Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais - PPGCA/IG

URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2854

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA) integra o Instituto de Geocências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em parceria com o Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA/Amazônia Oriental) iniciou suas atividades em 2005 com o Mestrado Acadêmico e em 2011 com o Doutorado Acadêmico.

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Agora exibindo 1 - 8 de 8

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos impactos das diferentes formas de ocupação da superfície sobre as condições meteorológicas na região de Santarém, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-26) SILVA, Benedito Evandro Barros da; GANDU, Adilson Wagner; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8491359374260645
This dissertation aimed to get information concerning the use and occupation of soil in the region of Santarém, in different years in the last decades, to show the effects caused by changes of surface properties on the atmospheric conditions simulated by weather and climate numerical models. The land surfaces are characterized by causing substantial effects on the atmosphere and thus influencing the quality of weather and climate forecasts. On the other hand, deforestation contributes to climate change by eliminating large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These activities also cause effects on public health, agriculture, forest resources, wildlife resources, and water resources. In addition, replacement of natural surface by pasture or agriculture modifies the thermal and radioactive properties of the surface, generating changes in local, regional and global atmospheric conditions. In this paper representative periods of possible climate change in the region were analyzed, identified by treatment and statistical analysis of climatologic data from surface weather stations, as well as time and quantitative evolution of deforestation in the study region with data from Project PRODES (Monitoring of Brazilian Amazon Rainforest by Satellite). The evaluation of the atmospheric effects on changes in land use and occupation was based on IBGE vegetation map, and the inclusion of class "deforestation" analyzed in different periods (1997 and 2009) worked on the software Arc. Gis. 9.2. Data files of surface types compatible with the reading of the BRAMS model were created. The BRAMS model was used to simulate the different effects of land use thematic maps in the local atmosphere. The results indicate a trend of increase in average rainfall and frequency of days with precipitation, decrease in average temperature of maximum and increase in average temperature of minimum over years in the region of Santarém. The study area by the year 1997 registered 19.44% deforestation and by the year 2009 it rose to 25.54%. The simulations with the generated files of land use and occupation in 1997 and 2009 showed little variation for different thematic maps in the variables (temperature, humidity and flows of sensible and latent heat) when considering the average values of the total area simulated. However, when small areas located only on the regions suffering the largest changes are taken into account, there are major influences as deforestation increases.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de intervenções técnico-produtivas para a sustentabilidade do uso da terra em agroecossistemas familiares no território do Baixo Tocantins, PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-09-28) SIMÕES, Lourdes Henchen Ritter; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
The study deals with the sustainability of land use in family agroecosystems located in the municipalities of Cametá (communities Ajó and Inacha) and Moju (PA Calmaria II, communities of São José and Água Preta), belonging to the territory of Low Tocantins, state of PA, proposing to compare the main effects resulting from two modes of interventions in the technical-productive systems. The two interventions were established proposing innovations and improvements for sustainable development, the first in Cametá, promoted by "networks of multiplier farmers" with proposals for agroecological use and management and the second in Moju refers to programs to encourage palm oil plantation.The main focus of the study is based on the following questions: what are the main effects on sustainability that the innovations in land management and sustainable development introduced by the National Program for the Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) on the one hand and Networks of multiplier farmers, with agroecological management proposals on the other, lead to family agroecosystems? Have these interventions provided improvements with sustainability? The research hypothesis suggests that the technical-productive innovations promoted in family agroecosystems by the multiplier farmers are more sustainable. The general objective is to analyze the main effects of technical-productive interventions in land use, on the sustainability of family agro-ecosystems. The specific objectives are to verify if the interventions provided improvements with socio-environmental quality; to evaluate comparatively the quality of the soil in systems of use of familiar agro-ecosystems, that had differentiated technical-productive interventions; and to distinguish the main modes of use practiced in the familiar agroecosystems in order to elucidate their relations with the biophysical environment and with the different ways of managing the fertility of the environment. For the development of other companies in other regions in Cametá: Caripi, with dry land ecosystem and Cupijó, with dry land ecosystems and floodplains. The methodological procedures used were surveys with semi-structured forms and description and soil collect for laboratory analysis. The results obtained from four dimensions indicators of sustainability showed that the interventions, to a certain extent, reached the objectives, but many problems were observed, such as those that reflect a relationship between farmers and technicians, that still can not surpass the conception of "transmission of knowledge and technology", in the case of the intervention in Calmaria II. In the communities of Ajó and Inacha, the most determining reasons for some differences would be the assiduity and intensity of technical assistance attributed more to Ajó; The fact that these family agroecosystems have availability of a diversified biophysical environment (dry land and foodplain), allowing greater variation in production systems; and the consequent reduction of the use of fire. In the communities of São José and Água Preta the most significant cause of the distinctions between them would be that São José has a higher income, due to the period of the palm harvest, which coincides with that of the Água Preta (neighboring community to the large palm oil plantations. This fact guarantees a better price of the production to São José. This difference in the harvest and off-season months would be related to the water supply, available to the culture in São José, during the rainy season, caused the main differences between the two types of agro-ecosystems are that they do not have the same characteristics as the biophysical environment, and that there are different levels of satisfaction with the oil palm. Environment are determined by the management of the fertility of the environment of each one, constituting the differentiation between the production systems in each specific environment. The data indicated that, according to the environments, farmers take advantage of the different potentialities of use, adapting the ways of managing the fertility of the natural environment. The soil attributes that were considered significant to evaluate sustainability indicate that the land uses studied presented little expressive differences. The biophysical environment was determinant for some types to stand out positively. By the pedological analysis of Ajó locality (SAF) it is noticeable that their soils are more naturally enriched in exchangeable bases (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). In São José, some physical factors are better, because the soils retain water for a longer time, making this available to the palm oil tree for a longer period in the dry season.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Emissão de dióxido de carbono e estoque de carbono em sistemas convencionais e alternativo de produção agropecuária no Nordeste paraense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-25) LEMOS, Elane Cristina Melo; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543
Use of agricultural conservation practices such as slash-and-mulch, as an alternative to slash-and-burn, is less harmful to biogeochemical cycling and helps to mitigate climate change. The aim of this study was to estimate soil carbon emission and stocks in smallholder agricultural units in Northeast of Pará. The study was carried out in the municipality of Mãe do Rio. Average annual temperature in this area varied from 25 to 28 °C and rainfall typically is higher than 2500 mm; predominant soil is Yellow Dystrophic Oxisol with texture varying from medium to clayey. In this research, we selected three land use systems (Schizolobium amazonicum plantation, Manihot esculenta crop, and silvopastoral), which were compared with a reference area (regrowth forest); we established four 20 m x 20 m plots in each system. We measured monthly soil CO2 efflux as well as soil carbon stock and aboveground litter carbon stock. Analysis of variance was used to test the effects of land use systems and regrowth forest effects on carbon emission and stock; Tukey test at 5% was used to compare treatment means. The silvopastoral system showed the highest monthly soil CO2 emissions, which were observed during the rainy season; this system also had the largest annual emission. Soil carbon stock was significantly higher in the regrowth forest was 157 ± 31,10 Mg ha-1 (0-100 cm). Litter stock was higher for the non-woody fraction than the woody fraction for both land use and regrowth forest systems. The largest stock of carbon in non-woody litter (overall mean = 4.31 ± 3,0 Mg ha-1) was observed in January 2010. Our results suggest that the land use systems that do not use fire in land preparation, such as the slash-andmulch system, helped to maintain carbon biogeochemical cycling.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fertilidade e fauna edáfica em solo sob reflorestamento com paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) no município de Aurora do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-02-28) PEREIRA JÚNIOR, Antônio; ROCHA, Edson José Paulino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2313369423727020; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
This study aimed to evaluate the variation in soil fertility and soil fauna under reforestation paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Heber ex. Ducke) in monoculture or agroforestry system compared with secondary forest in the experimental area considering the seasonality of precipitation in the period 2009 and 2010. The experimental farm owned by Tramontina Belem S / A, located in northeastern Pará, in the city of Aurora do Pará Four treatments were analyzed undergoing reforestation: Curaua (Ananas comosus var. Erectifolius L.B.Smith) Parica (Shizolobium var. Amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) in the form of monoculture, Parica + curauá (Ananas comosus var. erectifolius L.B.Smith; Shizolobium var. amazonicum Huber ex Ducke); Parica Mahogany + Freijó Curaua (Shizolobium var. amazonicum Huber ex Ducke, Swietenia macrophylla, King, Cordia goeldiana Huber, Ananas comosus var. erectifolius LB.Smith). Samples were taken in December 2009, April and July 2010, which marked the seasonal transition period (dry to heavy rain), heavy rain and dry seasons respectively, to evaluate the particle size, bulk density, particle density, porosity and moisture content, exchangeable bases, total bases, CEC, acidity, phosphorus, organic carbon, pH, at three different depths (0 - 10 cm. 10 to 20 cm, 20-40 cm) and the occurrence of macrofauna. The results showed the action of the seasons on the bulk density, particle density, total soil porosity. Chemical factors, eg, organic carbon, whose contents varied between 5.85 g / kg and 13.00 g / kg, at high levels in the culture system S2, changed during intense rainfall seasons and drought. As for soil fauna, 9964 invertebrates were captured belonging to 26 different taxa. The most abundant were Hymenoptera – Formicidae (5.805), Coleoptera (1.454), Acari (862) Collembola (649), Diplopoda (307) and Isopoda (110). Of the 26 taxa identified, approximately 40% of them showed only a representative sampling carried out in three or just one. The highest values for relative frequency occurred in the cropping system S2, S3 and S4, respectively. The highest value of absolute frequency occurred during seasonal rainstorms in S1. Areas under reforestation and agroforestry monoculture Parica + curauá showed better performance in the recovery of soil fertility and soil fauna proving the efficacy of paricá in monoculture or agroforestry system in the recovery of soil fertility and soil fauna.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da variação sazonal, sobre os atributos químicos e biológicos do solo nos sítios do LBA e PPBIO em Caxiuanã/PA, Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) MOURA, Quêzia Leandro de; ROCHA, Edson José Paulino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2313369423727020; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
Several environmental factors, such as pH, temperature and soil moisture influence the density and the activity of microorganisms. It is possible that the balance of the biosphere is being changed by global changes of natural origin and influencing of human activities environmental factors that determine the behavior of the soil phase microbiota. In order to verify the influence of these changes, the present study has been developed in the area of the ESECAFLOR experiment, which simulates the occurrence of extreme phenomena such as the El Niño and the area of the PPBio Programme (Primary Forest area), which aims to study the biodiversity of the Amazon, being last used for comparative purposes (witness). The soil samples for chemical analysis, physical and biological properties were collected into the depths: 00 – 05, 05 -10, 10-20 and 20 – 30 cm in seasonal Transition periods, Rainy and Less rainy. It was also determined the temperature of the soil under the same depths. The methods used were described by Embrapa (1997), Clark (1965), Gerhardt (1994), Yang et al. (1998) and Keeney (1982). The treatment of data and the statistical tests (ANOVA: two criterion, Tukey test and simple Linear Correlation) were performed by means of statistical programme Bioestat 5.0. The highest levels of macro and micro nutrients were found in natural primary forest area (PPBio). The greatest values of colony-forming units of Colonies (196 x 10 4 UFC/g the soil and 124 x 10 2 UFC/g the soil) for the population of bacteria and fungi, respectively, were also identified in the area of PPBio and rainy and the intermediary periods, respectively. Was identified significant differences between the data obtained for both areas and also significant difference of each area in relation to seasonal periods and the depths studied. The area that changed human (ESECAFLOR) presented the lowest levels for macro and micronutrients, demonstrating the influence of the deletion process of rainwater in the availability of these elements in the soil.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mudanças de uso da terra em paisagens agrícolas com palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) e implicações para a biodiversidade arbórea na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-09-30) ALMEIDA, Arlete Silva de; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490
The expansion of oil palm in the Amazon is associated with a number of public policy, in the form of actions and programs and has provoked economic and ecological changes in the region and challenge the society to monitor and control the palm cultivation expansion on a large scale. The municipalities from the "Palm region" in Pará state, as Moju, intensified cultivation of this palm tree and suffered intense modifications in thier natural ecosystems. In Addition this new frontier of bioenergy challenged the paradigm of sustainability, with social and environmental conflicts and replacement of subsistence farming by the palm. Little is known about the consequences that a large-scale monoculture can cause in the amazonian environment. To follow this new productive dynamic with palm oil are required interdisciplinary studies that contribute to identify how environmental respond to changes associated to the new agricultural frontier with oil palm. In this context, the overall objective of this research is to analyze the changes, the conflicts and the trajectories of land uses, as well as the value of conservation of the biodiversity of the plantations of oil palm and other land uses predominate in eastern Pará. The work is organized into five chapters including the first one which introduce the subject of the thesis. The other four are guided by the following specificobjectives: a) analyze the land use conflicts in Moju county, Pará state, Brazil, within areas of permanent preservation -PPA, according with the Brazilian Forest Code of 2012; b) map and quantify the types of land cover and land use in 2013 in three areas (Ubá, Arauaí e Mamorana), where the implementation of oil palm cultivation is present; c) capture the space-time variability in the changes of trajectories in landscapes of 1991-2013 and identify the effect of changes of land use in the structure of the landscape; and d) investigate the variation in the carbon stock and species richness of trees in different land use and vegetation cover in the three studied areas. For the study of conflicts in APPs in Moju, were used 29 multispectral images of high resolutions by RapidEye satellite of 2010. The results show that the area destined legally for permanent preservation (APP) in Moju is 47,357.06 ha, representing 5.21% of the municipal area. The PPAs with natural vegetation represent 68.60% of the APPs of the municipal area, about 28% of the PPAs have use conflicting with predominance of pasture in 15.6%. Only 0.63% of APPs is occpupied by palm oil. The application of the new recomposition guidelines for APPs according to the new Forest Code will result in the loss of 60.69% of the APP-recovered areas in this municipality. The analysis of vegetation cover and land use in 2013 in the three selected areas (Ubá, Arauaí and Mamorana) was made by the method of decision tree in images of the satellite Landsat-8 year of 2013. The overall performance of the classification was 0.87% (index kappa). The results show greater extension of primary forests in Mamorana, area in the beginning of cultivating oil palm. Agriculture predominate in all areas analysed. For the analyses of trajectories changes of land uses and the effects on the landscape structure i the landscape we made classification using decision tree method in images of the satellite Landsat TM-5 for the years 1991, 1995, 2001, 2005 and 2010, and Landsat-8 for the year 2013, through the ImgToos programs, ENVI and ArcGIS. The landscape structure was carried out through the landscape metrics (PLAND, LPI, PD and PROX-MN) using the FRAGSTATS program. v. 3.3. The classification achieved overall performance of 0.87% for the kappa index. In the period 1991-2013 the conversion of primary forest to other uses occurred in a ratio of 47.82%, while the degraded forest (17%) and oil palm (11%) had the largest increase in occupancy in 2013. We emphasize that the transition of the primary forest to palm oil was 20% in the 22 years under study, which led to a PD (fragments density index) with considerable amounts, attaining a level from 0.3 to 4.5 (number of patches/ 100 ha). Such conversions define the fragmentation intensity of primary forest. The investigation about the biodiversity response and carbon stocks in different forest cover and land uses was made through a floristic inventory of trees greater than or equal to 2 cm DBH in plots ranging from 1, 500 and 2500 m2 on each forest cover/land use analyzed. Intheall 8.55 ha sampling were registered 5,770 individual trees, distributed in 425 species and 74 families. The primary forest presented carbon stock higher than 80 Mg/ha, while palm oil, pasture and secondary forest presented less than 50 Mg/ha, noting that the oil palm retains impoverished communities of trees, and its tree composition is poorer than the pasture, while the stock of carbon is higher. In this study, in 22 years of the analysis we observed that primary forests covers less than 30% of the landscape, a critical level for biodiversity conservation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A percepção de tecnologias em agricultura orgânica por produtores familiares no Nordeste Paraense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) PIZATE, Ronei Juscelino Bianchi; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350
Traditional agriculture in the Amazon is based on slash and burn agriculture, to clean the area and nutrient release. Organic agriculture in this context favors the strengthening of family agriculture, in addition to environmental services as concrete proposal for a production model, which does not exclude the preservation of the environment, improving the quality of farmer’s life, and improving the quality of produced food for the consumer market. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the empowerment of information on organic agriculture by small farmers, organized into different associations (APBVA and COOPAMABI) under technical support of a private Brazilian company (NATURA) and one international organization (ICCO), respectively, located in the northeast of Pará. The used methodology was a study of case with semi-structured questionnaires, consisting of open and closed questions, which can get evidence that provided an understanding of transition processes where these producers are located. The results show no significant differences related to the implementation of common practices between the analyzed associations. The producers with technical support funded by ICCO demonstrated a greater level of technologies adoption in relation to another farmers group. The results showed a complete absence of technical support, or it is ineffective, by the government agency for technical support. The generation of funding mechanisms and a systematization of agroecological technologies developed in the region, adapted to the farmers reality, and the intensification of training activities and awareness of technical EMATER, becomes necessary for an efficient training with greater appropriation of agroecological technologies by family farmers in this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Variação temporal do efluxo de dióxido de carbono CO² do solo em sistemas agroflorestais com palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis) na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09-20) SILVA, Carolina Melo da; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543
The Amazon region has been subjected to continuous deforestation and expansion of land use for the implementation of activities such as cattle ranching, logging, agriculture, mining and urbanization. The burning and decomposition of forest biomass releases gases that contribute to global warming, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). In this context, there is interest in assessing the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in the Amazon, especially in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agroforestry systems, due to the current large expansion of this crop in the state of Pará, which has become one of the largest producers of the country. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in palm oil cultivation in agroforestry systems in the Amazon considering temporal and biotic and abiotic factors that directly influence this process. We quantified biotic factors: microbial biomass, total soil carbon, soil basal respiration, fine root and soil zone of influence of planted species, and abiotic factors: moisture and soil temperature, in two oil palm-based agroforestry systems (adubadeiras and biodiverso systems), during the dry and rainy periods. The results showed that the highest soil CO2 efflux occurred during the rainy season, probably due to increased microbial activity during this period influenced by climatic factors coupled with biotic factors. The biodiverso system showed higher soil efflux than the fertilizer adubadeiras system, probably due to increase biological activity in former system. The soil CO2 efflux showed no strong correlation with the tested variables. It was concluded that the soil CO2 efflux was influenced by rainfall seasonality only. The fact that the systems were be too young (~3 yr-old) may represent the main factor for a lack of stronger relationship of soil CO2 efflux and the variables analyzed.

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