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Teses em Geologia e Geoquímica (Doutorado) - PPGG/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/6341

O Doutorado Acadêmico pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Análise integrada dos depósitos de caulim na região do Rio Capim: fácies, estratigrafia, petrografia e isótopos estáveis
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-09-29) SANTOS JÚNIOR, Antonio Emídio de Araújo; ROSSETTI, Dilce de Fátima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0307721738107549
The kaolin deposits that occur in the Rio Capim area, east of Cametá Sub-Basin, are inserted in the Ipixuna Formation. This unit distinguishs for presenting one of the largest worldwide kaolin concentrations of excellent quality to the cellulose industry. Beyond the economic character, a great volume of academic works focusing these kaolin deposits had led to pedological and geochemical approaches, but without taking into account their sedimentologic aspects, which are important to understand their genesis. Detailed sedimentologic and stratigraphic studies of the Rio Capim kaolin have been increasingly carried out in the last years, which led to the paleoenvironmental interpretations for the Ipixuna Formation, as well as to discuss better the mode of formation of the soft and semi-flint kaolin units that are typical of this unit. These works served to motivate the integration of sedimentologic and stratigraphic data with optical studies combined with hydrogen and oxygen isotope geochemistry in order to discuss the geologic processes involved in the origin and evolution of the soft and semi-flint kaolin units. The sedimentological analysis consisted in a more detailed facies description and stratigraphic analysis of newly open quarries that were not available during previous investigations. The additional exposures led to a better characterization of the lower kaolin unit, known as the “soft kaolin”, which is well stratified, favoring facies analysis. Hence, the soft kaolin unit consists of kaolinitized sandstones and kaolinitized pelites that were formed in tidally influenced fluvial channels (Facies Association A), tidal channel (Facies Association B), tidal flat/mangrove (Facies Association C), and tidal sand bar/tidal sandy flat (Facies Association D). These depositional environments are attributed to a tide-dominated estuarine system. Petrographic studies and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) of the kaolin deposits in the study area had their composition was strongly modified after sedimentation. The soft kaolin consists of kaolinitized quartz sandstone and either laminated or massive pelites, which are composed by fragments of meta-volcanic lithic and volcanic felsic rocks, as well as metamorphic and granitics rocks. These lithologies were strongly modified during kaolinitization, as revealed by the intense replacement of the framework grains by kaolinite of three types, named herein as Ka, Kb and Kc kaolinites. Ka kaolinite occurs dominantly associated with kaolinitized sandstones, being characterized by pseudohexagonal crystals 10-30 μm in diameter, which are organized as booklets or vermicular forms that reach up to 400 μm in length. Kb kaolinite dominantes in the pelites, and consists of pseudohexagonal crystals 1-3 μm in diameter, occurring as isolated, face-to-face and parallel to pseudo-parallel crystals. Kc kaolinite forms pseudohexagonal to hexagonal crystals of 200 nm in diameter. It occurs dispersed through the soft unit, increasing significantly in abundance in association with paleosols at the top of the unit. The semi-flint kaolin deposits are constituted mainly of reworked grains derived from the underlying soft kaolin unit that are mixed with grains derived from metamorphic and granitic sources. These deposits are dominantly composed of Kc kaolinite that was formed during weathering. The deuterium (δD) and oxygen (δO) isotope analysis of the kaolin deposits from the study area helped to discuss better the evolution of the different types of kaolinites described above. Hence, the soft kaolin deposits display δO values varying between 6.04 ‰ and 19.18 ‰ in the Ka+Kb kaolinites, and between 15.38 ‰ and 24.86 ‰ in the Kc kaolinite. The δD values from this unit vary from – 63.06 ‰ to 79.46 ‰, and from –68.85‰ to -244.35‰ in the Ka+Kb and Kc kaolinites, respectively. The semi-flint kaolin deposits are characterized by δO and δD values ranging from 15.08‰ to 21.77‰, and from -71.31‰ to -87.37‰, respectively. Based on these data and on the isotopic composition of both meteoric and ground waters, it was possible to conclude that the kaolinites had not been formed in balance with modern weathering. These values represent the isotopic composition during the time of formation of the kaolinites, as well as mineralogical contamination of framework grains that are now replaced by kaolinites.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aproveitamento do rejeito de caulim na produção de alumina para cerâmica e sílica de baixa granulometria
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000-11-29) FLORES, Silvia Maria Pereira; NEVES, Roberto de Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9559386620588673
The Amazon region detains 10% of the world reserves of kaolim. Since the seventy's, two great amazonic beds of kaolim are explored, producing kaolim for paper cover. In the beneficiation process, it's generated an elevated volume of polluted industrial residue which is deposited in extensivas and onerous lagoons of sedimentation. Because of the residue is very voluminous, these lagoons become an environmental problem of great proportions, due the extensivas deforested areas used for their constructions ( Barata, 1998). In this work, are suggested altematives of economic utilization of this residue, which is constituted, mainly, by a suspension of the claymineral kaolinite, for the production of pozolane, aluminium sulphate, the synthesis of the ammonium alum and alumina for ceramics utilization. The methodology constitutes in the drying and the calcination of the residue, followed by the extraction of the AI retained by the acid lixiviation H2SO4 ) followed by the ammonium alum crystallisation, for the reaction with the concentrated NH4OH, by means of pH control, and later calcination at 1200°C, getting a-Al2O3, with no sodium and Iow granulometry. From the aluminas obtained, are made bodies of proof smashed and sintered at 1600°C, to the determination of the ceramics properties, which are compared to one of the commercial alumina. After the acid lixiviation for the AI extraction, results as an insoluble material, an amorphous silica, for which it is suggested, as an additional contribution, an economic application, using it as artificial pozolane in building portland cement, making mechanics tests for the evaluation of its performance. The material that were used and synthesized were characterized throught the use of the X ray diffraction, eletronic scanning microscopy, the infra-red spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential thermic analisys, particle size analysis, specific area BET, porosity, chemical analisys throught umid means and throught X ray fluorescence.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Arenito zeolítico com propriedades pozolânicas adicionadas ao cimento Portland
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-29) PICANÇO, Marcelo de Souza; BARATA, Márcio Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7450171369766897; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The proper use of pozzolans enables the production of special cements with lower manufacturing cost and higher durability in comparison with cements without mineral additions. It also enables significant gains in productivity and extending equipments life in the fabric, limestone reserves, and also helping in the reduction of CO2 release into the atmosphere. Zeolites have been used as pozzolanic material in mixtures with Fuller’s Earth and water in buildings from the ancient Roman Empire. Nowadays, there are many discussions involving pozzolanic reactivity of natural zeolites in the incorporation of Portland cement. In the Northeastern region of Brazil, sedimentary zeolites related to sandstones of the Parnaiba Basin wer discovered by the Geological Survey of Brazil in the 2000s. These sandstones are mainly composed by quartz, natural zeolites (estilbity) and clay (smectite). Preliminary studies have pointed that this sandstone may be used as pozzolanic material in Portland cements. The material must be previously sieved to remove quartz and thermally activated, since stilbite is a zeolite with low pozzolanic activity. The main objective of this work is to advance the understanding of the factors that govern the quality and performance of Portland cement modified with this zeolitic sandstone. For this work the structure was divided into three main stages, related to three specific objectives, so that the results are presented in the form of three scientific papers, described as follow: - Evaluation of the natural pozzolanic activity of the zeolitic sandstone to be used as mineral addition in the Portland cement. - The determination of which particle size provides the highest zeolite and smectite concentration, besides the calcination temperature that leads to a higer pozzolanic activity. - The establishing of the best amount of thermally activated zeolitic sandstone to be incorporated as a mineral addition in the Portland cement. During all phases, different instrumental techniques were used for the chemical and mineralogical characterization of the starting materials and products (sandstone + lime mortar, mortar with Portland cement + sandstone + Portland cement pastes sandstone), including: spectroscopy x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Heat-flow calorimetru assays were carried out to evaluate the physical properties, besides mechanical testing of compressive strength of cement mortars Porltand. In the first stage of the experimental program, the zeolitic sandstone was sieved into different granulometric fractions in order to remove the inert phases (quartz and other minerals), and concentrate the zeolite for further pozzolanic assays. In the second stage, after the first characterization of the samples, we used the zeolitic sandstone that passed in the # 200 and # 325 sieves and calcined at temperatures of 150º C, 300° C and 500° C. Finally, in the third stage, # 200 fraction was calcined at 500 ° C and mixed in different proportions (10, 20 and 30%) in the mortar. The results of the first stage, which culminated in the first article showed that the zeolitic sandstone accelerated the hydration of Portland cement due to the extreme fineness of the material. The sandstone showed pozzolanic activity, and estilbite is the main responsible for this behavior. However, the reactivity was slightly lower than the minimum required to be employed as pozzolan on an industrial scale. Additional studies are needed to ascertain if the thermal treatment between 400° C and 300o C could increase the pozzolanic activity of the sandstone due to the destruction of the crystalline structure of both estilbite and smectite. For the second stage, the results showed that the # 200 fraction was the most suitable because of the higher estilbite concentration (15%) in comparison to the # 325 ssample (2%). The calcination temperature of 500º C has provided the highest pozzolanic activity due to more effective destruction of the crystalline structure of both estilbite and smectite. More moderate temperatures of 150° C and 300° C were not enough. Mortars with the 200 # sample calcined at 500 ° C reached values smaller as those required for a material to be considered as a pozzolane, in this case, 6 MPa for mortar of lime and 75% for the pozzolanic activity index (IAP). The results showed from the third stage showed that the AZ2-3 mixture (10% of zeolitic sandstone incorporated in Portland cement type CPI-S), showed the best result of compressive strength and mineralogical properties of the samples suitable for the production a commercial cement type CPII-Z. In general, one concludes that the zeolitic sandstone from northeastern Brazil has the potential feasibility of producing a CPII-Z cement, whose pozolan contents ranges from 6 to 14% in the Portland cement, according to the ABNT - NBR 11578. Although the strength of the mortar with 10% of AZ2- 3 has reached resistance values close to the reference mortar with 100% of CPI-S, further studies should be carried out in order to find better proportion of sandstone and to meet the requirements for future commercialization.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Biogeoquímica comparativa de ecossistemas de floresta sucessional e Virola surinamensis na região dos tabuleiros costeiros do estuário guajarino, Amazônia oriental, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-04-14) OLIVEIRA, Francisco de Assis; RAMOS, José Francisco da Fonseca; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8189651755374537
Studies of comparative biogeochemistry of Virola surinamensis (VSU) and successional forest ecosystems (FSU) in the coastal tableland region of eastern Amazonia were carried out to studies on i) factors that cause differences in fluxes and stocks of organic matter and chemical elements, such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) within the biogeochemical matrix of litterfall, the forest floor and pedochemical matrix stocks, and ii) factors that control the variation in soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux within the VSU and FSU ecosystems. The major flux of the biogeochemical matrix (organic matter) from the trees to the forest floor was higher (p < 0,001) in the successional forest ecosystem (FSU) than in the Virola surinamensis ecosystem (VSU). This was due to higher floristic diversity in the FSU, as well as the elevatedlevel of ecosystem manipulation in the VSU, where the burning of phytomass released K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn oxides, causing in situ enrichment of the soil bases. The K, Mn and Zn fluxes were significantly higher (p < 0,001) in the FSU, although Fe flux was higher (p < 0,001) in the VSU. These results show the effect of high floristic diversity of the biogeochemical matrix in the successional ecosystem, while in the Virola surinamensis ecosystem, results indicate the possibility of biogenic Fe accumulation as a genotypic character of Virola tree species. The Mg, Ca and Cu fluxes were similar (p <.0,05) between ecosystems, as demonstrated by the semivariogram nugget effect. This indicated the absence of spatial influence on the processes controlled by the biogeochemical matrix flux. The geochemical matrix flux occurred with similar patterns at the mesoscale level, or across the biogeochemical provinces. The element use efficiency (EUE) for Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn was greater (p < 0,001) in the FSU than in the VSU. This indicates a significant biogeochemical matrix flux effect in the successional forest ecosystem, contrary to the Virola surinamensis ecosystem with relatively low floristic diversity. Potassium (K) occurred with similar EUE values (p > 0,05) in both biological systems suggesting that the VSU ecosystem was an efficient K cycler. The forest floor stocks of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were higher (p < 0,001) in the FSU than in the VSU. This may be explained by the more diversified biogeochemical matrix control in the forest successional ecosystem. The overall water holding capacity was similar (p > 0,05) between ecosystems, although forest floor storage was higher (p < 0,001) in the FSU, indicating that the VSU ecosystem has recovered its structure and function over time. The biogeochemical matrix mean residence times for forest floor organic matter and K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were higher (p < 0,001) in the successional ecosystem (FSU) than in the Virola surinamensis ecosystem (VSU). This suggests that in FSU the influence of forest floor stocks worked as a proximal factor, associated with the more distal factor of higher floristic diversity, which likely introduced recalcitrant substances into the system to minimize the decomposition process. The dispersion models illustrated in semivariograms for Al, Na, Fe and Cu in the Yellow Latosol dystrophic (LAd), and Ca in the Yellow Latosol dystrophic endocrecionary (LAdc) showed a nugget effect. In the LAd soil pedochemical system, the semivariograms models demonstrated spatial dependence, including H+ (spherical, r2 =0.92); Na (gaussian, r2 =0.49); K (gaussian r2=0.98); Ca (exponential, r2= 0.82); Mg (gaussian, r2 = 0.87); Mn (exponential, r2 = 0.86), Zn (gaussian, r2 =0.79). In the LAdc soil, cations that showed spatial dependence were Al (gaussian, r2 = 082); H+ (gaussian, r2 = 092); Na (gaussian, r2 = 0.87); K (gaussian, r2 = 0.86), Mn (gaussian, r2 0.96) and Fe (gaussian, r2 = 0.87); Cu (gaussian, r2 = 0.80) and Zn (gaussian, r2 = 0.79). Carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from soils in the were similar (p > 0,05) with values of 4,03 μmol C m-2 s-1 and 4,37 μmol C m-2 s-1 in the VSU and FSU, respectively. Based on the CO2 soil efflux, I conclude that the Virola surinamensis ecosystem attained similar metabolic processes in relation to the successional forest ecosystem over time.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Cambriano no Sudeste do Cráton Amazônico: paleoambiente, proveniência e implicações evolutivas para o Gondwana Oeste
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-06-15) SANTOS, Hudson Pereira; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
Transgressive events recorded in many cratonic regions marked the Cambrian period, hypothetically related to the glacioeustasy and/or the progressive opening of the Iapetus ocean (~600 Ma). Such events influenced the paleoceanography of this period, including the progressive biota evolution – the ‘Cambrian Revolution’. Although the Gondwana Supercontinent margins, entirely amalgamated in the Lower Cambrian (540 Ma), were flooded, the inner part of this supercontinent was emergent, probably triggered by postcollisional epirogenic uplifts. Epeiric seas covered subsiding areas with projections towards the interior of the Western Gondwana, developing shallow platforms that covered ancient colisional suture zones. In the southeastern Amazon Craton, the recurrence of platform environments dates from Upper Cryogenian (~635 Ma) until the Cambrian with the installation of glacial deposits, overlaid by carbonatic and siliciclastic successions. Despite the previous insertion in the context of a foreland type basin related to the evolution of North Paraguai Belt (650-640 Ma), these deposits have been included in an inverted intracratonic basin in the Ordovician. The bottommost deposits of the Cambrian sequences, here presented, are comprised dominantly by siliciclastic rocks. These consist in the Upper and Lower members of the Raizama Formation and the base of Lower Member of the Sepotuba Formation, Alto Paraguai Group, exposed in the central and northeast portions of the inverted intracratonic basin, Mato Grosso state. Two depositional sequences (DS1 and DS2) characterize the Cambrian successions of the base of Alto Paraguai Group. The DS1 presents as a sequence boundary (SB1) an erosional hiatus previously interpreted in the southwestern basin. This stratigraphic surface becomes a correlative conformity towards the central and northern portions, where this covers the Araras carbonates and Cryogenian glacial deposits from Puga diamictites. The SB1 represents an erosional or non-depositional period of approximately 80 Ma developed over the carbonates of the Lower Ediacaran Araras Group, related to the epeirogenic uplifts of the basin. A second thermal subsidence phase would have led to the installation of a siliciclastic platform during the Cambrian, characterized by DS1 composed by two facies associations denominated FA1 and FA2. FA1 consists of subarkoses, quartz-wackes and pelites dominated by wave and storm processes, inserted in the offshoretransition, lower-middle shoreface and upper shoreface zones. The presence of infaunal vertical trace fossils belonging to the Skolithos Ichnofacies (Skolithos linearis; Diplocraterion parallelum; and Arenicolites isp.) at the base of the lower-middle shoreface deposits indicated a Lower Cambrian age, or younger, to the Raizama Formation, previously considered as Ediacaran. The FA2 comprehends subarkoses, quartzarenites, sublitarenites, quartz-wackes and sandstone/pelite rhythmites interpreted as complex tidal plain deposits, unconformably overlaid (SB2) by braided fluvial channel deposits of (FA3), which belong to the DS2. The DS1 would have been deposited during lowstand to transgressive system tract, organized in progradational parasequences. This stacking pattern is not compatible with the traditional stratigraphy sequence for TST, which is attributed to a slow subsidence rate concomitantly to a high sediment supply indicated by the Skolithos Ichnofacies. Subsequently, a less expressive drop in the sea level promoted a progradation of distal braided deposits (FA3) over the DS1, related to the lowstand system tract (LST) characterized by an abrupt change of the tidal heterolitic deposits to medium and coarse-grained quartzarenites from fluvial deposits. Paleoflow data oriented preferentially to NE and SE obtained in coastal beds from FA2 and FA3 allied to the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic U-Pb detrital zircon ages have indicated provenance exclusively from SW and NW sources from Amazon Craton. Besides that, the detrital quartz grains analysis of sandstones of the bottommost Cambrian deposits indicate mainly igneous and metamorphic sources. Previous works indicated that the fluvial deposits of DS2 were succeeded by a transgressive system tract, marking this as the last transgressive event that influenced the Cambrian deposits of the intracratonic basin. Slowly, the ocean connection was interrupted as a consequence of the closing of Iapetus Ocean (~500 Ma) as a result of basin uplift. In this way, Cambrian epeiric seas were confined and consequently started the lacustrine phase of the basin in the Ordoviacian, represented by the Diamatino Formation deposits. Posteriorly, the intracratonic basin of the southeast Amazon Craton would have been inverted by the transtensional tectonics which propitiated the implantation of post-Cambrian intracontinental basins of the Western Gondwana.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização biogeoquímica de ecossistemas amazônicos: rios e lagos selecionados das microrregiões Bragantina, do Salgado e Guajarina - PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1999) MENEZES, Lúcia Beckmann de Castro; LIMA, Waterloo Napoleão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1229104235556506
It was compared physical, chemical, physical-chemical and hydrobiological environmental parameters of waters and of aquatic humic material, in three kind of places seemingly identified, because these parameters are excellent indicators of biogeochemical and ecophysiological characteristics of aquatic ecosystems, in the attempt of characterizing the influence of the biogeochemical factors of pollution, the anthropogenic influence and the studied ecosystems productivity. It was collected samples in the course of the Guama river, in Ourem – Bragantina zone (high course), in Bujaru (medium course) and in Belem - Guajarina zone (close to estuary), as well as in two lakes of coastal plain located in the island of Atalaia (Salinopolis), and still in the Arapepo river (municipal district of Salinopolis – Salgado zone), this one under strong influence of the waters of the Atlantic ocean, in the months of December of 1996 (drought period), May of 1997 (rainy period) and October of 1997 (drought period). The methods used in the characterization involved physical-chemical analysis and chemical analysis for the determination of the chemical composition in relation to the dominant ions and the indicators of the presence and of the decomposition of the organic matter (humic material) and hydrobiological analysis, for chlorophyll evaluation, in natural waters, submitted or not to an anthropic action. It was utilized the ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry and in the infra-red spectroscopy to the characterization of the natural organic matter, where the humic acid and fulvic acid prevail. The spectra in the ultraviolet-visible were also used for the identification of the chlorophyll. The analytic results have showed a clear difference among the studied ecosystems, suggesting an influence of an anthropic action in the Guama river, which characterizes the lakes in Salinopolis as an ambient with high amount of organic matter (humic substances) and the Arapepo river presenting results very differents due to the oceanic influence and to the occurrence of mangroves in its margins, being the only ecosystem where the occurrence of photosynthetics pigments were perceived (chlorophyll). The calculation of the ionic relation indicated the presence of marine intrusion in the environments of the lakes I and II, Arapepo river and Guama river (Belem). The seasonal was reflected intensively in the three studied ambients, through parameters as color, turbidity, specific conductivity, chloride, sulfate, organic matter (consumed oxygen), iron and the larger cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium), notedly in the physiografic area of the Salgado zone. The relation carbon/nitrogen observed for the humic substances suggests that the humic material of the lakes has an older formation than the rivers. The rate E4/E6 obtained through the spectra in the ultraviolet-visible indicates that the humic and fulvic acids present in the samples have a high aromaticity. The interpretation of the spectra of absorption in the area of the infra-red, has permitted to verify that there are present the most characteristic bands, indicating the presence of groups C-H, C=O and COOH and also of aromatic skeleton and suggesting the formation of humic substances - metal complex, what is in conformity with the analytic results obtained for metals in the humic material. The amount of metals (iron, manganese, copper, chromium and zinc) presents in the humic material were always larger in the samples of the Guama river (Belem), what suggests enrichment due to anthropogenic influence.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dos minerais aos materiais de arquitetura e processos de degradação: edifícios e ornamentos metálicos dos séculos XIX e XX em Belém do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-06-16) PALÁCIOS, Flávia Olegário; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The use of iron in architecture was intensified during the second half of the XVIII century in Europe, and its influence spread over many countries in growth, such as Brazil. Belém (PA) was one of the cites that received the larger amount of building and ornaments imported, especially from England, France, Belgium and Portugal, during the XIX e XX centuries. Currently, Belém holds the largest number of iron architecture heritage remnants in the country. Despite of having great importance in construction techniques, many of these buildings were disassembled and remain on the wait for restoration processes. Also, studies about theses constructions only focus on historical and visual discussion, with no understanding of construction materials, causing empirical restoration processes. The knowledge about these materials is important to the detailed study of historical metal alloys, and different fabrication techniques, as well as weathering action, aiming future restoration processes with scientific bases. The main objective of this research is to understand the historical metals, their diversity in iron architecture and fabrication processes, and also weathering action in iron buildings and ornaments from the XIX and XX centuries in Belém. Thus, the following specific objectives were established: a) physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of alloys and pathologies; b) identification of different kinds of alloys, in order understand the production types; c) determination of metallurgy evolution imported to the Amazon. The materials chosen for this research came from three different sites, due to their representativeness and diversity of pieces and origin: Mercado de Ferro do Ver-o-Peso building; the former chalet from the State’s Press; and the ornaments from tombs and mausoleums of the Soledade Cemetery. The methods used were Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for physical characterization and punctual chemical analysis; and X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) for mineralogical analysis. The results were presented in three scientific papers indicating: 1) iron alloys mostly composed by ferrite; 2) textural variations exhibiting four types for the building group: nodular cast iron, gray cast iron type E, wrought iron and gray cast iron type B; 3) three classification of gray cast iron for the ornamental group of diverse origins, among A, B and D; 4) corrosion as main weathering action, and products constituted by goethite and hematite; 4) remnant paint coats, formed by metallic zinc, and its products of alteration represented by zincite and hidrozincite. Through the results of this research it was possible to indicate the evolution of processes in iron architecture production, and enrich this research area with scientific information, as subside for future restorative processes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estudos isotópicos de U-Pb, Lu–Hf e δ18o em zircão: implicações para a petrogênese dos granitos tipo-A paleoproterozóicos da província Carajás – Cráton Amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-04-05) TEIXEIRA, Mayara Fraeda Barbosa; SANTOS, João Orestes Schneider; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5516771589110657; DALL'AGNOL, Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2158196443144675
In ca. 1880 Ma an extensive magmatic event generated A-type granites with rapakivi affinity in the Amazonian Craton, especially in the Carajás Province. In this Province these granites are grouped into three main suites according to mineralogy, geochemistry, and state of oxidation of their magmas – Jamon, Velho Guilherme, and Serra dos Carajás – and include also the Gogó da Onça, Seringa, São João, Gradaús, and Rio Branco plutons. The Gogó da Onça Granite (GOG) comprise a stock composed by biotite-amphibole granodiorite, biotiteamphibole monzogranite and amphibole-biotite syenogranite. The GGO crosscut discordantly the Archean country rocks and are not foliated. All Gogó da Onça Granite varieties are metaluminous, ferroan A2-subtype granites with reduced character. The major and trace element behavior suggests that its different facies are related by fractional crystallization. Zircon and titanite U–Pb SHRIMP ages show that the pluton crystallized at ~1880-1870 Ma. This is more akin to the Serra dos Carajás Suite and to the Seringa and São João granites of Carajás and to the Mesoproterozoic Sherman granite of USA and the Paleoproterozoic Suomenniemi Batholith of Finland. New U-Pb SHRIMP data for the Serra dos Carajás, Velho Guilherme and Jamon Suite and for Seringa and São João Granite show that these plutons crystallized between 1880 Ma to 1857 Ma. Some granites of the Velho Guilherme and Jamon suites and of the Seringa Granite presented 1920 to 1900 m. y. old zircon and titanite crystals interpreted here as antecrysts from an earlier pulse of magma that were incorporated in the main later pulse of 1880 Ma. We also obtained ages of 1865 Ma to 1857 Ma in the leucogranite facies of the Redenção and Bannach plutons, which indicate that the leucogranites of these plutons are younger than their ~1880 Ma old granites and were generated by independent magma pulses that are not cogenetic with the less evolved facies of the respective plutons. Besides it, an age of 1732 ± 6 Ma obtained in the leucogranite facies of the Antônio Vicente pluton of the Velho Guilherme Suite that could represent a magmatic event in the Xingu Region not yet reported or, eventually, could correspond to an isolate hydrothermal event that allowed the growth of zircons. This ranites have been also analysed by Lu–Hf and Oxygen isotopes and few granites also by Nd isotopes. Zircons from all the granites have remarkably restricted initial 176Hf/177Hf (0.281156 and 0.281384) and strongly negative εHf(t) values ranging from –9 to -18, and δ18O fairly homogeneous varying from 5.50‰ to 7.00‰. Small differences were observed internally in the plutons or between them. The ƐHf(t) values of the analysed plutons are strongly negative and similar to Nd isotopic data. The Serra dos Carajás Suite has ƐHf(t) values of -14 to -15.5, the Jamon Suite of -9.5 to -15 and values of -12 to -15 for the Velho Guilherme Suite, while São João, Seringa and Gogó da Onça granites have stronger negative values (ƐHf(t)= -12 to -18). Crustal model ages indicate a Paleoarchean source (3.3 Ga to 3.6 Ga) with a minor contribution from Mesoarchean (3.0 Ga to 3.2 Ga) melts for these granites. This model ages are older than the exposed Archean country rocks of the Orosirian granites of the Carajás Province and more investigation is needed to verify the real existence of that older Archean crust. The studied samples have Hf– O isotopic compositions that overlap within error, and evidence of contamination (crustal assimilation or mixing) of a mantle-derived magma cannot be seen. These plutons crystallized from magmas generated by melting of pre-existing igneous rocks with possibly in the Velho Guilherme Suite a minor contribution from a supracrustal (metasedimentary) component. The Nd, Hf, and O isotope compositions of the Paleoproterozoic granites of Carajás Province clearly attest to an igneous ancient crustal source in the origin of their magmas. The differences observed can result for contrasts in the crustal domains of the Carajás Province that were the source of the granites or of local contamination processes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução dos pântanos da região central da península de Bragança-PA de acordo com as mudanças do nível relativo do mar durante o holoceno
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-12-07) CAMARGO, Paloma Maria Pinto; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
This work integrates data from geomorphology, sedimentary features, pollen, diatom, isotopes, mineralogy, chemical analysis and C-14 datings obtained of sediment cores sampled from Bragança Península, Pará littoral. The pollen data indicate that central and topographically higher area of Bragança Peninsula was an area dominated by mangroves, with wide expansion of Avicennia trees, marine diatom, an increased trend of sedimentary organic matter sourced from estuarine algae, and a mineralogical composition mainly formed by pyrite and hematite, typical of mangrove anoxic sediments between > 6300 and 4900 cal yr BP. Between 4900 and 4300 cal yr BP occurrs a without pollen zone, but along this interval takes place marine diatom, an increase of sedimentary organic matter sourced from marine algae and the absence of minerals formed by Fe and S. In the late Holocene (<4300 cal yr BP), the study site was recolonised mainly by herbs with Avicennia trees restricted to border of the herbaceous plain, presence of freshwater diatom remains and a significant increase trend in contribution of sedimentary organic matter of terrestrial origin (C4 plants). Precipitated minerals from enviroments under intense evaporation form the mineralogical composition. In recent decades, there is a mangrove migration to elevated surfaces occupied by herbs (C4 and C3 terrestrial plants), and an increase of sedimentary organic matter sourced from estuarine algae. An upward increase in the Sr concentration occurs along the last 10 cm. These data suggest a mangrove and salt marshes dynamic mainly controlled by the relative sea level changes. Probably, postglacial sea level rise contributed to the establishment and expansion of mangroves in the Bragança Peninsula with great impact on the expansion of Avicennia trees and marine diatoms, an increase of sedimentary organic matter sourced from estuarine algae. This environment favors the mineral precipitation for instance of pyrite. Between 4900 nd 4300 cal yrs BP, the continuous relative sea level rise causes the increase of marine/estuarine diatoms and the contribution of sedimentary organic matter sourced from marine algae. However, it caused the drowning of mangrove and associated vegetation, and consequently its disappearance from the study area, as well as the environmental conditions for sulfides precipitation. After 4300 cal yrs BP, the increase of sedimentary organic matter sourced from C4 terrestrial plants and freshwater diatoms suggest a relative sea level fall. The mineralogical composition suggests an arid environment, such as a sabkha. This process caused the recolonization of herbs (mainly C4 plants) in the topographically highest area of studied peninsula and Avicennia trees surrounding this herbaceous plain. Considering the last decades, the Avicennia trees migration to elevated herbaceous fields, the increase trend of organic matter sourced from estuarine algae and the increase in concentration of Sr during the last 10 cm suggest a modern relative sea level rise.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução geológica da porção centro-sul do Escudo Guianas com base no estudo geoquímico, geocronológico (evaporação de Pb e U-Pb ID-TIMS em zircão) e isótopo (Nd-Pb) dos granitóides paleoproterozóicos do sudeste de Roraima, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-11-17) ALMEIDA, Marcelo Esteves; MACAMBIRA, Moacir José Buenano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8489178778254136
This study focuses the granitoids of center-southern portion of Guyana Shield, southeastern Roraima, Brazil. The region is characterized by two tectono-stratigraphic domains, named as Central Guyana (GCD) and Uatumã-Anauá (UAD) and located probably in the limits of geochronological provinces (e.g. Ventuari-Tapajós or Tapajós-Parima, Central Amazonian and Maroni-Itacaiúnas or Transamazon). The aim this doctoral thesis is to provide new petrological and lithostratigraphical constraints on the granitoids and contribute to a better understanding of the origin and geodynamic evolution of Guyana Shield. The GCD is only locally studied near to the UAD boundary, and new geological data and two single zircon Pb-evaporation ages in mylonitic biotite granodiorite (1.89 Ga) and foliated hastingsite-biotite granite (1.72 Ga) are presented. These ages of the protholiths contrast with the lithostratigraphic picture in the other areas of CGD (1.96-1.93 Ga). Regional mapping, petrography, geochemistry and zircon geochronology carried out in the UAD have showed widespread paleoproterozoic calc-alkaline granitic magmatism. These granitoids are distributed into several magmatic associations with different paleoproterozoic (1.97-1.89 Ga) ages, structural and geochemical affinities. Detailed mapping, petrographic and geochronological studies have distinguished two main subdomains in UAD. In the northern UAD, the high-K calc-alkaline Martins Pereira (1.97 Ga) and Serra Dourada S-type granites (1.96 Ga) are affected by NE-SW and E-W ductile dextral shear-zones, showing coexistence of magmatic and deformational fabrics related to heterogeneous deformation. Inliers of basement (2.03 Ga) crop out to northeastern part of this area, and are formed by metavolcano-sedimentary sequence (Cauarane Group) and TTG-like calc-alkaline association (Anauá Complex). Xenoliths of meta-diorites (Anauá Complex) and paragneisses (Cauarane Group) reinforce the intrusive character of Martins Pereira Granite. On the other hand, xenoliths of Martins Pereira and biotitebearing enclaves are founded in the younger, undeformed, and SiO2-rich Igarapé Azul Granite (1.89 Ga). This last and the high-K calc-alkaline Caroebe Granite (1.90-1.89 Ga, Água Branca Suite), including coeval volcanic rocks (1.89 Ga, Jatapu volcanics) and charnockitoids (1.89 Ga, e.g. Santa Maria Enderbite), crop out in the southern UAD. This subdomain is characterized only by local and slight NE-SW ductile-brittle dextral shear zones. A-type granites such as Moderna (ca. 1.81 Ga) and Mapuera (ca. 1.87 Ga) granites, cross cut both areas of UAD. Furthermore, the geological mapping also identified three main types of metalotects in this region. Gold mineralization is observed in Martins Pereira-Serra Dourada granitoids (northern UAD), alluvial columbite-tantalite is related to Igarapé Azul granitoids (southern UAD), and amethyst is associated to pegmatites from Moderna A-type granites. The Nd-Pb isotope data suggest that all granitoids of UAD are generated by reworking of older and pre-existence crustal sources (sialic Rhyacian-Archean and/or juvenile Transamazonian origin) and mantle input is not problably a viable model. Although the dominant process may be one subduction in the early stage of NUAD evolution, post-colisional magmatism may be a significant process in the production of new continental crust in the southern UAD. It is possible that, following oceanic closure in the Anauá arc system (2.03 Ga) and subsequent collisional orogeny (1.97-1.94 Ga?), underplated mantle melts (basalt liquids) were trapped below preexisting lower crustal rocks of various compositions (e.g. granulites, metatonalites, amphibolites). The basalt liquids and subsequently melted lower crust could produced the immense volumes of granite (and volcanics) observed at 1.90-1.87 Ga. This geological picture is similar to the Tapajós Domain (TD) in the southern Amazonian Craton and suggest that both belongs to the same province (Ventuari-Tapajós or Tapajós-Parima). Nevertheless, the scarcity of S-type granites and high-grade metamorphic rocks show that the collisional stage is not so evident in TD.
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Evolução mineralógica e geoquímica de lateritos sobre rochas do complexo de Maicurú - Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1990-08-17) LEMOS, Vanda Porpino; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The study on the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of the laterites formed from the weathering of the aika-Iine-ultramafic-carbonatite rocks of the Maicuru complex, Pará, were based in the sampling of laterites (about 223 samples), including lateritic profiles (on the apatitite, glimmerite, pyroxenite, biotitite, dunite and syenite) and surface (crust and soils) materials. This study permited to conclude that after dissolution of the carbonates, complete alteration of the pyroxenes and anphiboles in to smectites and micas (biotite and phlogopite) in to vermiculite, and incipient alteration of the fluorapatite, occurred: enrichement of the REE, probabig in the form of carbonate-hidroxi; moderate losses in Si, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Zn, Y, Sr and P; and retention of Al, Ni, Co, Cu, main-tmined in smectite and vermiculite, Fe, Ti, Nb, represented bg ilmenomagnetite, titanite and perovskite (Ti and Nb), and Zr, lodged in the ilmemomagnetite and titanite structures. In the transitional and phosphatic-clageg hor)zons interface occured the degradation of smectite and vermiculite and dissolution of fluorapatite and perovskite, while titanite and ilmenomagnetíte remain inaltered. In this wag the following products were obtained: Kaolínite, goethite, anatase and aluminous phosphates (wavelite, wardite and crandallite group). Hence, was observed: moderate enrichment in Ti, Nb and Zr, depletion in rare earth elements, especially in the LREE; retention of Al and Fe; and expressive losses in other elements analyzed, relative to the lower levels of the Profiles. In the intermediary levels of the phosphatic-clayey horizon the transformation of the titanite into anatase, took place with retention of Nb and Zr in its structures and the liberation of REE, Ca, Sr and Na, which were in part retained as crandallite group and wardite phosphates. In the phosphatic-clayey and crust horizons interface oxidation of ilmenomagneti-te occurred, with latter evolution into maghemite and anatase. From this level was possible to verify into the lateritic profiles: a great enrichment in Y, REE, (mainly LREE, due to high concentration in crandalite group), Ti, Nb, Fe and Zr, represented by anatase and maghemite; moderate enrichement of Cu, as turquoise, Sr and Zn, acomoded in structure of the crandallite group; Mn contained in the ilmenites and as hgdroxides (which fixed fractions of Co); intense lixiviation of Si, Kr Ca and Mg, moderate lixiviation of Na e Ni; and little lixiviation of P. The chondrite normalized REE patterns for the parent rocks indicated a preferable enrichment in LREE relative to the HREE. This behavior as reflected along the profiles, but stand out mainly in the outcropping crust, samples where there is abundance of crandalite group phosphates. Eventually, the enrichment of HREE in the phosphatic-clayey horizon and in some samples formation of the crust was observed, probably due to churchite. The laterites show favorable economic perspectives for phosphates, titanium and rare earth elements.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução mineralógica e geoquímica multi-elementar de perfis de solos sobre lateritos e gossans na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1995-07-31) HORBE, Adriana Maria Coimbra; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
With the aim of studying the genesis of soils developed on lateritic crusts, five profiles located in the region of Carajás (N5 and Igarapé Bahia procpects) as well as in Paragominas (Camoaí Mine) and Belém (Mosqueiro and Outeiro Beaches) municipalities all them located in Pará State, Brazil - have been selected. Based on the structures described in the profiles (N5, igarapé Bahia, Camoaí, Outeiro and Mosqueiro), it has been Possible to distinguish four differents horizons: fresh crust, partially-weathered crust, weathered crust and soil. The fresh crust is compact, vacuolar and composed of iron and aluminium oxyhydroxides. The partially-weathered crust is made up of fresh-crust relicts enclosed in yellowish or reddish clayey matrix, depending on the mineralogical composition of the fresh crust. The weathered crust is characterized by dominance of clayey matrix in relation to relicts, while the soil is composed exclusively of clayey material. The structures of the profiles show that the change from fresh crust to the overlying soil is gradual with volume expansion at the beginning of the fragmentat ion processes. This expansion is followed by the collapse of the profile as the relicts are entirely transformed into an earthy micro-aggregated material. The profiles of N5 and Igarapé Bahia prospects have been derived from a mature iron-aluminous crust, being characterized by the highest contents of kaolinite and hematite either in the crust or in the relícts. Gibbsite Al-goethite, anatasse and quartz are concentrated in the soil, which tends to be initially bauxitic, at the base of the profile, and to become kaolinite-rich toward the top. The mineralogical changes led to chemical modifications such as decrease in Fe2O3 and 8iO2 and increase in Al2O3, TiO2 and PF. The trace elements (V, Cr, Ni, R, Mo, Zr, Ga, Sc, Y, Mn, Cu and Pb besides Au in the profile of Igarapé Bahia) and REE's exhibit concentrations of 8 and Zr whereas the remaining ones tend to be progressively diluted from the crust toward the soil. The TiO2-mass balance shows that the transformation of the crust into soil took place by means of leaching of SiO2 and Fe2O3 in two profiles above mentioned, while Al2O2 underwent enrichment in the profile of N5 and leaching in the profile of igarapé Bahia. The soil formation from a mature aluminous crust in Camoaí differs from those described in the profile of Igarapé Bahia and of N5 in that it shows a decrease in gibbsite contents and an increase in kaolinite and quartz, whereas the verey low contents of ,hematite, goethite, and anatase do not present a characteristic distribution. The trace elements and the REE's, with contents much lower than those observed in the others profiles, show an increase in Zr and Mn toward the soil horizon and a dilution of the remaining ones. In the Camoaí, the transformation of the aluminous crust into soil, based on the TiO2-mass balance, took place through leaching of Al2O3 and enrichment in SiO2 and Fe2O3. In the profiles of Outeiro and Mosqueiro, deriveci from immature silicoferruginous lateritic crust the soil formation occurred by means of decreasing in hematite+goethite so that, in the resulting soil, quartz and kaolinite predominate. In consequence of this, a decrese in the Fe2O3 contents and an increase in SiO2 and Al2O3 have been observed in those profiles. The trace elements distribution presents, as in igarapé concentration of Zr and dilution of the remaining ones. Based on TiO2-mass balance, it could be noticed that the transformation of the crust in the profiles of Mosqueiro and Outeiro took place through leaching of Fe2O3, whereas SiO2 and Al2O3 underwent enrichment in the profile of Outeiro and Leaching in the one of Mosqueiro. On the basis of structures, mineralogical composition and geochemical data of the profiles, it has been possible to characterize an accentuated process of Fe loss in the iron-aluminous and in the silicoferruginous crust as well as Ai removal in the aluminous ones what led to soil generation. In the profiles derived from the iron-aluminous and the silicoferruginous crust, it has been observed substitution of hematite by Al-goethite, an intermediated segment - where there is predominance of gibbsite in the iron-aluminous profiles -- and presence of kaolinite at the top of both profiles. In every profiles, it has been reported quartz acumulation. The enrichment in quartz and the S1O2 being the latter likely come from externai sources -via vegetable-material decay - caused the neoformation of kaolinite from gibbsite in the profiles of N5, igarapé Bahia, and Camoaí. In the profiles of Mosqueiro and Outeiro the kaolinite presence in the soil is a consequence of its relative enrichment in the relation to the crust from which it has been derived. As a consequence of the mineralogical transformation, Fe has been leached from the profiles of N5, Igarapé Bahia, Mosqueiro, and Outeiro and Al from those of the Camoaí, as well as V, Cr, Mo, Ga, Sc, Cu, Pb and REErs. On the other hand, a strong enrichment in Zr and, in part, in 8 and Mn has been reported in every stud ied profiles. The transformations that caused the break down of the balance of the crusts, their desmantlement and comminution, forming relicts and a new clayey mineral phase, are consequence of organic matter influence which turns the environments conditions more acid and less oxidizing, in a process similar to that of weathering-profiles formation in humid tropical environments. The mineral and chemical difference observed between the profiles are consequence of compositional variation of the crusts which, in part, also reflect the degree of maturity of theirs. The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the soils in the investigated profiles allow us to correlate them to the Belterra Clay and, in consequence of this, to admit that Belterra Clay had an autochthonous origin in relation to the underlying lateritic crusts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução petroquímico-metalogenética das rochas e mineralizações associadas à suite Vila Nova na Serra do Ipitinga (NW do Pará)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1997-05-08) FARACO, Maria Telma Lins; MCREATH, Ian; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5299851252167587
The Vila Nova Metamorphic Suite in the 'pitinga Hills (NW Pará) consists of a supracrustal sequence of mafic and ultramafic metavolcanics, cordierite-antophyllite - and quartz-chlorite-bearing rocks underlying chemical (oxide and silicate-type BIFs) and clastic metasediments. Part of the basic lavas was hydrothermally altered under greenschist facies conditions, similar to mid-ocean-ridge axis hydrothermal systems, creating quartz-chiorite-bearing rocks (which occur as large clots within the metavolcanic sequence) and hydrothermal syndepositional exhalative volcanogenic sulphide deposits, formed by pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite with associated Au and Ag and traces of galena, molybdenite and silver telluride. The temperature range of generation of these host rocks, dalculated from AI-saturated chlorite, is 273°C to 320°C, with an average value of 308°C. Afterwards, metamorphism under amphibolite facies transformed the basic volcanics to amphibolites, and part of the quartz-chlorite to cordierite-antophyllite rocks. Geothermometric calculations using the cordierite-antophyllite pair, point to 547°C for the generation of these rocks. Present-day mineralogical associations of BIFs and clastic metasediments were formed during that metamorphism. All the metavolcano-sedimentary sequence was deformed by brittle-ductile shearing and transformed in present-day NW-SE trending shear belts with subvertical-NE dip. The deformational shearing episode yielded mylonites, polymetamorphic and hidrothermalized rocks, showing retrogressive metamorphic paragenesis. There was also hydrothermal alteration produced by granitic fluids. Gold is present in three typologies: associated to volcanogenic sulphides, sheared Iodes, and supergene altered rocks. Platinum anomalies were registered in many hydrothermalized rocks, but not in association with sulphide mineralization. Four hydrothermal events were identified. Fluid inclusion studies indicated tweive types of inclusions which pointed to finco fluid systems, one consisting of a CH4-rich aqueous-carbonic phase and the other of an aqueous phase with sahnites ranging from 40% CaCl2 equivalent to near pure water. The first is related to sulphide-bearing rocks and the second to the shearing episode. The homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions in the sulphide mineralization's host-rocks, point to 250°C-450°C to the origin of these rocks. The CH4-isochores and the temperature range of generation of the host-rocks, provide a pressure range of 0,7 kb to 2,3 kb for the mineralization. The protoliths of mafic metavolcanics are subaikaline tholeiitic basalts. Komatiitic basalts were also characterized, suggesting the presence of a komatiitic affinity to the magmatism. The lithochemical study revealed a volcanic environment similar to back-arc basins to the Vila Nova Suite. The Nd isotopic study yielded model ages between 2.26 Ga and 2.19 Ga for Vila Nova metavolcanics, while the BIF's REE patterns are equivalent to many Paleoproterozoic banded iron-formation of the world. This is in agreement with the 2.11 Ga (Sm/Nd) and 2.25 Ga (U/Pb) ages from French Guyana and Guyana's rocks, correlatives to Vila Nova Suite. The petrological, lithochemical, metallogenetic and isotopic data from the Vila Nova metamorphic suite account also for its correlation with the paleoproterozoic birimian metavolcano-sedimentary belts of the West African craton.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Os fragmentos de cerâmica arqueológica como fonte potencial de fertilidade dos solos TPA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-09-26) RODRIGUES, Suyanne Flavia Santos; KERN, Dirse Clara; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8351785832221386; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
Soils of the Amazon Dark Earth (ADE) type are known for their high fertility, which contrasts with the typically poor soils found throughout most of the Amazon. The fertility of these soils appears to persist even after their intensive use for agriculture. The ADE are usually rich in sherds, important evidence linking them to the occupation of the region by prehistoric populations. Many studies have focused on the stylistic characteristics of the vessels represented by these sherds, although less attention has been paid to the chemical and mineralogical features of this material, which are important for the identification of the raw material use to produce the artifacts, provenience, technology, and in particular the origin of their relatively high P content. These high levels of P are derived from aluminum phosphates, which are generally amorphous to variscite-strengite, and have been linked to the use of the pots for the preparation of food. While the possible role of the sherds in the maintenance of the fertility of ADE has been widely discussed, no experimental data have been presented to confirm this connection. This study presents systematic evidence that the sherds contribute to the fertility of the soils. For this, sherds were obtained from three archeological sites with distinct characteristics located in different parts of the Amazon: Monte Dourado 1 (Almeirim, Pará), Jabuti (Bragança, Pará), and Da Mata (São José de Ribamar, Maranhão). Initially, 325 sherds were first described mesoscopically and then their chemical and mineralogical composition was determined by XRD, optical microscopy, TGA/DTA, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, ICP-MS and ICP-OES. Different parameters of fertility were then measured, followed by gaseous adsorption tests, and finally, P desorption assays. These data were used to identify the raw materials used in the fabrication of the vessels, details of the productive process, modifications occurring during the use of the utensils and after being discarded, with the aim of evaluating the potential contribution of these sherds to the fertility of the ADE soils. The hypothesis of contamination by nutrients from foods during the use of the vessels for the preparation of meals was confirmed by a laboratory experiment simulating cooking conditions using ceramic pots similar to the archeological artifacts, and measuring the incorporation of Ca and P during the cooking process. The results indicate that the ancient ceramicist peoples used raw materials available in the area surrounding their habitation sites. The composition of the sherds, all of which are made from a matrix of metakaolinite and quartz, and occasionally muscovite, indicating raw materials rich in kaolinite and quartz, which are fundamental to the production of ceramic artifacts. The presence of metakaolinite indicates that the pots were fired at approximately 550°C. However, the addition of different types of antiplastic contributed to chemical and mineralogical variation among sites in the overall composition of the sherds. At Da Mata, only cariapé was used, while at Monte Dourado 1, the cariapé was mixed with crushed rocks with a complex mineralogical content, and at Jabuti, shells were used in addition to cariapé. Amorphous phosphates are common to all the sites, albeit at distinct levels, with crystalline aluminum phosphates of the crandallite-goyazite type being found only at Jabuti, and Fe-Mg-Ca phosphates, segelerite, being exclusive to Monte Dourado 1. The amorphous phosphates and crandallite-goyazite were considered to be indicators of the use of the original pots (from which the sherds were derived) for the preparation of food, whereas the segelerite was interpreted as a neoformation following exposure of the fragments to the hydromorphic conditions that persist to the present day. The lowest phosphorus concentrations-1.04% of P2O5 on average- were recorded at Da Mata, and were similar to the majority of sherds studied up until now, whereas the highest concentrations (a mean of 7.75%) were recorded at Jabuti, the highest values yet reported. At Monte Dourado 1, the mean concentration was 2.23%. It seems likely that the high levels of P, Ca, and Sr are related to a diet rich in shellfish, as reflected in the diversity of shells fragments found in the sherds. The high levels of calcium recorded at Monte Dourado 1 reflect the presence of labradorite in the temper. The potential fertility of the sherds is clearly greater than that of the ADE soil when analyzed without the ceramics. It thus seems reasonable to assume that the sherds are the source of the macro- and micronutrients found in the soil. This was confirmed through desorption assays, which showed that P was desorbed at a slow rate, a characteristic which may be especially important for the persistence of fertility. This process is best described by the Freundlich model, which indicates the occurrence of interactions among the adsorbed ions. The experiment that simulated cooking conditions indicated that the Ca and P may be adsorbed into both the sides and lids of the ceramic pots, albeit with higher concentrations being accumulated in the sides. While calcium was adsorbed, no phase of this element was identified, either amorphous or crystalline, probably because the duration of the experiment was too short. By contrast, the chemical adsorption of the P did occur, and after 600 h of cooking, variscite, an aluminum phosphate, formed in the sides of the pots. Aluminum phosphates may thus form in the ceramic vessels during the cooking of food. These results indicate that the presence of aluminum phosphates in the matrix of the ceramic vessels represents a reliable indicator of their use as cooking vessels, and that the sherds of these utensils in the soil constitute a potentially important source of fertility.
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Geocronologia e geoquímica isotópica dos depósitos de Cu-Au Igarapé Bahia e Gameleira, Província Mineral de Carajás (PA), Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-05-10) GALARZA TORO, Marco Antonio; MACAMBIRA, Moacir José Buenano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8489178778254136
Copper sulfide + Au ore deposits are common in the Carajás Mineral Province and systematically occur in Archean metavolcano-sedimentary sequences associated or not with granitoid intrusions. Two of these deposits, Igarapé Bahia and Gameleira, have been chosen for a geochronological and isotopic study with the purpose of not only determining their ages, origin and relationships with the host rocks, but also the formation and evolution of the crustal segments within which both deposits are located. The Igarapé Bahia Group hosts the Igarapé Bahia deposit and is composed of mafic metavolcanic (MVR), metapyroclastic (MPR) and meta sedimentary rocks (MSR), besides banded iron-formations and hydrothermally altered breccias zone (HBZ). The whole rock pile is crosscut by mafic dikes (MIR). The Cu-Au ore forms disseminations to massive bodies, mostly occurring in the HBZ which marks the contacts between the MVR and the MSR/MPR rock units. Petrographic and geochemical data about the MVR (basaltic meta-andesites), MPR (laminated and lapilli metatuffs) and MIR (quartz diorites) show them all to be derived from mafic magmas of tholeiitic affiliation, in spite of the alteration evidence. These rocks also show geochemical similarities (major and trace elements, including REE) with the coeval Grão Pará Group volcanic rocks. Chloritization (dominant), carbonation, sulfidation and magnetitization are the most important types of hydrothermal alteration. The ore is chiefly composed of chalcopyrite with variable amounts of pyrite, bornite and chalcocite. Chrorite, magnetite, siderite are abundant as gangue minerals, whereas tourmaline, molybdenite, fluorite and biotite are subordinate. Pb-Pb dating on zircon yield crystallization ages of 2745±1 Ma and 2747±1 Ma for the MVR and MPR, respectively. Similar whole-rock ages were obtained for the MVR (Pb-Pb / 2776±12 Ma and Sm-Nd / 2758±75 Ma) and the MPR (Pb-Pb / 2758±36 Ma). A Pb-Pb age of 2764±22 Ma for the chalcopyrite and gold suggests the mineralization to be contemporaneous with the host Igarapé Bahia Group. Similar Pb-Pb ages are recorded on chalcopyrite from the HBZ (2772±46 Ma), MVR (2756±24 Ma), MPR (2754±36 Ma) and MIR (2777±22 Ma), and in gold from the MVR (2778 Ma). All these geochronological data support a syngenetic to late syngenetic origin of the Igarapé Bahia Cu-sulfide + Au ores. Pb-Pb ages of 2385±122 and 2417±120 Ma obtained by leaching of the BHZ chalcopyrite may indicate a period of remobilization probably related to tectonic reactivations of the Carajás-Cinzento Strike-Slip System. δS18 values of +0.1 to +4.2%0 in ZBH sulfides (mostly chalcopyrite) corroborate both the involvement of magmatic hydrothermal fluids and exhalative deposition, whereas δC13PDB values of -7.28 to -15.78‰ in ZBH siderite suggest the mantle as a likely source for the homogeneous CO2- rich fluids responsible for the carbonate precipitation (carbonatic source) although, if it does not have evidences of the existence of this type of rock in the Carajás region. In turn, δO18PDB values of -15.51 to -20.96%0 in the same siderite indicate some contribution of meteoric waters to the fluids that altered the breccias. The Gameleira ore deposit is hosted by the Archean Igarapé Pojuca Group which consists of mafic metavolcanic rocks (MVR), amphibolites, schists, banded iron-formations and hydrothermalites. Neoarchaean mafic intrusive rocks (MIR), Paleoproterozoic quartz-feldspathic apophyses and granitoids crosscut all the Igarapé Pojuca rocks. Petrographical and geochemical data allow the MVR and MIR to be classed, respectively, as basaltic meta-andesites and quartz diorites of tholeiitic affiliation. The schistose rocks can be classified as plagioclase-quartz-biotite schist. Biotitization, chloritization, sulfidation, tourmalinization and silicification are the most remarkable types of hydrothermal alteration. The ore occurs chiefly in veins and veinlets and is characterized by selvages of chalcopyrite, pyrite, pirrhotite, bornite, molybdenite, rare cubanite, besides quartz, tourmaline, fluorite, chlorite and biotite. The MVR seem to be contemporaneous with those of the Grão Pará, Igarapé Bahia and Igarapé Salobo groups, adopting the age of the Grão Pará Group as the age of formation of these rocks. Dating of the MIR (Pb-Pb on zircon) yields a value of 2705±2 Ma interpreted as the crystallization age of these rocks and similar to those found for the mafic sills (2.70 to 2.65 Ga) that occur in the neighboring Águas Claras deposit. Pb-Pb ages of 2615±10 and 2683±7 Ma on zircon from a saprolith of the Igarapé Pojuca Group domain probably represent rocks coeval with those sills. Pb-Pb ages of 2646±30 Ma (MVR / whole-rock), 2422±12 Ma (vero sulfides) and 2218±14 Ma (leaching of chalcopyrite) are indicative of a superimposed event on the Igarapé Pojuca metamorphic rocks, either the emplacement of granitoid intrusions (1.87-1.53 Ga) or the reactivation of the Caraj ás-Cinzento Strike-Slip System. This event probably caused remobilization of pre-existing ore as well as (partial or total) resetting of the Pb isotopic system. Both the Igarapé Bahia and the Igarapé Pojuca groups, and other greenstone-like metavolcano-sedimentary sequences of Carajás, overlie a basement made up of rocks that are contemporaneous with the Xingu and Pium complexes as well as with the Arco Verde tonalite, which are the likely sources of the inherited zircon found in the MVR and MIR of the Igarapé Bahia Group and dated at 3.03-2.86 Ga. Therefore, the ranges of 3.03-2.86 and 2.76-2.74 Ga represent, respectively, well-defined periods of crust formation and expressive volcanism in the northern portion of the Carajás Mineral Province. Sm-Nd model ages (TDM) of 3.17-2.99 Ga, obtained for the rocks of both the Igarapé Bahia and Gameleira deposits are consistent with those determined for the basement rocks and granitoids that occur in the Carajás Mineral Province. ΕNd(t) values for these rocks (-0.36 to -2.12) indicate nor only participation of older crust material in the parental magmas but also that magmas were generated in a continental rift environment. This supports the current hypotheses about the tectonic environment of formation of the Itacaiunas Supergroup to which belong both the Igarapé Bahia and the Igarapé Pojuca groups. In conclusion, both studied deposits seem to have a similar primary genesis, but distinct further history in the Neoarchaean and Paleoproterozoic times, which certainly affected their mineralizations.
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Geocronologia Pb-Pb em zircão e Sm-Nd rocha total da porção centro-norte do Estado do Amapá-Brasil: implicações para a evolução geodinâmica do setor oriental do Escudo das Guianas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-09-13) AVELAR, Valter Gama de; LAFON, Jean Michel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4507815620234645
The Guyana Shield is an extensive Paleoproterozoic domain whose main evolution is related to the Transamazonian orogenic event (2.2-1.9 Ga). However, registrations of on Archean history were obtained in metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Imataca Complex in Venezuela (>3.0 G a). The R b-Sr and S m-Nd ages, obtained for g ranulitic and o rthogneissic r ocks o f t he central area of the Amapá State (2.45 Ga and 3.0 Ga), are other evidences of the presence of Archean relics in that shield. The eastern Guyana Shield includes the Amapá State, in Brazil and French Guyana. This portion of the shield belongs to the Maroni-Itacaiúnas Province, considered a Paleoproterozoic mobile belt added to an Archean block (Central Amazonian Province), between 2.20 and 1.95 Ga. Recent works provide a model of the Transamazonian geodynamical evolution between 2.20 and 2.08 Ga for this part of the Guyana Shield. A first period is related to early- to middle-Transamazonian crustal growthing by magmatic accretion (2.20-2.13 Ga) and a second one consists of crustal recycling (2.10-2.08 Ga). The main geological units found in Amapá consist of Achean tonalitic orthogneisses, migmatites and granulites (3.1-2.6 Ga), Paleoproterozoic greenstones belts (2.26 Ga) and, predominantly, Transamazonian granitoids and orthogneisses, of calc-alkaline to syenogranitic composition. In the northern area, an age of 2.15 Ga was defined for a tonalite, while in the central region, migmatitic rocks are associated to a potassic magmatism which happened at 2.06 Ga. Felsic (1.76 Ga) and alkaline (1.68 Ga) post-Transamazonian intrusions have also been recognized in Amapá. In this work a set of 41 isotopic data was obtained by Pb-Pb on zircon (18) and Sm-Nd on whole rocks (23) methods for 25 samples of orthogneiss rocks, metassedimentary rocks and granitoids from central and north Amapá. These data permitted to bring new chronological references for some key units of Amapá and to establish a chronology of the thermo-tectonic events during the Transamazonian orogeny. The data also allowed to investigate the nature and extension of reworked Archean crust and newly accreted Paleoproterozoic crust in that part of the shield. In central Amapá, in the vicinity of Tartarugal Grande city, zircon crystals of felsic granulites yielded a Pb-Pb age around 2.6 Ga. Still in that area, Pb-Pb zircon age of 2053 ± 1 Ma was obtained for a charnockitic pluton. In the surroundings of Cupixi village, zircon crystals from a tonalitic gneiss defined an age of 2849 + 6 Ma, while ages ranging from 2.13 to 2.07 Ga was defined by the zircons of an associated granitic mobilized. Zircon crystals from a monzogranite gave a crystallization age of 2055 ± 6 Ma and ages up to 2.56 Ga for an inherited component. The Nd T(DM) ages for ali these rocks ranged between 2.70 Ga and 3.29 Ga. In northern Amapá, severa' syenogranites provided crystallization ages of 2107 + 2 Ma, 2098 ± 2 Ma and 2087 ± 3 Ma. However, for one syenogranite and an alkali-feldspar gravite the Pb-Pb zircon ages defined an interval of 2.13-2.05 Ga and 2.10-1.95 Ga, respectively. The latter grafite also presented zircons with an inherited component of 2.60-2.54 Ga. Zircons from a diorite, defined a Pb-Pb crystallization age of 2181 ± 2 Ma. The Nd T(DM) model ages for that group of rocks spread in the interval of 2.75 Ga to 2.18 Ga. At the border area with French Guyana, along the Oyapock river zircons of a syenogranite and of a gabbroic intrusion yielded crystallization ages of 2096 ± 2 Ma and 2099 ± 1 Ma, respectively. Pb-Pb data on zircons from a quartzite, associate to the Paramacá Group, gave ages between 3.19-2.77 Ga, for the sources of the sediments. Two main magmatic episodes were identified by the Pb-Pb zircon data. A calk-alkaline one (dioritic and tonalitic), early- to middle-Transamazonian between 2.18-2.14 Ga, is associated to magmatic accretion. Another alkaline-potassic magmatic episode, among 2.11-2.09 Ga, which prevails in northern Amapá, is characterized by transcurrent tectonics and crustal anatetic processes. The emplacement of a charnockitic pluton at 2.05 Ga, in the central Amapá, suggests a late-Transamazonian age for the high-grade metamorphism identified, in this same area, in granolithic rocks with Archean protolith (2.6 Ga). This high-grade event is related to the late-Transamazonian (2.07-2.06 Ga) UHT (ultra high temperature) event identified in Surinam. The post-orogenic regional cooling was registered by the K-Ar, Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr methods on minerais between 2.05-1.80 Ga. In central and northern Amapá, the Nd T(DM) model ages and Pb-Pb zircon ages indicate a main period of mantle-crust differentiation during Middle-archean, among 3.0-2.9 Ga, with possible relics of crust of up to 3.29 Ga. Two magmatic episodes were recognized, one at around 2.85-2.79 Ga, defined by the tonalitic gneisses of Cupixi, and the other at around 2.62-2.58 Ga, constituted by the igneous precursors of the Tartaruga) Grande granulites. These results confirm the presence of preserved Archean nuclei, with similar age to those of the Archean crust of the Carajás Province. However, for the latter area there is not an outstanding registration of a Neoarchean episode, among 2.62-2.58 Ga, suggesting that the Carajás Province behaved as a stabilized area, while the Archean crustal segment of the southeast of the Guyana Shield was reactivated at the end of Neoarchean. In the northern Amapá and at the border with French Guyana witness of an Archean crust are only registered in detrital zircons (3.19-2.77 Ga) of metassediments and as inherited zircons in Pelaoproterozoic granitoids and orthogneisses (2.6 Ga to 2.9 Ga). The Nd T(DM) rnodel ages among 2.75-2.40 Ga of the Paloproterozoic rocks (2.18-2.05 Ga), indicate a mixture between a revvorked Archean crust and a Paleoproterozoic juvenile crust in the source of these rocks. The Pb-Pb data and Sm-Nd ages obtained in this work coníĩrm a Transamazonian evolution for the Central and northern Amapá, similar to that of the French Guyana, in the period between 2.20-2.08 Ga. However, the geological evolution of Amapá differs from the evolution of French Guyana by the presence of reworked Archean crust and by the existence of a late- Transamazonian high-grade magmatic-metamorphic event. Three domains were recognized in southeast Guyana Shield. A northemmost domain, in French Guyana, displays simatic juvenile characteristics. The southemmost domain, in central Amapá, possesses ensialic characteristics, being fonned by midle- to neoarchean nuclei, reworked during Transamazonian orogeny. A transitional domain between those two domains has been identified in the north portion of Amapá. In French Guyana the limit between the transitional and simatic domains is probably WNW-ESE oriented, while the limit between the transitional and the Archean reworked domain is located nearby the at north of granolithic complex of the Tartarugal Grande region.
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Geologia e geoquímica das mineralizações supergênicas de ouro das áreas Salobo e Pojuca-Leste, Serra dos Carajás
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-11-29) SILVA, Evaldo Raimundo Pinto da; KOTSCHOUBEY, Basile; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0096549701457340
In Salobo sector, the primary gold and copper mineralization occurs in two types of iron formations, both of the silicate facies: Type I composed of magnetite>50% + fayallite + grunerite and Type II constituted of magnetite<50% + biotite + grunerite + almandine, which occurs interlayered in barren metagraywacks. In iron formations gold is present as: i) microscopic (5-14m) and submicroscopic (<0,1 µm) inclusions in magnetite; ii) microscopic and submicroscopic inclusions in primary copper sulphides (mainly chalcopyrite; subordinatelly bornite and chalcosine); and iii) as rare visible gold particles in quartz-carbonate-clorite veins which cut the Type II iron formation. Magnetite is the major gold-bearing mineral at Salobo. In the veins, gold is rich in silver and copper (16,5% and 8,4%, respectively) and exhibits increasing fineness from the border to the center of the particles. In these latter, a negative correlation between silver and copper contents, and exsolution textures suggest a separation between Au-Cu and Au-Ag during gold deposition in veins. The Salobo weathering profile is truncated and developed upon a thick metagraywacke sequence with interlayered iron formations lenses. From bottom to top, the weathering profile consists of a transition zone, a saprolitic zone and a colluvium horizon. The transition zone and the saprolite exhibit textural and mineralogical variations that reflect the heterogeneous composition of the bedrock. Weathering of metagraywacke resulted in a clay-mineral rich saprolite -hidrobiotite, smectite, kaolinite- derived principally from biotite. On the other hand, the alteration of mineralized rocks resulted, from bottom to top of the profile, in a supergene sulphide zone, an oxidized zone and a ferruginous saprolite. The most important supergene sulphides are digenite and covelline, while in the oxidized zone occur minerals such as cuprite, malaquite, azurite, native copper and native silver. In the ferruginous saprolite copper is enriched in clay-minerais (smectite) and in iron oxi-hydroxides. The secundary gold mineralization at Salobo occurs only in the oxidation products of iron formations. Gold exhibits enrichment in two levels of the weathering profile: in the supergene sulphide and oxidized copper minerals zones, and in the intermediate zone of the ferruginous saprolite. In these alteration products, gold occurs as: i) tiny inclusions (7-30m) in refractory magnetite crystals and in fratures of this mineral; ii) as submicroscopic particles inclosed in martitized magnetite crystals; and iii) as submicroscopic particles adsorbed ("invisible gold") in goethite. At Pojuca-Leste the primary gold mineralization is present in quartz-tourmaline-flurite-copper sulphides veins which cut a thick quartz-biotite-schists sequence and in iron formations lenses interlayered in these rocks. Gold occurs as: i) submicroscopic inclusions in chalcopyrite of veins, schists and iron formations; ii) as submicroscopic inclusions in magnetite of iron formation; and iii) as rare microscopic inclusions in quartz of veins. In the veins gold particles shows low fineness 809). The weathering profile at Pojuca-Leste consists of a thick saprolitic horizon and a ferro-aluminous duricrust. The saprolite exhibits compositional variations related to the nature of the parent rocks. It is generally composed of kaolinite, goethite and hematite and its iron contents are higher when derived from iron formations and sulphide veins. The secundary gold mineralization at Pojuca-Leste occurs in alteration products of sulphide veins, in the ferruginous saprolite derived from iron formations and in ferro-aluminous duricrust. In these secondary products, gold is present as: i) rare particles in relict quartz-tourmaline±sulphide veins; ii) as submicroscopic inclusions in martitized cristais of magnetite; iii) as submicroscopic particles adsorbed in goethite from the veins; and as iv) submicroscopic particles adsorbed in Fe-Al oxi-hydroxides of the duricrust. The supergene concentration of gold in Salobo and Pojuca-Leste sectors, envolved principally relative enrichment, and only subordinatelly absolute enrichment. In these areal, gold enclosed in refratary cristais of magnetite and quartz, favoured a relative enrichment during alteration of the primary mineralization. On the other hand, a minar amount of gold enclosed in copper sulphides (mainly chalcopyrite) was released, mobilized and reprecipited in the sulphide oxidation zone during several phases of the lowering of water table. Such evolution resulted in individualization of several enrichment levels, which shows variable lateral extension in the weathering profile. The main factor which controlled the secondary concentration of gold in Salobo and Pojuca-Leste areas was the forro of gold occurrence in the primary ore. In these sectors, gold armoured as tiny inclusions in magnetite and quartz crystals, dificulted the supergene remobilization process and resulted in a high relative enrichment.
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Geoquímica elemental e isotópica Pb-Sr-Nd dos sedimentos de fundo do sistema estuarino de Belém e do litoral paraense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-12-19) OLIVEIRA, Elma Costa; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568; LAFON, Jean Michel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4507815620234645
In recent years, urban growth has occurred in a disorga¬nized manner in the metropolitan area of Belém, State of Pará, and this is reflected directly in the quality of water and sediments of the Guajará Bay, the main hydrological element of the estuarine system of Belém. This study aimed to conduct an elemental and isotopic geochemical research on bottom sediments from the western margin of Guajará Bay and Carnapijó river to understand the geographical and historical variations of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) contents and isotopic signature of Pb, and to evaluate the gradual environmental degradation in the hydrographic system of Belém. In addition, the provenance of the bottom sediments in three areas of the Amazon Coastal Zone (mouth of the Amazon River, Marajoara Gulf and northeastern coast of Pará) was investigated by elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry. Sediments from the western margin of the Guajará Bay and from the Carnapijó River display mineralogical homogeneity and their sand to silty sand textural composition reflects very high hydrodynamic conditions. 210Pb dating furnished a rate around 0.7 cm.year-1 for the sedimentation at the western margin of Guajará bay. The trace metal contents in the fine fraction indicate that there are no significant anthropogenic contribution for Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn in the sediments from these sectors of the hydrographic system of Belém. However, the Pb contents suggest a weak anthropic action for this metal. The concentrations of Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the exchangeable fraction below the Threshold Effect Level (TEL) indicate that the metals do not offer risk to the local biota. Comparison between the studied sediments and those of the riverside of Belém point to a higher contribution in the latter from domestic sewage and industrial waste for Pb and Ni, followed by Cr and virtually nonexistent for Cu and Zn. The study indicates that the sediments of the Carnapijó River are suitable for use as background of the estuarine system of Belém in future geochemical studies. Isotopic signatures of sediments from the western margin of Guajará Bay confirm an anthropogenic contribu¬tion of Pb throughout the entire bay. The Pb accumulation process has become more efficient over the last 10 years, and this can be attributed to the rapid population growth of Belém city. Sediments in Carnapijó River are not affected by human activities, and the average concentration values (Pb = 19.6 ± 3.7 mg kg-1) and isotopic signatures (206Pb/207Pb = 1.196 ± 0.004) confirm the background Pb values previously proposed for the river system in the Belém region. The isotopic signatures of suspended matter on the eastern (206Pb/207Pb = 1.188) and western (206Pb/207Pb = 1.174) margins of Guajará Bay show that suspended matter is an efficient Pb trans¬portation mechanism of domestic and industrial wastewater from Belém to the western margin of the bay due to tidal effects at the confluence with Guamá River. The Pb isotopic compositions along the sediment cores show a decrease of the 206Pb/207Pb ratio to a value of 1,180 in the shallower 20cm of the cores from the western margin of Guajará Bay, not observed in the cores of Carnapijó River. This decrease indicates a probable anthropogenic contribution over the past 15 years in the western margin of the bay. The provenance of the bottom sediments in three areas of the Amazon Coastal Zone (mouth of the Amazon River, Golfão Marajoara and northeastern coast of Pará) was investigated by elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry. The geochemical signatures of the bottom sediments from the three sectors indicate a provenance from felsic geological units of the upper continental crust. Sediments of the Southern Channel of the Amazon River, north of the Marajó island (mouth of the Amazon River) had lower contents of Na2O and K2O and a higher CIA, indicating a higher degree of weathering. The distinct isotopic signatures of Sr, Pb and, principally, Nd of bottom sediments of the three studied sectors indicate different sources in nature and age. The sediments of the mouth of the Amazon River derived predominantly from the Andean and sub-Andean regions, as already shown in previous works. The more radiogenic Sr signatures and more negative ƐNd values of the sediments from Guajará Bay and Carnapijó and Guamá rivers, in Belém area, Marajoara Gulf (0,7267< 87Sr/86Sr <0,7316; -17,97< ƐNd < -13,58) and from the estuaries of Caeté and Maracanã rivers, northeastern coast of Pará (0,7220< 87Sr/86Sr < 0,7264; -24,05< ƐNd<-17,58) indicate a greater contribution of Precambrian rocks in their sources. Nd-TDM model ages (1.62-1.99 Ga) of the sediments from the Golfão Marajoara suggest a predominant contribution from the metasedimentary units of the Araguaia Belt and a subordinated contribution from the magmatic and metamorphic basement of Tocantins Province. Nd-TDM model ages (1.70-2.83 Ga) of sediment in the estuaries of Maracanã and Caeté rivers portray a strong contribution of Precambrian basement rocks (Craton Fragments of San Luis and Gurupi Belt) that outcrop in coastal region of northeastern Pará.
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Geoquímica, petrogênese e evolução estrutural dos granitóides arqueanos da região de Xinguara, SE do Cráton amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-05-25) LEITE, Albano Antônio da Silva; DALL'AGNOL, Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2158196443144675
The Xinguara region is situated in the northern sector of the Rio Maria Granite-Greenstone Terrain (RMGGT), southeastern Amazonian craton. The RMGGT is composed by greenstone belts and diversified granitoid plutons. Granitoids and gneisses, formeriy included indistinctly in the Xingu Complex, have been individualized in two new stratigraphic units: The Caracol tonalitic complex (CTc), which shows enclaves of the greenstone belts and the Água Fria trondhjemite (THaf). The Iatter is intrusive in the Sapucaia greenstone belt and in the CTc, and coeval with the Xinguara granite (Gxg). Some granodioritic bodies exposed in the Xinguara region are correlated with the Rio Maria granodiorite (GDrm). They are younger than the CTc and older than the THaf and Gxg. The dominant regional structures follow a WNW-ESE trend, observed in the south portion of the CTc and also in the comparatively younger granitoid plutons. The CTc preserves a N-S banding in its NW sector, but this structure is transposed to the WNW-ESE regional trend. The GDrm shows strongly flattened mafic enclaves, which defines a foliation; The THaf displays a magmatic banding; The Gxg pluton has an elongated shape; ali these structures follow the regional trend. The Gxg displays a weak foliation, subhorizontal at the center and dipping at high angles along the borders of the intrusion. The G1 axis of the regional stress during the intrusion of the granitoids was horizontal and trending N40E. The regional stress remained active during the submagmatic stage of the CTc evolution, as indicated by the presence of folds or boudins affecting its banding. It was responsible by the transposition to WNW-ESE of N-S structures. The stress field orientation was similar during the two phases of the Archean evolution of the region. This is suggested by the main submagmatic to subsolidus deformation structures in the GDrm, THaf, and Gxg. The changing trends of the CTc foliation suggest that the CTc was formed by domic plutons, intruded and sectionated by the younger granitic intrusions. Al-in amphibole geobarometer data suggest that the GDrm crystallized under a lithostatic pressure of —3 kbar, equivalent to a —10 km depth. The contact metamorphic effects of the Rio Maria granodiorite in the metabasaltic rocks of the Identidade greenstone belt are coherent with this data and suggest also that its emplacement was not diapiric-controlled. The variation in the intensity and orientation of the foliation in the Xinguara pluton and the deformation imprinted on its country rocks suggest its emplacement by bailooning. The emplacement of the THaf was probably controlled by diapiric processes. The CTc is a typical TTG, similar to those of the Archean trondhjemite series. Two different geochemical signatures have been identified in this granitoid on the basis of accentuated contrasts in LaN/YbN ratios. The GDrm is different of the TTG series. It follows the calc-alkaline trend and is similar to the Mg-rich granodiorites of the Sanukite Series. The THaf is geochemically similar to the CTc and by extension to the Archean TTG, but it is comparatively enriched in K2O. The Gxg is a high-K2O, strongly fractionated, calc-alkaline Archean leucogranite. Its REE pattern is indicative of a crustal origin. The dominant, high LaN/YbN ratio CTc group crystallized from a liquid probably originated from the partial melting of garnet amphibolites derived from 'normal' tholeiites. The latter should be similar in composition to the Archean metabasalts or to the metabasalts from the Identidade greenstone belt and the degree of partial fusion required would be, respectively, 25-30% and 10-15. On the other hand, the tonalites with Iow LaN/YbN ratios crystallized from a liquid derived from a garnet-free similar source. Nd isotopic data indicate a mantle source and a juvenile character for the tonalites of the first group. A tonalite sample of the second group and an enclave in the Gxg yielded negative ONd values and >3.2 Ga TDM ages. These data suggest that the tonalites of this group could derive from an older source with a longer crustal residence time. The THaf may have been generated by 5-10% partial melting of garnet amphibolites derived from metabasalts, chemically similar to the metabasalts from Identidade. The liquids of the Gxg were originated by variable degrees of partial melting of a source similar to the oldest TTG granitoids. The Archean geologic evolution of the Xinguara region occurs in two stages. The first starts in the interval of <2.95 to 2.91 Ga and is apparently similar to those of the Pilbara and Darwhar cratons. The second stage starts at 2.88 Ga and it is coincident with a sharp change in crustal behavior. At this time, the increasing thickening and stabilization of this Archean crustal segment, turned more effective the processes of plate subduction and convergence. In this tectonic context, the partial melting of an enriched mantie wedge would generate the parental magma of the GDrm and the partial fusion of garnet amphibolites derived from the subducted ocean crust would generate the THaf magma. Finally, the upward movement of the THaf and GDrm magmas would induce the melting of the TTGs in the lower crust, thus generating the granitic magmas of the Xinguara pluton.
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Greisens e Epi-sienitos potássicos associados ao granito água boa, Pitanga (AM): um estudo dos processos hidrotermais geradores de mineralizações estaníferas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-10-23) BORGES, Régis Munhoz Krás; DALL'AGNOL, Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2158196443144675
Three stanniferous greisen types were characterized in the western border of Água Boa pluton, Pitinga mine (AM), associated with the rapakivi granite facies: greisen 1 (Gsl), composed mainly by quartz, topaz, brown siderophyllite and sphalerite; greisen 2 (Gs2), composed essentially by quartz, phengite and chlorite; greisen 3 (Gs3), composed of quartz, fluorite and phengite, with minor green siderophyllite. Besides these rocks, a potassic episyenite (EpSK) was identified associated with the Gs2. In spite of the compositional and petrographic differences, all of these hydrothermal rocks derived from a same protholith, a hornblende biotite aikali feldspar granite to syenogranite. The Gsl shows an inner mineralogical zoning defined by topaz or siderophyllite predominance. Along drill cores, the siderophyllite-rich zone occurs near the contact with the greisenized grafite and the topaz-rich zone is situated far from the grafite contact. The brown siderophyllite displays moderated Al contents, and its compositional changes can be explained by Fe+2 substitution for A1+3 and Li in octahedral sites, with a coupled Al+3 substitution for Si+4 in tetrahedral sites. The mineralogical zones in the Gs2 are physicaliy separated in leveis with phengite or chlorite predominance. The mica of Gs2 is a phengite, whose chemical variation is due to substitution of viAl for Fe+2, coupled with Si+4 enrichment. The calculated Li contents in phengites are lesser than those estimated in siderophyllite. The green siderophyllite from Gs3 is VIAl richer and F poorer than Gs1 brown siderophyllite, and the phengite displays two compositional types: an early Fe+2-poor aluminous phengite and a later Fe+2- F-rich one whose chemical variation is similar to that of Gs2 phengite. The chlorite from the three greisen is a Fe-rich daphnite, and its compositional range is due to VIAl substitution for R+2 cations, coupled with Si+2 enrichment. The aluminous chlorite displays higher temperature formation than ferrous one, according to the geothermeter proposed in the literature. The Pitinga greisens were formed by different processes of interaction among three main fluids: (1) low salinity, F-rich, aquo-carbonic fluid, with initial temperatures between 400° -350°C, present during Gsl and Gs3 formation; (2) low salinity aqueous fluid, with a temperature around 300°C, which during a progressive salinity increasing process, originates a moderate to high salinity residual fluid, with temperatures between 200° - 100°C, present during the Gs2 formation and silicification stage of EpSK; (3) low salinity aqueous fluid, with temperatures between 200° - 150°C, which interplayed with the others two fluids in differents grades, contributing to the formation of ali the hydrothermal rocks. The first two fluids has seemingly an orthomagmatic origin while the latter has a surface characteristic (meteoric water?). Moreover, the data suggests that the fluid responsible by the initial stage of the episyenitization process was not registered in the studied samples. These fluids were trapped in pressure conditions around 1 Kbar, representing high crustal levels conditions, similar to that of the stanniferous granites from Pitinga. Both episyenitization and greisenization processes occurred without volume changes in the granitic protholith, and the density differences of the altered rocks were caused by the mass variations along the alteration processes. The greisenization process caused a extensive loss of Na2O and K2O, while SiO2 showed a immobile behaviour in Gsl but was parcially removed in Gs2. The Al2O3 was depleted during the Gs2 formation but added in Gsl. The Fe2O3 (Fe total), Sn, S, volatiles LOl and F were the responsible by the mass increase at greisenization. In the Gsl, the chemical changes in the fiuids were caused by F activity decrease and fO2 increase during cooling. These changes also originated the differentiation between the ZT, in the inner portions of the fratures/conducts, and the ZS, nearest to surrounding gravite. The Gs3 was formed in more oxidizing conditions by F-poorer fiuids than those trapped in the ZS. The dissolution cavities generated during the episyenitization process increased the permeability of the altered rocks, providing an increase of fluid/rock ratios in the EpSK and Gs2 sites. The interaction between aqueous fluid and EpSK feldspar, during the Gs2 formation, caused a continuous salinity increase. The ZF was formed in the early stages of this interaction, at higher temperatures, while the ZC was originated by the more cold and saline, residual fluid. The latter was also trapped in the quartz filling cavities in the EpSK during the later silicification stage. In this way, the greisens and the potassic episyenites were generated from interactions among, at least, three fluids of seemingly independent origin, from a same protholith, in shallow crust conditions. The fO2, F activity and salinity variations, during the hydrothermal system cooling, and the contrast in fluid/rock ratios caused by permeability differences, were very important factors to greisen differentiation. These factors controlled greatly the fluids compositional changes, and caused the cassiterite and sulphides precipitation in the greisens and the Sn- S-enrichment during later greisenization of EpSK.