, 30 g of each portion were extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane in acetone in ultrasound bath for 40 min. the extracts obtained were centrifuged, purified on silica gel as a clean-up adaptation mainly to retained fine particles, then concentrated using vacuum evaporator and filtered through 0,2 μm nylon membrane before HPLC injection. Samples spiked with 16 PAH analytical standards and procedural blanks were processed on the same way. The parameters assessed showed: (1) good linearity, the calibration curves presented high correlation coefficients ; (2) adequate accuracy: relative standard deviations within acceptable values with 2,1% for acenaphthylene and maximum of 19,7% for fluoranthene; (3) low detection limits between 0,004 to 1,085 ng g-1 which make in situ determinations feasible; (4) adequate recovery for traces with minimum of 40,0% for acenaphthylene and maximum of 103,1% for benzo(k)fluoranthene. The total PAH concentration in the sediment core ranged between 60,77 to 783,3 ng g-1 dry sediment. The optimized method showed advantages over the traditional methods based on soxhlet extrations and clean up adsorption columns in terms of time of analysis and reduced costs with the use of smaller amounts of solvents. The limitation, however, was de coelution of some compounds, which is probably due to the low efficiency of the chromatographic column that was available at the time of the analysis. The method was applicable to estuarine complex samples, rich in silt and clay. Diagnostic ratios using parental PAHs indicated petrogenic sources at 24 - 26 cm and 28 – 30 cm depth; and pirolitics sources at 6 - 8 cm, 10 - 12 cm , and 14 - 16 cm respectively.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aporte hídrico e de material particulado em suspensão para a Baía do Marajó: contribuições dos rios Jacaré Grande, Pará e Tocantins
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-03-19) COSTA, Maurício da Silva da; ROLLNIC, Marcelo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6585442266149471; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252
The Amazon estuary is influenced by the tide and river discharge systems variations that modify the currents and contribute with inputs of suspended particulate matter (SPM) resulting in morphological changes along the river. The quantification of these parameters provides an understanding of the rates of export and import of materials or volume and its implications in the estuarine geomorphology. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrodynamic, volume transport and SPM in different periods in Jacaré Grande, Pará and Tocantins rivers. Speed and current direction, tide, turbidity, volume transport and SPM data were collected over a tide cycle in the dry (2012) and rainy (2013) periods. The Pará river the exported volume in both periods, while the Tocantins river imported during the dry period and the exported in the rainy period. The Jacaré Grande river, influenced by the Amazon river, imported in the rainy season and exported in the dry period. The analysis of the volume transport methods showed a trend of export toward Amazon river and Marajó Bay in the dry season and only toward the Marajó Bay during the rainy season. SPM values were higher in the rainy season and descending from Jacaré Grande river to the Tocantins river in dry and rainy season, respectively. Turbidity followed the same trend of SPM with tide, with maximum values during the flood. SPM transportation methods showed similar values and the same direction. The Jacaré Grande river served as an exporter during the dry period and as an exporter in the dry period, the Para river as an exporter in both periods and the Tocantins river in the dry season as an importer and as an exporter during the rainy season. The system formed by the three rivers showed the same trend of export in both periods, with two exportation routes in the dry season (Amazon river and Marajó Bay), and only one exportation route in the rainy period (Marajó Bay). Annually the system exports between 5 and 7.2 million tons and possibly the Marajó Bay receives 3.7 to 5.8 million tons. The volume transported to the ocean can be much higher. SPM flows, associated with the variability of environmental conditions, molds the estuary, as seen in the mouth of the Tocantins river and Guajará Bay. Thus, it important a continuous monitoring due to the potential boating accidents, oil spills or any contamination in the region that can result in damage the enviroment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comportamento de metais pesados e nutrientes nos sedimentos de fundo da Baía do Guajará e Baía do Marajó
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-01-28) HOLANDA, Nielton de Souza; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
Human activities influence the physical and chemical characteristics of water, sediments and organisms in aquatic environments located in industrialized areas and high population density. With the increasing use of estuaries as a reservoir for a large amount of waste, coastal and estuarine ecosystems are gradually being subject to significant impacts. The bottom sediments play an important role in the investigation of these impacts since it has the ability to retain chemical species and inorganic. The objective of this research is to study the geochemical behavior of metals in the bottom sediment of the Bay of Guajará, Guama River and the Bay of Marajo. The two regions were chosen for their opposite characteristics: a Guajará Bay Area (1) under strong anthropogenic influence and Marajó Bay Area (2) considered the reference. We collected 83 points in Area 1 and 60 points in Area 2. Determined chemical concentrations of the following metals: Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, V and Zn, and also the levels of nitrogen, carbon, organic matter, total phosphorus and phosphorus bound to organic compounds. Area 1 shows the average content of nitrogen of 0,08 %, mean levels of carbon and organic matter from 1,51 % and 2,60 %, respectively. The concentration of phosphorus and phosphorus bound to organic compounds 307 mg / kg and 126 mg / kg, respectively. The concentration of metals showed the following values: Ba (529 mg / kg), Cr (91 mg / kg), Cu (17 mg / kg) , Fe (6,82 %), Ni (32 mg / kg), Pb (27mg / kg), V (120 mg / kg) and Zn (69 mg / kg). Area 2 shows the average content of organic matter 1.70 % of carbon and nitrogen 0,98 % and 0,08 % respectively. The concentration of phosphorus and phosphorus bound to organic compounds 193 mg / kg and 7 mg / kg, respectively. The concentration of metals showed the following values: Ba (596 mg / kg), Cr (102 mg / kg), Cu (21 mg / kg) , Fe (8,31 %), Ni (40 mg / kg), Pb (28 mg / kg), V (141 mg / kg) and Zn (85 mg / kg). The carbon and phosphorus (0,98 %, 193 mg / kg), respectively found in area 2 were lower than those found in area 1 (0,51 %, 307 mg / kg) and demonstrate the influence of effluents that are released in the estuary Guajarino. In both areas there is the same downward trend in levels: Fe2O3> Ba> V> Cr> Zn> Ni> Pb> Cu. In area 1 were found higher metal alone while in area 2, with the major averages, the distribution is homogeneous, two areas in the metals has a slight tendency to concentrate where there is a higher content of organic matter.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Depósitos lacustres rasos da Formação Pedra de Fogo, Permiano da bacia do Parnaíba, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-04-15) ARAÚJO, Raphael Neto; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
The Permian Pedra de Fogo Formation, exposed in the east and west borders of Parnaíba Basin, northern Brazil, represent one of the most important terminal Paleozoic sedimentary record of the Western Gondwana. The main lithotypes of this unit are sandstones, shales, carbonate rocks, evaporites. The unit is famous for its large amounts of chert and presence of well-preserved Permian flora. In the last decades of the 20 th century, previous works interpreted the paleoenvironment of the Pedra de Fogo Formation as transitional fluvial-deltaic deposits, storm influenced-shallow neritic (marine) to coastal sabkha plain, lacustrine and fluvial deposits with contribution of marine-aeolian sediments and shallow to restrict sea or epicontinental type. Facies analysis focused principally on outcrops of the base and upper part of this unit, involving approximately 100 m thick of the siliciclastic succession. Eleven sedimentary facies were recognized and grouped into three facies associations (FA), representative of a shallow lacustrine depositional system associated with mudflat and ephemeral rivers. FA1 is interpreted as mudflat deposits, consisting of laminated claystone/siltstone, sandstones/pelites with mud cracks and sandstones with cross-lamination, massive and megaripple beddings. Silicified nodules and molds like popcorn indicate evaporites deposits. Other common features are silica concretions, silicified teppes and silcretes. FA2 represents deposits of nearshore and consists of fine-grained sandstones with even parallel lamination, climbing ripple cross-lamination, massive and megaripple beddings, as well as, laminated mudstone/siltstone. FA3 refers to wadi/inundite deposits, generally organized in fining upward meter-scale cycles, consisting of conglomerates and medium-grained pebbly sandstones with massive bedding and cross-stratification, and claystone/siltstone with even parallel to wavy lamination. Tabular beds are frequent in FA3 while scour-and-fill geometry is rare. The alternation of pelites and fine to medium-grained sandstones with even parallel to wavy lamination are the main framework of the Pedra de Fogo Formation. Bioturbations, shrinkage cracks and different types of siliceous concretions, as well as, teeth of fish, ostracods, bryozoans and scolecodontes are common in the studied succession. Silicified plant remains, preliminarily classified to the genus Psaronius, are found in situ, concentrated near the upper contact with Motuca Formation, considered here as excellent biostratigraphic markers for the upper Pedra de Fogo Formation. Mudflats deposits occur in the basal Pedra de Fogo succession suggesting arid and hot climates for the early Permian. The midlle Permian was predominated semiarid allowing the proliferation of fauna and flora in humid regions adjacent and into the lake margin. The ephemeral fluvial inflow or wadis carried plant remains and terrigenous to the lake generating inundites. Retreat and expansion phases characterized the Pedra de Fogo lake, induced by extreme climatic changes influencing not only the sedimentation pattern as also the fossilization of the best well-preserved Permian fauna and flora. In the late Permian, the climate again became hot and arid due to the complete aggregation of Pangea supercontinent, favoring the deposition of Motuca red beds and establishment of Sambaíba erg, near in the Permian-Triassic boundary.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Depósitos pleistocenos da formação Itaubal: paleoambiente e implicações na evolução da planície costeira do Amapá
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-03-28) BEZERRA, Isaac Salém Alves Azevedo; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
In the Late Pleistocene of northern coast of South America, sea level fluctuations, related to climate variations and the sedimentary discharge of the Amazon River, have modified the landscape of this region. Terraces of the Itaubal Formation previously considered as Miocene Barreiras Formation, are part of the Amapá Coastal Plain, which covers the rocks of the Guianas Shield. The geochronological analysis by Optically Stimulated Luminescence / single and multiple aliquote regeneration (OSL/SAR-MAR) provided age around 120.600 (± 12.000) to 58.150 (±6.800) yrs BP and integrated with facies and stratigraphic analysis allowed the identification of coastal deposits and put the Tartarugazliznho Formation in the Upper Pleistocene. These up to 10 m thick, reddish tabular sediments have been divided into two units separated by unconformity. The Lower Unit consists of subtidal plain deposits (FA1), tidally influenced meandering stream deposits (FA2) and tidal plain deposits (FA3), whereas the Upper Unit, containing a higher clay content tham the lower one, is composed of braided stream deposits (FA4). The strata pattern of these units is progadational and takes part in the regressive system tract. The Tartarugazinho Formation onlaps the basement of Guianas Shield, weathered during Miocene-Pliocene and was exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum, about 22.000 – 18.000 yrs BP. Finally fine graided deposits derived from the Amazon River covered the Itaubal Formation and are responsible for the present shape of the northern coastline of South America. For the first time, the Itaubal Formation defines the Pleistocene sedimentary evolution of the Amapá coastal plain and the correlation with similar sediments in Suriname and northeastern Pará expands the discussion about the evolution of the coastal line in Northern South America during Pleistocene.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Distribuição e registro histórico de metais pesados e assinaturas isotópicas de PB em testemunhos de sedimentos de fundo da Baia do Guajará, Belém-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-29) CARVALHO, Jully Hellen dos Santos; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568; LAFON, Jean Michel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4507815620234645
tuaries constitute the final destination of a significant part of dissolved and particulate materials that are brought by the rivers toward the ocean. These estuaries also act as the final destination for domestic and industrial effluent, which are most of time discarded in natura. A variety of factors and sources together with the complexity of hydrodynamics and physicochemical conditions of this kind of environment makes the study of metals pollution of estuaries a challenge. The analysis of Pb isotopes is a valuable tool to differentiate anthropogenic from geogenic sources, since the lead dispersed in the environment keeps the isotopic characteristics of the source from which it was derived, once the isotopic compositions of Pb are not affected by physical or chemical processes. The hydrographic system of Belem (PA) belongs to the Guajara estuary. In the eastern margin, is located the Belém city. The west margin is an islander set composed 39 islands. About 30 km of natural drainages divide the city, forming channels that drain into, above all, the Guajara Bay which constitutes the main water reservoir receiving pollutants produced by domestic and economic activities of the city. However, the distribution of pollutants released daily in the bay is difficult to be evaluated, due to the hydrodynamic complexity of the estuary. In this context, the purpose of this study was to combine the determination of metal concentrations with Pb isotope signature to establish a historical record and to distinguish the sources of Pb, whether natural or anthropogenic, in sediments on the west edge of Guajará Bay. Samples were collected using a Russian Peat Borer. A set of seven cores of about 50 cm length was collected and subsequently sliced from 10 to 10 cm, totalizing 31 samples. According to the speed of deposition of approximately 0.7 cm/year, previously determined for the sediments of Guajara bay with geochronology 210Pb, cores collected correspond to a historical record of approximately 70 years. The study included grain size study by centrifugation method, mineralogical identification by X-ray diffraction, geochemical analysis to determine the percentage of organic matter and heavy metal contents by ICP-MS spectrometry and isotopic mass spectrometer thermoionization (TIMS). The grain size and mineralogical study of core in bottom sediments from the west edge of the Guajará bay showed a changing of hydrodynamic regime, which became more energetic, throughout the bay over time. This statement was based on the characterization of sediments, which show predominance of silt and sand fraction with a reduction of the sand fraction with the depth and texture that ranged from sandy to sandy-silty. The mineralogical study no showed change in mineralogical composition of the clays, and kaolinite, illite and smectite are claysminerals predominant. Over time the concentrations of metals vary little, however, have detected a slight tendency to decline in more recent times, probably linked to changes in the hydrodynamic regime. Moreover, there is no evidence in the core of a significant a significant increase in metal concentrations (mean 25.3 to 29.1 mg.Kg-1) with the population increase over the last 70 years. These results indicate that the background of Pb in the bay is significantly higher than in rio Guama (18 mg.Kg-1). The isotopic composition of source 206Pb/207Pb geogenic over the cores ranged between 1.186 and 1.199. The average isotopic signature of 1.193 ± 0.0035 was established as the value of the background to the Guajará bay, this value lower than the average value of 1,196 - 1.20 previously determined for the isotope ratio 206Pb/ 207Pb of Pb geogenic in Belém region.The differences in content and isotopic composition of Pb between this study carried out by Saraiva (2007) and Nascimento (2007) on the west edge of the bay, were explained by the difference of the technique used for sampling. This difference indicated that, despite the population growth accelerated during the last decades the contribution of heavy metals by anthropic action is recent, intensifying over the last 7 years.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo da qualidade dos sedimentos de fundo do Rio Barcarena-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009-08-22) PORTO, Liliane Jucá Lemos da Silva; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
In estuarine systems, trace metal sources are both natural and anthropogenic. It is often difficult to distinguish between these two sources due to highly variable concentration in the water column. Many studies have shown the usefulness of sediments in understanding the anthropogenic contribution to trace burdens in estuarine systems. Located within a very important industrial region, near Belém city in the Guajará estuary, the Barcarena River receives discharges of urban and industrial runoff. The objective of this study is to study Barcarena River bed sediments to assess the anthropogenic chemical inputs into the river system. Fifteen sampling locations were chosen along the river channel. Bed river sediments samples were collected, and analyzed for their chemical and mineralogical composition. Data revealed that the clay mineral identified was composed mainly of smectite, kaolinite and Illit. The trace elements and heavy metals analysis showed the following average concentrations and standard deviation: Pb (32.54 mg.Kg-1, σ = ± 5.6), Cr (104.33 mg.Kg-1, σ = ± 7.98), Ni (34.27 mg.Kg-1, σ = ± 4.48), Cu (34.71 mg.Kg-1, σ = ± 4.38), V (116.33 mg. kg-1 , σ = ± 42.37), Nb (19.86 mg.Kg-1, σ = ± 3.83), Zr (122.31 mg.Kg-1 σ = ± 21.33). The highest concentration of the studied elements was found near São Francisco urban center, probably due to the presence of a harbor and unloading of solid waste and sewage in the region. Concentrations of trace elements in the sediment were a function a particle size distribution and organic content. The element concentration of Pb, Cr, Cu and Nb in sediments of Barcarena river when compared with sediments of Guajará Bay (Saraiva, 2007), Guamá river (Nascimento, 2007) and bauxite ore (Braga, 2007) show higher values than the two first but lower values than bauxite. The finger print diagrams with heavy metals versus Al suggest the possibility of physical mixing between the bauxite and sediment of the river Barcarena. The elements Pb and Cu had shown concentrations higher than TEL values (Threshold Effect Level), 35 mg.Kg-1 and 35.7 mg.Kg-1 respectively. Therefore, the bottom sediments probably are causing adverse effects to benthic organisms. The elements Cr and Ni, shown concentration values that exceeded the TEL index (Cr = 37.3 mg.Kg-1 and Ni =18 mg.Kg-1) and PEL index, (Cr = 90 mg.Kg-1 and Ni = 36 mg.Kg-1. A value above the PEL index suggests that toxic effects on aquatic biota are frequent. Currently, the introduced metals are deposited near the source area and are mostly associated with the sediment, implying that the river bed sediment acts mainly as a sink, rather than a pool. The accumulated and enriched toxic trace elements can pose a potential pollution of river water and consequently the aquatic biota.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo sedimentológico dos paleocanais da região do rio Paracauari, Ilha de Marajó - estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1981-11-19) BEMERGUY, Ruth Léa; TRUCKENBRODT, Werner Hermann Walter; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5463384509941553
This investigations deals with the paleochannels of the Paracauari river In the northeastern region of Marajó island, based on the photogeological interpretation of maps (scale: 1:20.000) and Sedimentological studies of 13 holes with maximun depth of 50 meters. Morphologically the paleochannels are caracterized by meandering forms and are easily recognized by the vegetation and topographic features. The paleochannels are constituted of texturally mature and well sorted sands. The study of the heavy minerals fractions shows that following species are more importante: tourmaline, staurolite, zircon, andalusite and kianite. These minerals constitute a mature suite whi.ch are not only from the Amazon river system but also from the Tocantins river system. The clay fraction are represented by kaolinite, montmorilionite, illite and chlorite. These mineralogical composition reveals the influente of the more them one climatic change. The possible sources areas for these minerals are: the Andes Mountains; the upper Amazon and the Tocantins basin from this work we conclude that the methods of sedimentological research presented here with the studies of the morphological patterns in the northern and northeastern regions of Marajó Island can be applied to groundwater prospecting.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo sedimentológico dos sedimentos Barreiras, Ipixuna e Itapecuru no nordeste do Pará e noroeste do Maranhão
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1981-06-24) GÓES, Ana Maria; TRUCKENBRODT, Werner Hermann Walter; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5463384509941553
Barreiras, Itapecuru and Ipixuna are exposed in large regions of Pará and Maranhão State. The Barreiras sedimente are divided in conglomeratic, sandy clay and sandy lithofacies. Textural imaturity and abundant mud-s.upported clastics in particular, suggest depositions mainly by debris flows under semiarid conditions. The three lithofacies were probably derived from Precambrian schists of Santa Luzia Formation and preexisting sedimente. The Itapecuru sedimenta consist of crossbedded sandstones, locally with minor conglomerates and mudstones, deposited in fluvial environment, probably tending to a semiarid conditions. The Ipixuna facies consiste of crossbedded kaolinitic sandstones, minor mudstones (lithology A) and laminated mudstonefine sandstone units including thick kaoline layers (lithology B). The fine sandstones are texturally and mineralogically mature. Lacustrine-fluvial origin is proposed for Ipixuna facies. The impoverished heavy-mineral assemblage and thick kaoline-layers suggest humid hot climate that probably prevailed before (during?) the Ipixuna sedimentation. Textural and structural characteristics of the sedimente studied show that there is a olear difference between Barreiras Group and Ipixuna facies and that the latter is correlated with the Itapecuru Formation. Bauxitization of lower Tertiary age affected only the Ipixuna and Itapecuru sedimentary rocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudo tectono-sedimentar da Bacia de Jaibaras, na região entre as cidades de Pacujá e Jaibaras, noroeste do estado do Ceará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-04-22) QUADROS, Marcos Luiz do Espírito Santo; ABREU, Francisco de Assis Matos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9626349043103626
Studies carried out in southwestern portion of the Jaibaras Basin in the area of the 300 km², situated between the Pacujá and Jaibaras towns, northwest region of Ceará State, including geological mapping in 1:25,000 scale, faciologic, petrographic and structural analysis of the Pacujá and Aprazível formations, allowed a better visualization of spatial distribution of these units, as well as the characterization of their depositional environment, structural pattern and, at last to take considerations about the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Jaibaras Basin. The Pacujá Formation is characterized by a folded and faulted volcanosedimentary sequence without fossils, made of rhythmic interlayers of fine arkosian sandstones to siltistones with pelites, occurring in tabular decimeter thick beds, laterally continuous, showing abrupt base and upward gradation to siltistones. The sandstones could be massive or stratified, showing planar lamination, micro-hummocky cross lamination, climbing wave -ripple cross lamination, locally parting lineation and convolute lamination. On the top of the sandstone beds occur symetrical and assymetrical wavy-ripples. Pelites show planar lamination and mudcracks. Interlayered with Pacujá Formation sediments occur volcanic and subvolcanic rocks (basalts, andesites, dacites and ryolites), at the form sills, dikes and flows, associated with volcaniclastic rocks, included on the Parapuí Suite. The environment of the Pacujá Formation was characterized as lacustrine with volcanism associated, subjected to storm-wave action, proved by the occurrence of microhummocky cross lamination.The rhythmics interlayering of sandstones and pelites characterizes tempestites cycles, usually incomplete. However, marine environment must be assoc iated, but unfortunately the field datas is insufficient to define this environments. In the Jaibaras Basin setting, Pacujá Formation represents the first deposicional pulse that extend from Neoproterozoic era to Cambrian period. This sedimentation occurred in an area wider than Jaibaras Basin out of their present boundaries. The Pacujá Formation shows a complex fold pattern, that resulted from superimposed folding, with geometric shapes similar to type 1 interference pattern - “domes and basins”, and kinks folds. This folding could be related to transpression in ductile -brittle regime, linked to the northest-southwest sinistral strike -slip system in the Eopaleozoic era, that caused a weak inversion of the Jaibaras Basin. The Aprazível Formation comprises a thin sedimentary sequence, faulted and tilted to southeastern on the whole, unconformably covering the Pacujá Formation. It is made of polymitic conglomerates, with clast-supported and matrix -supported framework, massive or stratified, with volcanic, gneiss, granite, rocks calcissilicatic, quartz, amphibolite, rhyolite, marble, mylonite, siltistone and sandstone clasts, varying in size from granules to boulders. The matrix is coarse to very coarse sandy arkosean, locally microconglomeratic. To a lesser proportion, occurs medium to very coarse grained arkosean sandstones, locally stratified, and intercalations of laterally continuos beds of arkosean sandstones and laminated pelites with mudcracks in surfaces of the beds. These sandstones show planar lamination, climbing-ripple cross lamination, and locally trough cross-bedding and convolute lamination. In the surface of sandstone beds, there are, occasionally, symetrical and assymetrical wave-ripples. The depositional environment of the Aprazível Formation was characterized as alluvial fan/plain, dominated by debris-flows and stream-flows, prograding distally over small lacustrine bodies. The tilting of the Aprazível Formation beds to southeastern, is a results from rotation of blocks, due to an extensional axis in the northwest-southeast direction, acting in Ordovician period, that controlled the deposition of Aprazível Formation in the area between Sobral-Pedro II and Café -Ipueiras shear zones. The Aprazível Formation represents the second and last depositional pulse that occurred in the Jaibaras Basin in the Ordovician period, in a more restrict depositional area, controled by Sobral-Pedro II e Café-Ipueiras shear zones. Its deposition occurred in a time interval between the post-Pacujá sequence and Meruoca Suite Granites, and pre-Serra Grande Group sequence of the Parnaiba Basin.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fácies sedimentares da Formação Prosperança, Neoproterozóico do Sul do Escudo das Guianas, estado do Amazonas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-03-23) BARBOSA, Roberto César de Mendonça; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
The Neoproterozoic Prosperança Formation represents a sedimentary cover of southern Guyanas shield, poorly exposed when compared with Paleozoic sedimentary record of Western Amazonian basins. The Prosperança Formation consists of conglomerates, arkosic sandstones and mudstones that fill NW-SE oriented-grabens on crystalline rocks of Guyanas shield basement. These unit and the carbonate rocks of Acarí Formation (observed only in cores), constitutes the Purus Group, sedimentary basement of oil producer Paleozoic basins of the Amazon region. Based-outcrop facies and stratigraphic analysis were carried out at lower Negro River, State of Amazonas, indicated a fluvial-deltaic system to Prosperança Formation composed by facies associations of 1) prodelta/lacustrine, 2) delta front, 3) foreshore/shoreface and 4) distal braided plain. Prodelta mudstones laterally continuous for hundreds of kilometers suggest a wide lacustrine or restricted sea sedimentary basin. Complex deltaic lobes were fed by braided distributaries formed by subaqueous dunes that migrated mainly to NW of Amazon block during the Neoproterozoic times. Sandstones generated under oscillatory and combined flow representative of foreshore and shoreface zones were adjacent to active delta front. The Prosperança basin was weakly inverted during the Cambrian-Ordovician interval. Afterwards, these deposits were unconfomably overlaid by sandstone and conglomerate with planar to trough cross-bedded sandstones related to SE-oriented braid plain of Eo-Paleozoic Trombetas Group of Amazon basin.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Geoquímica dos sedimentos superdiciais de fundo do Estuário do Rio Maracanã, NE do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-04-05) DELFINO, Smaily Bastos; EL-ROBRINI, Maâmar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5707365981163429
The Maracanã estuary is located in the northeastern of Pará State, within the Extraction Marine Reserve (Law 9.985/00), which has as primary goal to the sustainable use and conservation of the renewable ressources, protecting living conditions and the culture of the population, which consists of fisherman, small seliers and the local community. Due to its environmental characteristics, this area represents an important pole for the regional development. In this work, one of the aims was to search a geochemical formality to an interpretation of analytical results related to the geochemistry of the superficial sediments of the estuary of Maracanã bottom in order to determine the amount of heavy metais (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) of the granulometry with smaller fractions than 0,64 tem by atomic absorption spectrometry, to obtain the current inexistent background leveis. In the Maracanã estuary, it was registered much more silt-clay fraction than sand fraction, besides mineralogical similarity that indicates presence of kaolinite, illite and smectite. The amount of organic matter (MO) (5,4±0,70%) in sediments was homogeneously distributed. The pH didn't vary much, only between weakly acid (6,48) and weakly alkaline (7,13). Heavy metais - 1) in Maracanã river estuary cadmium concentrations were under of the equipment detection limit (0,009 ppm); 2) Cobalt varied from 46 to 55 ppm (50,97 ± 2,31 ppm) in total fraction, and from 5 to 7 ppm (6 ± 0,37 ppm) in bio-available fraction; 3) Cromo varied from 126 to 152 ppm (140,33±6,56 ppm) in total fraction and from 17 to 24 ppm (20,73±1,7 ppm) in bio-available fraction; 4) Copper varied from 17 to 21 ppm (18,97±1,19 ppm) in total fraction and from 6 to 9 ppm (7,0 ± 0,69 ppm) in bio-available fraction; 5) Iron varied from 3,4 to 4,6 % (4,14± 0,24 %) in total fraction and from 1,5 to 1,9 % (1,66± 0,1 %) in bio-available fraction; 6) Manganese varied from 293 to 545 ppm (423,53±74,63 ppm) in total fraction and from 168 to 499 ppm (335,1±91,3 ppm) in bio-available fraction; 7) Nickel varied from 44 to 53 ppm (48,77 ± 2,27 ppm) in total fraction and from 7 to 9 ppm (8,03±0,56 ppm) in bio-available fraction; 8) Lead varied from 42 to 48 ppm (45,63±1,69 ppm) in total fraction and from 14 to 17 ppm (15,13±0,78 ppm) in bio-available fraction; 9) Zinc varied from 72 to 85 ppm (78,83±3,44 ppm) in total fraction and from 26 to 32 ppm (29,43±1,65 ppm) in bio-available fraction. Concentration values of the bio-available heavy metal analyzed are smaller than those VGQS (Guide-Value of Sediment Quality), established by the "Canada Environmental Agency" (AAC) and the "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"(NOAA), indicating that it should rarely occur bad effect on local biota. Considering that the area is an extraction reserve and that were not found evidence of anthropic contamination associated with the heavy metais, neither in their total fractions nor in their bio-available fractions in the Maracanã estuary, it is possible to consider that the data obtained from both analyzed geochemical fractions of heavy metais represent a value dose to the characteristical background of the region. Therefore, the Maracanã estuary is a reference cite to study the biogeochemistry and ecotoxicoiogy of the sediments of similar environments in Coastal of the Pará State. Besides that, the data obtained in this work can provide a subside for future geochemical and environmental surveys in the area, once that concentration ranges and reference values for many heavy metais that are present in the bottom sediments of this estuary were established.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Grupo Águas Claras da Serra dos Carajás, Paleoproterozoico do Cráton Amazônico : fácies, litoestratigrafia e sequências deposicionais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-24) ARAÚJO FILHO, Roberto Costa; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
The Águas Claras succession constitutes a siliciclastic unit with 800 m thick approximately which occurs in the Carajás Basin, Northern Brazil. The evaluation of FD06 drill core of Serra dos Carajás revealed a complex stacking for this sucession, compound by four units denominated here of A, B, C and D formations. The facies analysis allowed the identification of nine lithofacies grouped in three facies associations (FA), representative of braided fluvial, marine and deltaic depositional systems. FA1 - braided river plain - consists of conglomerates with massive bedding and incipient cross stratification, as well as fine to coarse-grained sandstone with massive bedding, cross lamination, tabular and trough cross stratifications organized in metric fining upward cycles. FA2 - foreshore/shoreface - comprises deposits constituted by fine to medium-grained sandstone with low angle cross lamination, planeparallel lamination and massive bedding. FA3 - delta front - includes fine to medium-grained sandstone with sigmoidal cross bedding, cross lamination and massive bedding organized in cycles with coarsening upward tendency. The Formation A constitutes a braided fluvial AF1 deposits interbedded with coarse tuff levels that indicate subaerial volcanic events adjacent to fluvial system during lowstand systems tract. The Formation B is composed exclusively by braided fluvial AF1 deposits developed in lowstand systems tract. The Formation C comprises coastal deposits and marine environments of the AF2 foreshore/shoreface accumulated during transgressive systems tract. This unit also includes host strata of primary manganese mineralization. The Formation D is composed predominantly by braided AF1 fluvial deposits and subordinately by deltaic AF3 packages, developed in lowstand systems tract. The sandstones of these formations were classified as quartz-arenites partially altered by hydrothermalism, indicated mainly by recurrent chloritization throughout the sucession. The stratigraphic stacking of the unit suggests a sedimentation with progradational-retrogradationalprogradational tendency. This sedimentation is likely related to events of thermal (initial) and flexural subsidence, responsible for to generate the accommodation space and to develop the depositional systems. The formations of the Águas Claras Group are inserted in three third order depositional sequences, composed by different systems tracts that reflect Águas Claras sea level fluctuations during of Paleoproterozoic of the Carajás Basin.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em sedimentos e organismos bentônicos do Terminal de Miramar (Baía do Guajará - Belém - Pará - Amazônia)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-01-14) SANTOS, Camila Carneiro dos; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
In Guajará bay, mouth of the Amazon River, is located the capital of Pará state (Belém) and its metropolitan area. Exists in this area an intense boat traffic, as well as transportation and sale of fuels in floating docks and activities related to the storage and transportation of oil in Miramar Petrochemical Terminal (TEMIR). Small spills and discharges of oil in water can serve as sources of pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are organic compounds generated by incomplete combustion of organic matter (OM) and are among the contaminants of most interest in environmental studies due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. One way to detect and evaluate the impact of PAHs in an environment is using biomonitors, however the qualitative and quantitative analysis in sediments are most widely used. This study aimed to evaluate, by Gas hromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), the 16 PAHs considered as priority by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States in sediments and benthic organisms (Namalicastys abiuma) of TEMIR. Field expeditions were carried out in December 2012, March, May and June 2013 representing the dried, wet (two samples) and dried seasons successively. Fine sediments levels dominated in both sampling periods and the %Fines in Guajará bays has a direct relationship to the %OM. In relation to the 16 PAHs studied, 10 of them were detected in the wet season sediments samples and 8 in the dried season. Even with a low diversity of aromatic compounds, sediment samples of the dried season presented greater ΣHPAs (1.351,43 ng g-1) than the sediments of the wet season (263,99 ng g-1), which can be related to the increased hydrodynamic in Guajará bay this last period. Correlation analysis indicated that ΣHPAs not seem to be influenced by %Fine and %OM. Benzo(a)pyrene accounted for 87% of ΣHPAs during the wet season, the other PAHs showed percentage ≤ 3%. During the other period stood out: pyrene (18% of ΣHPAs) fluoranthene (16%), the chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene (15%) and benzo(a)pyrene (11%). The use of the geochemical reason to interpret likely sources of PAHs indicated that there is a predominance of aromatics from pyrolytic origin in TEMIR. The activities that may be responsible for the PAHs levels observed in sediments and benthic organisms in TEMIR are the discharge of untreated domestic sewage and the emissions of particulates from cars and small/medium boats. The ΣHPAs seems to influence the density of polychaetes because a reduction of about 50% in the number of organisms was observed during the dry season when there was the greater amount of ΣHPAs in their body structure. Among the 16 PAHs studied, 11 were detected in the polychaetes during the dry season (ΣHPAsMED = 848,71 ng g-1) and 10 in the wet season (ΣHPAsMED = 141,85 ng g-1). Were highlighted during the dried season: indeno(1,2,3-c,d) pyrene (47%) and pyrene (23%). While in the wet season: pyrene (23%), chrysene (17%), fluorene (17%) and fluoranthene (13%). The %Rec obtained was >>100% indicating a matrix effect and reducing the quantitative accuracy of results. The use of the polychaete N. abiuma as biomonitor of pollution by PAHs in estuaries not seem to be effective when the sample period is limited, because collecting it requires a great effort to obtain a small amount of mass and it still results in a matrix effect in the chromatographic analysis (method %Rec >> 100%) that may not be corrected due to the restricted availability of sample mass. Studies with a larger number of samples, enabling depth statistical analysis, and covering other collection points in Guajará bay are required to prove mathematically that has been stated in this dissertation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impacto do último máximo glacial pleistocênico na vegetação de Humaitá, Amazonas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-09-27) LIMA JÚNIOR, Walmir de Jesus Sousa; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
The amount of pollen data recovered from the sedimentary record of western Amazonia is still far from adequate to fully approach climate changes in this region over the Last Glacial period. In the present work, vegetation dynamics of western Amazonia during the past 42000 cal yr BP is analyzed in the context of previous and new pollen data. Two sediment cores were sampled from fluvial terraces of the Madeira River, a major southern Amazonian tributary. The study sites are covered by tropical rainforest vegetation. The sedimentary deposits consist mostly of massive sand, heterolithic bedded sand/mud as well as either laminated or massive mud. These deposits were formed under reducing and low energy conditions in an abandoned fluvial channel/lake environment. Such depositional setting favored the preservation of a pollen community suggestive of arboreous taxa common to the modern Amazonian rainforest mixed with herbaceous vegetation. Pollen analysis also recorded a significant proportion of cold-adapted Andean tree species, represented by Alnus (0-20%), Hedyosmum (1-15%), Podocarpus (0-5%), Illex (1-11%) and Weinmannia (0-1%) at least between > 42,000 cal yr BP and 10,300 cal yr BP. During the Holocene, only pollen representative of herbs and modern Amazon vegetation persisted. This new pollen record confirm previous multiple proxies analyzes of two sediment cores sampled also from Humaitá region, where a significant plant population, at present restricted to Andean areas located at altitudes higher than 2000 - 3000 m, in areas of the Amazonia lowland toward the onset, and probably, during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Paleoambiente dos calcários e folhelhos betuminosos da Formação Guia, Neoproterozóico, Sudoeste do estado do Mato Grosso
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-05-02) BRELAZ, Luciana Castro; LOPES, Renata Lourenço; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
The establishment of large carbonate platforms worldwide linked to the sudden increase in global temperature after the last Cryogenian glaciation (~ 635 Ma) was concomitant with the ice-melting and transgressive events. In Brazil, one of the best examples of these post-glacial transgressive Ediacaran deposits is the Guia Formation, the calcareous unit of Araras Group, exposed for hundreds of kilometers in the North Paraguay Belt and Southern Amazon Craton. The Guia Formation consists predominantly of limestone and bituminous shale, more than 400 m thick. It was investigated in open pits of quarries in the Cáceres, Nobres and Cuiabá region, southwestern of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The facies and stratigraphic analysis of the Guia Formation allowed recognizing of three facies associations (FA) representative of a retrogradational platform succession: FA1- lower shoreface influenced by storms, FA2- proximal offshore and FA3- distal offshore with slope facies. The association FA1 up to ~ 150 m thick, and includes marl and grey terrigenous-rich fine-grained limestone with megaripple bedding, wavy bedding and hummocky cross-stratification, produced by oscillatory and combined flow related to fairweather and storms wave in the shoreface zone. The association FA2 corresponds to the thickest deposits of the Guia Formation, reaching almost 200 m in thickness and consists of grey to black organic-rich ribbon limestone interbedded with shale. The remarkable lateral monotonous continuity of these deposits, extensive by hundreds of kilometers, suggests low energy conditions, below the storm wave base, related to the offshore zone. The large amount of organic material accumulated in these deposits associated with pyrite crystals implies stagnant and anoxic deep waters. Palynomorphs in these facies include a few species of leiosphaerids, indeterminate sphaeromorph acritarchs and probable algae fragments. The brown colour of amorphous organic material and acritarchs indicates moderate degree of maturation. The rarity of preserved organic forms and the large amount of amorphous organic matter indicate moderate degree of degradation. The association AF3 has 70 m thick and consists of limestone breccias with tabular clasts and slump features interbedded with fine-grained limestone. The intraformational breccias were formed by gravity flows generated during instability of carbonates in the distal offshore zone. These episodic gravity flows alternated with cyclic hemipelagic sedimentation (forming lime and terrigenous mud). Three aspects were considered to define the morphology of the platform: 1) the transition from shallow to deep deposits without an abrupt facies change; 2) the absence of brittle sinsedimentary deformation; and 3) the lateral continuity of these deposits over hundreds of kilometers, suggesting sedimentation in a homocline ramp. The existence of a wide carbonate ramp in the margin at the Amazon Craton during the Ediacaran, site of organic matter-rich lime mud deposition, opens perspectives for prospection of source rocks of a probable Neoproterozoic petroliferous system developed in the Central Brazil region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Paleoambiente e diagênese da formação Itaituba, carbonífero da bacia do Amazonas, com base em testemunho de sondagem, região de Uruará, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-08-04) SILVA, Pedro Augusto Santos da; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
The Carboniferous Itaituba Formation represents expressive retrograding carbonate sedimentation included in the sedimentary evolution of the Tapajós Group of the Amazonas basin. These carbonate consist of fossiliferous limestones, fine grained dolostones, fine to coarse grained sandstones and subordinate reddish siltstones, black shales and evaporites. Facies and microfacies analysis of drill cores from the Uruará region, State of Pará , allowed to individualize nineteen facies grouped into five facies associations : tidal plain ( FA1 ) , tidal channel ( FA2 ), lagoon ( FA3 ), bioclastic bar ( FA4 ) and outer shelf ( FA5 ). FA1 is composed of fine grained sandstone with rip-up clasts and mud cracks , marl with quartz and feldspar grains, laminated dolomudstone with fine terrigenous grains and silicified dolostone with intercalation of mudstone and disseminated quartz grains dolomitized and locally with microcrystalline quartz. FA2 consists of medium to coarse grained sandstone with trough cross-bedding and mud drapes on foresets, very fine to fine grained sandstone with wavy bedding, laminated siltstone, synsedimentary faults and convolute lamination. FA3 consists of massive red siltstone, mudstone with fossils, brachiopods and floatstone with disseminated pyrite and massive mudstone with frequent quartz grains. AF4 and AF5 exhibit abundant bioclasts represented by spines and fragments of echinoderms, shells, spines and fragments of brachiopods, ostracods, foraminifera, red algae and bilvave shells. AF4 consists of fossiliferous oolitic grainstone and grainstone with terrigenous grains, mainly monocrystalline quartz grains and the AF5 consists of fossiliferous wackestone, wackestone with terrigenous grains and massive mudstone with monocrystalline quartz grains. Subarkoses (AF1), arkoses (AF2) and lithic arkoses (AF2) predominate in the Itaituba Formation and are composed by of polycrystalline and monocrystalline quartz grains, K-feldspar, plagioclase, pyrite, detrital muscovite, mudstone, metamorphic and chert fragments and rare bioclasts. The cement is of nonferrous calcite, iron oxides/hydroxides, silica overgrowth and intergranular, moldic and sometimes elongated porosities reaching up to 11 % of the rock. The diagenetic processes in sandstone are physical compaction, quartz overgrowth, non-ferrous calcite cementation, chemical compaction, grain replacement, pyrite autigenesis, formation of iron oxides/hydroxides and alteration of plagioclase. The diagenetic processes in carbonates are: micritization, neomorphism, dolomitization, fracturing, chemical compaction, calcite cementation, secondary dissolution and mineral autigenesis. The Itaituba succession is interpreted as a lagoon/tidal flat system linked to the marine carbonate platform. Tidal flats developed on the margins of the lagoons were periodically supplied by fine (silt) terrigenous influxes that inhibited the carbonate precipitation. Bioclastic bars were cut by tidal channels (inlet) connected the lagoon with the shallow platform rich in benthic organisms.