Navegando por CNPq "CNPQ::CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::GEOCIENCIAS::GEOLOGIA::GEOLOGIA AMBIENTAL"

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Acúmulo e fracionamento de fósforo nos sedimentos do estuário do rio Coreaú (Ceará) para avaliação do impacto da carcinicultura
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-11-17) AQUINO, Rafael Fernando Oliveira; KAWAKAMI, Silvia Keiko; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5306256489815710; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
The shrimp culture (shrimp farms) is one of the activities of aquaculture widely employed in Brazilian estuaries and mangroves. The shrimps are fed with phosphate enriched compounds. Thus, the effluent produced by farms can accelerate the eutrophication process. An increase of shrimp farming has been seen in Coreaú River Estuary, state of Ceará, but data about environmental quality are scarce to allow monitoring of the region. The aim of the present research was to assess the contribution of the shrimp farms on phosphorus input to the Coreaú River Estuary. The main forms of phosphorus: bioavailable (P-Exch); bound to iron oxy-hydroxides (P-Fe), on the biogenic, autigênica carbonates and apatite (P-CFAP), on the detrital apatite (P-FAP) and organic phosphorus (P-Org) and as well as total organic carbon (%TOC) and chlorophyll-a were determined in samples of surface sediments and cores from the margins of the Coreaú River Estuary. The high concentrations of P-Total in surface sediments indicated the need for monitoring studies. The larger fraction was P-Fe, composing 30% of P-Total, approximately. These results indicate the ability of the iron oxy-hydroxides to immobilize or release phosphorus. The contribution of the farm’s effluents was evidenced by higher concentrations of P-Org in points adjacent to discharge areas. In sediment cores, the highest P-Total concentrations were found predominantly in fine sediments (silt and clay), with the P-Fe, P-CFAP and P-FAP fractions being the main contributors. The sedimentation rates and concentration increases of P-Total indicate the possible period of deforestation and starting or maximum activity of shrimp farms in the end of the 1980 and mid 1990, respectively. High phosphorus concentrations as well as %TOC and chlorophyll-a levels suggested a significant anthropogenic contribution, associated with a high potential for eutrophication.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise de imagens de sensores remotos orbitais para mapeamento de ambientes costeiros tropicais e de índices de sensibilidade ambiental ao derramamento de óleo no Golfão Maranhense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-04-18) TEIXEIRA, Sheila Gatinho; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252
The oil spills in Brazil are more and frequents, causing several impacts on environments and biological communities. Envronmental sensitivy index maps of oil spils are indispensbles components of contingency and emergency answer plans for this tpe of accident. These maps present a system of classification based on geomorphologic characteristics of the áreas, which are defined by the following factors: wave and tidal energy exposure relative degree, shoreline slope and substrate type, and also, the easiness to clean and remove the oil impacted áreas. In this contect, the “Golfão Maranhense” region, located on Northern “Maranhão” State, was chosen in order to map and analyze the environmental sensitivity indexes (ESis) of oil spills on coastal environments, for in this área, we find the second largest port in draught of the world, the Porto f “Itaqui”. Moreover, this region is the route of six hundred oil tankers per year, which are potential agents that cause the oil spill. The methodological approach for creating the maps of environmental sensitivity index included the integrated analysis of coastal environments based on digital image processing from remote optical sensores, in this case, Landsat-4TM, CBERG-2 CCD and SPOT-2 HRV, SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images from RADARSAT-1 Wide 1, SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) elevation data, geographic information system and Field surveys related to geomorphology, topography and sedimentology. Using the aforementioned methods, the coastal environments recognized in “Golfão Maranhense” were grouped according to their envronmental sensitivity index: 1 – Solid men-made structures (ESI 1B); 2- Cliffs (ESI 1C); 3 – Fine grained sand beaches and móbile dunes (ESI 3ª); 4- Tidal sandflats (ESI 7); 5- Mixed intertidal Banks, tidal mudflats and ebb-tidal delta (ESI 9ª); 6- Supratidal sandflat (ESI 9C); 7- Saltmarshes (ESI 10ª); 8- Fresh marhes and intermittent lakes (ESI 10B) and 9- Mangrove (ESI 10C). This approach is efficient to recognize and analyze coastal environments and, therefore, it pernitted the sensivity index attribution for the oil spill on yhese environments, in a georefenced data base, which allows making faster e more efficiently decisions in case oil spills come to happen.
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Avaliação ambiental da matéria orgânica degradada nos canais de drenagem da região metropolitana de Belém (PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1997-01-14) SANTOS, Maria Tereza Primo dos; LIMA, Waterloo Napoleão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1229104235556506
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação ambiental dos recursos hídricos, solos e sedimentos na área de abrangência do depósito de resíduos sólidos do Aurá - Belém-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-03-27) PIRATOBA MORALES, Gundisalvo; FENZL, Norbert; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6834981018643186
With 1.754.099 inhabitants, the municipality of Belém produces roughly 1,200 tons per day of all kinds of waste, which are deposited in a landfill known as Lixão do Aurá, bordering the municipality of Ananindeua. During the past 11 years, this area has been accumulating approximately three million and two-hundred thousand tons of solid waste, transforming that place into a permanent local source of anthropogenic pollution, altering environmental conditions and resources around the whole area surrounding it. A Vertical Electrical Resistivity Sounding (VERS) procedure, conducted in the area before it was transformed into the landfill (1991), compared with the measures taken eight years later (1998), show that the land resistance has considerably dropped, with values in some cases — 109 times smaller than the original ones, thus indicating that the layers have been affected by the leach from waste decay. Fifteen profiles were conducted in the area, using the electrical imaging system, allowing us to confirm the (VERS) results, with evidences that the underground water has been affected by the infiltration and by the leachate vertical and horizontal movements. The hydro geological characteristics in the area show that the local predominant type of aquifer is of the free kind, locally confined, with hydraulic gradient of approximately 0.695%, effective porosity of 28%, permeability coefficient ranging from 1.1 x 10-3 to 0.9 x 10-4 cm/s, and underground flows running north/south towards the Guamá River, at approximately 14.79 m/year. A multivariate statistical analysis has shown that superficial water samples, collected simultaneously at three control points, during one tide cycle, regardless of the season, portray totaily different behaviors, indicating that superficial water resources are being affected by the superficial movement of leachate. With the concentration value figures for each of the leachate parameters (pH, conductivity, alkalinity, ammonia, total organic carbon, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesia), plus the flow of the Aurá River at the control point near the Guamá River, it is possible to estimate the quantity of pollutants that the solid waste landfill sends into the water system. During one tide cycle, in the dry season, the solid waste landfill deposits approximately 13,115 kg of chloride, 417 kg of ammonia, and 129,767 kg of salts in the local water system. For the underground waters, the multivariate statistics showed that the samples collected In the monitoring wells in the area show significant differences, indicating that the wells located downstream have been affected by the leachate. The presence of sand layers right in the area where solid waste is deposited allows for the vertical and horizontal movement of the different pollutants originated by the leachate. The heavy metais anaiyses, conducted under the sequential extraction methodology, showed percentages in the geochemical phases potentially bio-available in the studied soil and sediment samples. In the soil samples, the potentially bio-available fraction (replace, reduce, and organic geochemistry phases) contained an average of 32% of the total Cadmium (Cd), 11.8% of the total Chromium (Cr), 23% of the total Copper (Cu), 12.32% of the total Nickel (Ni), 43.1% of the total Lead (Pb), and 31.01% of the total Zinc. The potentially bio-available phases percentage in the sediments of the area was greater than the ones found in the soil samples. In these sediments, the quantity of heavy metais in the potentially bio-available fraction, shown higher values during the dry season than during the rainy season; for instance, 33% of the total Cd measured during the rainy season increased to 37% in the dry season; Pb increased from 61 to 70%; Zn, from 51 to 54%, among others. The metais analyzed by total attack in the soil samples, compared with the sandstone backgrounds, indicate that the Fe (3.1%), Cu (18.5 ppm), Ni (10.1 ppm), Pb (69.5 ppm), Cr (76 ppm), and Cd (>1 ppm) are above normal standards. In the case of sediment samples, the EPA background values (total concentration) would be moderately polluted by Cr (average 64.6 ppm) and heavily polluted by Fe (3.8%) and Mn (600 ppm). These results show that the sediments were not polluted by Pb and Zn. Considering the potentially bio-available phase and using the tool provided by a Geographic Information System (GIS), we can say that, during the rainy season, the sediment samples were not polluted by Cr (potentially bio-available fraction smaller than 20% of the total) were highly polluted by Pb and Zn (PBD higher than 50%), and moderately polluted by Cu, Ni, and Cd (PBD between 20 and 50%).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação da contaminação por mercúrio na foz do Rio Tapajós e exposição ambiental à população de Santarém-PA, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10-06) SOUSA, Enilson da Silva; QUEIROZ, Joaquim Carlos Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4383935463464893
In the last decades of the twentieth century, academic work focused on discussion of the mercury problem in the Brazilian Amazon pointed to a mercury contamination of anthropogenic origin, especially from artisanal gold mining prospecting activities. In the mid-1990s and early years of this century, with the advancement of research in the field of geochemistry focused on this discussion, point to a possible geogenic origin of this contamination, and environmental exposure of the local population would be related to protein intake of animal origin, from the fish and work activities. The aim of this study is to analyze the speciation of Hg and methylmercury in soil and particulate matter in the mouth of the Tapajós River, and perception, mobilization capacity and political action on contamination by this metal of the population of Santarém; Elaborate mercury maps from spatially distributed data using up geostatistics to infer results for the location and risk of contamination of the metal along the mouth of the Tapajós River, Santarém-Pa.; and maps of contamination probability that this metal, which enabled the classification and quantification of contaminated areas for different confidence levels in and around the mouth of the Tapajós River; and quantify and evaluate the total mercury concentrations in water and particulate matter and hypotheses about the origin of this contamination in the Tapajos bay. The methodological procedures included the making location maps, georeferencing of points of collection and identification of the search area; Application Integrated Questionnaires for Measuring Social Capital Index - SC-IQ, proposed by the World Bank; Maps of the quantify the mercury concentrations in the study area and prepare maps of the spatial distribution of concentrations; and maps of the spatial distribution of concentrations and use of geostatistics (factorial kriging), which enabled the development of maps at different scales of variability associated with anthropogenic or geogenic origin activities. Two campaigns one in July and December 2014, with 37 and 45 sampling points in each were conducted. The results point to a possible contamination of the area at some points, with indexes to the top of the type recommended by the resolution n. 357/2005, of CONAMA. The results of the factorial kriging point to the possibility that mercury concentrations are associated with the natural environment itself, although it may have contributions due to human activity such as mining and industrial activities in the basin.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Biogeoquímica comparativa de ecossistemas de floresta sucessional e Virola surinamensis na região dos tabuleiros costeiros do estuário guajarino, Amazônia oriental, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-04-14) OLIVEIRA, Francisco de Assis; RAMOS, José Francisco da Fonseca; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8189651755374537
Studies of comparative biogeochemistry of Virola surinamensis (VSU) and successional forest ecosystems (FSU) in the coastal tableland region of eastern Amazonia were carried out to studies on i) factors that cause differences in fluxes and stocks of organic matter and chemical elements, such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) within the biogeochemical matrix of litterfall, the forest floor and pedochemical matrix stocks, and ii) factors that control the variation in soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux within the VSU and FSU ecosystems. The major flux of the biogeochemical matrix (organic matter) from the trees to the forest floor was higher (p < 0,001) in the successional forest ecosystem (FSU) than in the Virola surinamensis ecosystem (VSU). This was due to higher floristic diversity in the FSU, as well as the elevatedlevel of ecosystem manipulation in the VSU, where the burning of phytomass released K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn oxides, causing in situ enrichment of the soil bases. The K, Mn and Zn fluxes were significantly higher (p < 0,001) in the FSU, although Fe flux was higher (p < 0,001) in the VSU. These results show the effect of high floristic diversity of the biogeochemical matrix in the successional ecosystem, while in the Virola surinamensis ecosystem, results indicate the possibility of biogenic Fe accumulation as a genotypic character of Virola tree species. The Mg, Ca and Cu fluxes were similar (p <.0,05) between ecosystems, as demonstrated by the semivariogram nugget effect. This indicated the absence of spatial influence on the processes controlled by the biogeochemical matrix flux. The geochemical matrix flux occurred with similar patterns at the mesoscale level, or across the biogeochemical provinces. The element use efficiency (EUE) for Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn was greater (p < 0,001) in the FSU than in the VSU. This indicates a significant biogeochemical matrix flux effect in the successional forest ecosystem, contrary to the Virola surinamensis ecosystem with relatively low floristic diversity. Potassium (K) occurred with similar EUE values (p > 0,05) in both biological systems suggesting that the VSU ecosystem was an efficient K cycler. The forest floor stocks of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were higher (p < 0,001) in the FSU than in the VSU. This may be explained by the more diversified biogeochemical matrix control in the forest successional ecosystem. The overall water holding capacity was similar (p > 0,05) between ecosystems, although forest floor storage was higher (p < 0,001) in the FSU, indicating that the VSU ecosystem has recovered its structure and function over time. The biogeochemical matrix mean residence times for forest floor organic matter and K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were higher (p < 0,001) in the successional ecosystem (FSU) than in the Virola surinamensis ecosystem (VSU). This suggests that in FSU the influence of forest floor stocks worked as a proximal factor, associated with the more distal factor of higher floristic diversity, which likely introduced recalcitrant substances into the system to minimize the decomposition process. The dispersion models illustrated in semivariograms for Al, Na, Fe and Cu in the Yellow Latosol dystrophic (LAd), and Ca in the Yellow Latosol dystrophic endocrecionary (LAdc) showed a nugget effect. In the LAd soil pedochemical system, the semivariograms models demonstrated spatial dependence, including H+ (spherical, r2 =0.92); Na (gaussian, r2 =0.49); K (gaussian r2=0.98); Ca (exponential, r2= 0.82); Mg (gaussian, r2 = 0.87); Mn (exponential, r2 = 0.86), Zn (gaussian, r2 =0.79). In the LAdc soil, cations that showed spatial dependence were Al (gaussian, r2 = 082); H+ (gaussian, r2 = 092); Na (gaussian, r2 = 0.87); K (gaussian, r2 = 0.86), Mn (gaussian, r2 0.96) and Fe (gaussian, r2 = 0.87); Cu (gaussian, r2 = 0.80) and Zn (gaussian, r2 = 0.79). Carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from soils in the were similar (p > 0,05) with values of 4,03 μmol C m-2 s-1 and 4,37 μmol C m-2 s-1 in the VSU and FSU, respectively. Based on the CO2 soil efflux, I conclude that the Virola surinamensis ecosystem attained similar metabolic processes in relation to the successional forest ecosystem over time.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização biogeoquímica de ecossistemas amazônicos: rios e lagos selecionados das microrregiões Bragantina, do Salgado e Guajarina - PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1999) MENEZES, Lúcia Beckmann de Castro; LIMA, Waterloo Napoleão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1229104235556506
It was compared physical, chemical, physical-chemical and hydrobiological environmental parameters of waters and of aquatic humic material, in three kind of places seemingly identified, because these parameters are excellent indicators of biogeochemical and ecophysiological characteristics of aquatic ecosystems, in the attempt of characterizing the influence of the biogeochemical factors of pollution, the anthropogenic influence and the studied ecosystems productivity. It was collected samples in the course of the Guama river, in Ourem – Bragantina zone (high course), in Bujaru (medium course) and in Belem - Guajarina zone (close to estuary), as well as in two lakes of coastal plain located in the island of Atalaia (Salinopolis), and still in the Arapepo river (municipal district of Salinopolis – Salgado zone), this one under strong influence of the waters of the Atlantic ocean, in the months of December of 1996 (drought period), May of 1997 (rainy period) and October of 1997 (drought period). The methods used in the characterization involved physical-chemical analysis and chemical analysis for the determination of the chemical composition in relation to the dominant ions and the indicators of the presence and of the decomposition of the organic matter (humic material) and hydrobiological analysis, for chlorophyll evaluation, in natural waters, submitted or not to an anthropic action. It was utilized the ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry and in the infra-red spectroscopy to the characterization of the natural organic matter, where the humic acid and fulvic acid prevail. The spectra in the ultraviolet-visible were also used for the identification of the chlorophyll. The analytic results have showed a clear difference among the studied ecosystems, suggesting an influence of an anthropic action in the Guama river, which characterizes the lakes in Salinopolis as an ambient with high amount of organic matter (humic substances) and the Arapepo river presenting results very differents due to the oceanic influence and to the occurrence of mangroves in its margins, being the only ecosystem where the occurrence of photosynthetics pigments were perceived (chlorophyll). The calculation of the ionic relation indicated the presence of marine intrusion in the environments of the lakes I and II, Arapepo river and Guama river (Belem). The seasonal was reflected intensively in the three studied ambients, through parameters as color, turbidity, specific conductivity, chloride, sulfate, organic matter (consumed oxygen), iron and the larger cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium), notedly in the physiografic area of the Salgado zone. The relation carbon/nitrogen observed for the humic substances suggests that the humic material of the lakes has an older formation than the rivers. The rate E4/E6 obtained through the spectra in the ultraviolet-visible indicates that the humic and fulvic acids present in the samples have a high aromaticity. The interpretation of the spectra of absorption in the area of the infra-red, has permitted to verify that there are present the most characteristic bands, indicating the presence of groups C-H, C=O and COOH and also of aromatic skeleton and suggesting the formation of humic substances - metal complex, what is in conformity with the analytic results obtained for metals in the humic material. The amount of metals (iron, manganese, copper, chromium and zinc) presents in the humic material were always larger in the samples of the Guama river (Belem), what suggests enrichment due to anthropogenic influence.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica da vegetação da região de Humaitá - AM durante o Pleistoceno tardio e o Holoceno
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-01-30) FRIAES, Yuri Souza; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
Vegetation dynamics of Western Amazonia during the past 42000 cal yr BP was studied by pollen, sedimentary facies, 14C dating δ13C and C/N. Two sediment cores were sampled from Humaitá in southern Amazonas state, and Porto Velho, northern Rondônia. These sites, located in western Brazilian Amazonia, are covered by grassland and tropical rainforest vegetation, respectively. The sedimentary deposits are predominantly composed of massive sand, heterolithic mud/sand, and laminated or massive mud representative of sediment accumulation in floodplain, active channel, abandoned channel, and oxbow lake sedimentary environments. In these settings, reducing and low energy subaqueous conditions were developed, locally favoring preservation of a pollen community of herbaceous vegetation and glacial forest represented mainly by Alnus, Drymis, Hedyosmum, Podocarpus, and Weinmannia trees at least between > 42,033 – 43,168 cal yr BP and <34,804 – 35,584 cal yr BP. The herbaceous and arboreal vegetation ecotone persisted from the early to mid-Holocene, whilst the cold pollen assemblage became extinct. In this work, we record a significant plant population, at present restricted to Andean areas located at altitudes higher than 2000 - 3000 m, in areas of the Amazonia lowland toward the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum. This suggests that this time interval might have seen temperatures lower than previously proposed for this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos das mudanças climáticas nos manguezais de Santa Catarina durante o Holoceno Tardio
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-02-27) AZEVEDO, Allana Queiroz de; FRANÇA, Marlon Carlos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8225311897488790
The objective of this work was studying the mangrove starting on the coastal plain of Babitonga Bay, southeastern Brazil. A sediment core with 2 m depth was sampled through Russian sampler. Pollen data, sedimentary features, geochemistry data (δ13C, Ntotal e TOC- Total Organic Carbon) were integrated with 14C dating. The deposit started since at least 1.678-1.285 cal yr BP. In this core was possible to distinguish three facies association: i) tidal channel, without mangrove (δ13C = -24,1 a -27,7‰ e C/N 0,59 a 2,24); ii) tidal plain (δ13C = -22,7 a -26,4‰ e C/N = 1,16 a 14,5) which reveals the beginning mangrove development, and 606 cal yr BP until the present: iii) mangrove (δ13C = -22,4 a -25,1‰ e C/N = 13,2 a 47,7) with an apparent expansion of this ecosystem. The data shows that region was marked a climate change during the Late Holocene. The climate change resulted in a mangrove installation/development with first Laguncularia presence. Between 606 cal yr BP until the present was observed a mangrove developing/expansion with biodiversity increasing, due to an Avicennia and Rhizophora presence. The Rhizophora presence is related to the atmospheric temperature increase and/or sea surface temperature. Rhizophora trees show greater sensitivity to low temperatures. In this context, to understanding a mangrove dynamic during Late Holocene becomes a great tool for coastal paleoenvironmental analysis. This ecosystem is a great index of these changes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Os efeitos das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento socioeconômico na zona costeira do nordeste paraense: expansão rodoviária, urbanização e atividade turística
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-10-27) ALMEIDA, Adrielson Furtado; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471
The development model of the Brazilian government from the 1960s onwards promoted the expansion of road, urbanization, circulation of capital and the development of new markets, such as tourism, in the coastal zone of the northeast of Pará. This work aimed to analyze the changes in the relationship between environmental, economic and social aspects resulting from public policies of socioeconomic development on the beaches of Crispim (Marapanim), Atalaia (Salinópolis) and Ajuruteua (Bragança), from the 1960’s. Specifically it sought to: a) Identify the main changes that occurred in the relationship between the environmental, economic and social aspects resulting from the public policies of socioeconomic development from 60’ies; B) to evaluate socioeconomic, environmental, urban and tourist indicators on the beaches of Crispim (Marapanim), Atalaia (Salinópolis) and Ajuruteua (Bragança) and, c) to evaluate the local community's performance in the process of consolidating policies for socioeconomic development and, guarantee of environmental standards. A standardized and adequate methodology was used for each topic. The main changes were the loss of the restinga vegetation and dunes for the installation of trade markets and second residences (environmental), replacement of fishing spaces for urbanization(social) and the replacement of traditional fishing activities for tourism (economic). Regarding the indicators, the three areas under study have an average (IDH-M). The main threats and impacts that affect the state of the environment that demand responses by public policies identified by the PIER Matrix were: excessive use and contamination of the water table, absence of public services and soil pollution, occupation of PPAs and erosion Coastal areas. Analyzing the tourism indicators (ICT), Atalaia Beach presented greater tourist competitiveness in relation to the other beaches studied. The work of the local community presents a certain mobilization, although there is conflict and divergences of interest that makes it difficult for the community to act, in which its absence causes the misdirection of public policies. The use and inappropriate occupation of space are the main causes of the current problematic situations identified by the survey research and analysis of socioeconomic, urban and tourist development indicators. It is essential that the local community act in public policies, together with public and private managers, so that together they plan and manage a different future scenario for which the reality is going.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estabelecimento e expansão dos manguezais de Laguna-SC: efeito do aquecimento global ou resultado de processos sedimentares?
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-19) SOARES, Jaine Freitas; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
The integration of pollen, isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, C/N), sedimentary features, 14C and 210Pb dating from four sediment cores (LAG-3, LAG-4,LAG-5 e LAG-6). Sampled from a sandbar at Santo Antônio Lagoon, Laguna City, Santa Catarina, allowed the paleoenviromental reconstruction of the last 900 years BP. The dates reveal two facies associations along these cores: (A) Sandbar, represented by massive sand (facies Sm), and (B) tidal flat, represented by lenticular heterolithic bedding (Hl) and wavy heterolithic bedding (Hw). The deposits of sand bar was accumulated between >940 e ~431 cal years BP, probably under influence of a stable relative sea level (RSL) or rise of RSL during the last 1000 years. The pollen data preserved along the sandbar phase indicate a predominance of trees, shrubs herbs and some palms originating from vegetation units surrounding the lagoon. The relation δ13C (-24‰ - 15‰) and C/N (6-30) of this facies association reveals a strong contribution of organic matter from marine algae and terrestrial plants C3 and C4. During the accumulation of tidal flat deposits, occurred during the last 60 years, there was the establishment mainly of Spartina with some spaced Laguncularias shurbs. The relation δ13C (-24‰ - 16‰) and C/N (7-22) reveals an origin of sedimentary organic matter similar to the period of sandbar deposits. Based on this data and distribution gradient of Spartina and on mangrove’s trees genus along the Santa Catarina coast, is reasonable to propose that the recent colonization of Laguncularia at region of Laguna has been caused by gradual increase in minimum winter temperatures observed during last 50 years. Whether the climatic trend is the main force driving the expansion of Laguncularia trees to southern Brazil, the surface of the sandybars and tidal flats of the lagoon margin of southern Brazil, now largely occupied by Spartina, will be gradually colonized and/or replaced not only by Laguncularia, but also by Avicennia, followed during the next years, by Rhizophora.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fluxos de dióxido de carbono e metano de um lixão na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-03) PINHEIRO, Layse Teixeira; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350
This work had as aim the quantification of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane from the uncontrolled Aurá landfill, known as the "Aurá Lode", in addition to collecting information from the place after its partial closure in 2015 .The research had a qualitative analysis of environmental aspects of the site and an experimental part, with the development of flow chambers, to capture the gases through the covering of cells other than the landfill. The measurements were performed in two ways, the first with 24 chambers distributed in three distinct points of two cells with relatively different ages and 90 chambers, distributed in grid, in a closed cell. These measurements occurred in a less rainy period and had their points located through geographic coordinates. A portable gas analyzer was used to simultaneously obtain the gas concentration in ppm. The flow calculations involved the selection of the intervals of each chamber, determination of the regression line of the gas concentrations by time, barometric equation and insertion of the data obtained in the main flow equation. The values of methane emissions in the cells titled A, B and C were 191,226 g m² d-¹, 397.7 g m² d-¹ and 36.30 g m² d-¹, respectively. The carbon dioxide fluxes reached 10,554.1 g m² d-¹, 11,786.65 g m² d-¹ and 7,529.77 g m² d-¹.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em sedimentos e organismos bentônicos do Terminal de Miramar (Baía do Guajará - Belém - Pará - Amazônia)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-01-14) SANTOS, Camila Carneiro dos; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
In Guajará bay, mouth of the Amazon River, is located the capital of Pará state (Belém) and its metropolitan area. Exists in this area an intense boat traffic, as well as transportation and sale of fuels in floating docks and activities related to the storage and transportation of oil in Miramar Petrochemical Terminal (TEMIR). Small spills and discharges of oil in water can serve as sources of pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are organic compounds generated by incomplete combustion of organic matter (OM) and are among the contaminants of most interest in environmental studies due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. One way to detect and evaluate the impact of PAHs in an environment is using biomonitors, however the qualitative and quantitative analysis in sediments are most widely used. This study aimed to evaluate, by Gas hromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), the 16 PAHs considered as priority by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States in sediments and benthic organisms (Namalicastys abiuma) of TEMIR. Field expeditions were carried out in December 2012, March, May and June 2013 representing the dried, wet (two samples) and dried seasons successively. Fine sediments levels dominated in both sampling periods and the %Fines in Guajará bays has a direct relationship to the %OM. In relation to the 16 PAHs studied, 10 of them were detected in the wet season sediments samples and 8 in the dried season. Even with a low diversity of aromatic compounds, sediment samples of the dried season presented greater ΣHPAs (1.351,43 ng g-1) than the sediments of the wet season (263,99 ng g-1), which can be related to the increased hydrodynamic in Guajará bay this last period. Correlation analysis indicated that ΣHPAs not seem to be influenced by %Fine and %OM. Benzo(a)pyrene accounted for 87% of ΣHPAs during the wet season, the other PAHs showed percentage ≤ 3%. During the other period stood out: pyrene (18% of ΣHPAs) fluoranthene (16%), the chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene (15%) and benzo(a)pyrene (11%). The use of the geochemical reason to interpret likely sources of PAHs indicated that there is a predominance of aromatics from pyrolytic origin in TEMIR. The activities that may be responsible for the PAHs levels observed in sediments and benthic organisms in TEMIR are the discharge of untreated domestic sewage and the emissions of particulates from cars and small/medium boats. The ΣHPAs seems to influence the density of polychaetes because a reduction of about 50% in the number of organisms was observed during the dry season when there was the greater amount of ΣHPAs in their body structure. Among the 16 PAHs studied, 11 were detected in the polychaetes during the dry season (ΣHPAsMED = 848,71 ng g-1) and 10 in the wet season (ΣHPAsMED = 141,85 ng g-1). Were highlighted during the dried season: indeno(1,2,3-c,d) pyrene (47%) and pyrene (23%). While in the wet season: pyrene (23%), chrysene (17%), fluorene (17%) and fluoranthene (13%). The %Rec obtained was >>100% indicating a matrix effect and reducing the quantitative accuracy of results. The use of the polychaete N. abiuma as biomonitor of pollution by PAHs in estuaries not seem to be effective when the sample period is limited, because collecting it requires a great effort to obtain a small amount of mass and it still results in a matrix effect in the chromatographic analysis (method %Rec >> 100%) that may not be corrected due to the restricted availability of sample mass. Studies with a larger number of samples, enabling depth statistical analysis, and covering other collection points in Guajará bay are required to prove mathematically that has been stated in this dissertation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos de desastres naturais ao Produto Interno Bruto dos municípios e suas relações com o desenvolvimento sustentável: o caso das inundações de 2009 na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-03-01) NINA, Alex Santiago; SZLAFSZTEIN, Claudio Fabian; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1348005678649555
In the last years, have been increase the frequency of natural disasters in Amazon, concomitantly whit the need of estimate the economic losses these events, in order of define strategies to regional development. This work have the objective of check what is the type and intensity of 2009 floods impacts, considered the major already registered in Amazon, to the increase of municipal Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The methodology was the linear correlation analysis between the economic performance (calculated whit base in observed and expected GDP to years of 2009 to 2012) and two sets of variables: qualitative (municipalities hit by floods, type of flood, state of localization) and quantitative (GDP, geographic size, population, GDP per capita, population density, Indices of Municipal Human Development, average income, indices of human poor and Gini, as well as income and budget transfers to municipalities). The results bring which the fast flood are the which more affect the long term economic increase, constituting a potential problem to development. The means strategies to be adopted are the inclusion of natural disasters mitigation actions in plan of economics increase and to sustainable development of Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A influência do fomento florestal nos aspectos ambientais e socioeconômicos em estabelecimentos rurais na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-01) FERREIRA, Amanda Estefânia de Melo; PARRY, Luke Thomas Wyn; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3567943056179690; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134
Amazonia possesses some of the highest levels of biodiversity the planet, and has a population of 25.469.352 million inhabitants. It is threatened by agricultural expansion edge effects and logging, increasing its sensitivity to the forest fires. Investments in perennial agriculture, tree plantations, and fire sensitive products could diminish the use of fire and the risk of wildfires. In recent year, large companies have incentivized smallholders to plant trees on their land, in a practice known as fomento florestal. This could have both negative and positive effects for the establishments that get involved, influencing the quality of life of the families, changing income, and promoting the permanence of the producer’s agriculture, and incorporating technical assistance and the transfer of technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of fomento florestal based on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Urograndis), assessing the environmental and socioeconomics parameters in agricultural establishments in Amazonia. The implantation of perennial and fire-sensitive trees did not alter the use of the fire, and it even increased the fire use in the areas around the participating smallholdings. Another important aspect was the advance of forestry in the areas of secondary vegetation, culture and pastures, which in turn may have stimulated agricultural expansion in areas of forests. In socioeconomics terms, half of the interviewed particpants had presented per capita income less than half of the minimum wage. Fomento florestal offers low remuneration of manual labour and could even jeopardize future food security and agricultural income. However, it also appears to improve the social interactions in the between agriculturalists and increases capitalization by nine compared to not fomented. Overall, this study contributes to the debate about the politics of development in agricultural landscapes in Amazonia
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Lago Grande do Curuai: história fundiária, usos da terra e relações de poder numa área de transição várzea-terra firme na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-12-07) FOLHES, Ricardo Theophilo; TOURNEAU, François-Michel Le; SANTOS JÚNIOR, Roberto Araújo de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9355107718329833
The aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970‘s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990‘s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: ―societies‖, ―permissions‖ and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that ―societies‖ between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Motivações de agricultores familiares para recuperação florestal em duas comunidades ribeirinhas em Paragominas - PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-29) BESSA, Mayara Suellen Costa; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
With increasing environmental degradation, forest restoration initiatives have seen increased adoption globally, with particularly high numbers of new policies and programs in Brazil. The Brazilian Forest Code was revised in 2012 and the National Policy for the Recovery of Native Vegetation was published in 2017. Additionally, Pará state has launched its Environmental Regularization Program (PRA). Environmental restoration actions depend on the active participation of local communities. It is therefore essential to understand what factors motivate farmers to engage in ecosystem restoration. Here, we analyze motives for, and barriers against family farmers engaging in forest restoration on their properties. We conducted a field survey, consisting of a semi-open questionnaire, in Paragominas, a municipality that resides in the southeastern Amazonian state of Pará. We assessed the understanding and acceptance of the rules contained within the Brazilian National Policy for Protection of Native Vegetation (known as Forest Code), along with the participants' perceptions of natural resources and motivations for forest restoration. Two riverine communities, Nazaré and São Sebastião, located in the Capim River region, in the north of Paragominas were surveyed. Governmental forest restoration initiatives, including forest nurseries, have previously been implemented in these communities through the restoration program called “Pará Florestal” (PF) coordinated by the state institute IDEFLOR-Bio. To contextualize the restoration initiatives being developed in the studied region, we conducted interviews with employees of IDEFLOR-BIO and EMATER, the two institutions involved in the Pará Florestal Program. We used a Multiple Correspondence Analysis to identify factors which motivate smallholders to engage in forest restoration. Willingness to participate in forest restoration was not limited to those who were formally participating in the PF. However, PF participants appeared to be more connected with local biodiversity, as they cited more species to be potentially useful in restoration initiatives they also saw fewer obstacles to forest restoration. Contrary to expectations, the lowest interest in forest restoration was associated with younger people (<45 years) that had elementary education and smaller families (<4 people), indicating the need for greater incentives for this group. This study highlights a lack of confidence in restoration programs mainly due to failure of past initiatives in the region. The importance of continuity in the technical assistance provided to farmers was emphasized, along with the importance of promoting capacity building for forestry and increasing the potential for economic revenues from agroforestry systems. The results of this research indicate the need to consider the profile of smallholder families to guide programs and ensure success in forest restoration. Additionally, more incentives are necessary for ecological restoration to have a better balance between agricultural production and ecosystem services provision.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Peixes ornamentais: conhecimento tradicional e regulamentações sobre o manejo da atividade pesqueira no território indígena remanso - Chorrobocón, Guainía - Colômbia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-09-29) LOPEZ, Juan David Guzman; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279
This research offers an analysis of the community management process develop by indigenous fishermen in the ornamental fishery activity and their relation with the institutions responsible of the control of this sector, highlighting: the factors that has facilitated and hindered the participation of the fishermen in the management initiative; the natural resources use systems and their incidence in the family economy; the relation that exists between local arrangements and the formals norms among ornamental use resource, likewise, the relations generated between the agents involved into the management of this activity. This study is characterized by been descriptive analytic from a qualitative approximation by a participatory research, been implemented by the use of rural participatory diagnostic tools and semi-structured interviews; the information was ordered and analyzed by the use of analysis categories and the implementation of two information triangulation types (intra and inter) to maximize the efforts validity made in the field, and to reduce the information subjectivity and maximize the research stringency. The results founded shows that, from the different extractive activities developed by the community, the mining garimpo and the ornamental fishery have been the most constants; however, the illegality conditions of the first has led to the decline, meanwhile the fishery consolidates as the principal resource of income for the habitants; among the factors that have influence in the fishermen participation level along the management process, were found: the institutional intervention, the resource depletion, the inequality in the commercial relations, the internal conflicts, the external pressure, the property regime and the mining depletion. The implementation of the management system adopted by the fishermen is constituted by the syncretism between the local norms supported in the traditional knowledge and the government regulation, in response to the necessity to maintain a stable resource of income than the detriment made by the transgression in the traditional norms around the territory management. In reference to the government scope, the institutional plans does not contains constant programs among this sector, their work is limited to short term plans, besides constants reforms difficult the accomplishment of their responsibilities and the recognition of their functions by the local populations. The main conclusions are: the extractive economics dynamics introduced new acculturation elements that deteriorated the traditional scheme of the social organization and produce new natural resource use possibilities that have led the population into the search of a social ascent from the economic scope; despite the association been based in democratic principles, his performance depends in the clans rivalries that predominates in the community; the fishermen depends from the institutional intervention for the consolidation of their management system, that’s why, the institutional discontinuity have created the weakening of the organization process; the regulation effective application and the local arrangements between fishermen are limited, by one side, the lack of resource, personal and political will restricts its work, by the other side, the external demand and the economic benefits necessity determine the effectiveness of the arrangements implemented; besides, still does not exist a clear instance of coordination that allows to harmonized the institutional programs for the management of this activity
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Quantificação e caracterização de matéria orgânica em sedimentos de mangue, visando estudo geoquímico (Baía de Inajá, São João de Pirabas NE do Pará)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002) ALCÂNTARA, Bianca Delamare Passinho; LIMA, Waterloo Napoleão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1229104235556506
The good functioning of the ecosystem depends on important vital factors, among which, one includes the soil stability, the salinity and an adequate supply in fresh- water and nutrients. The selected physiografic area is the Inajá Bay, situated in the municipal district of São João de Pirabas, in Northeast of Pará. Mangrove sediments sampling was accomplished at Itarana's island, located in this bay, and receiving direct influence of the Atlantic Ocean waters. Analytical results showed seasonal variation in the transportation of the fixed material in mangroves or exported to coastal waters. While pH are close to 7 in the rainy period, it to can reach values higher to 8 (maximum of 8,55) in the dry period; also specific conductivity (maximum in 33,9 ms.cm –1 in the rainy period) can reach 50 ms.cm –1 in the dry period, revealing an elevated electrolytic content due to the influence of oceanic waters. The suspended particulate material exhibits higher concentrations in the rainy period (maximum of 178 mg.L –1), in concordance with turbidity (maximum of 150 UNT) and with the index of colour (maximum in 60 UC). Organic matter, however was lower in the dry period (maximum content observed in 2,06 mg C/ L), it was higher in the rainy period (maximum in 3,4 mg C/L) , suggesting larger material contribution transposed by the rivers. While silicate contents are higher in the rainy period (maximum in 1,63 mg SiO2 / L) , the total organic and inorganic phosphate reached a maximum (1,46 mg PO4 3- /L) in the dry period, revealing probable oceanic influences in the middle of Inajá Bay, where, fishing captures take place. The ratios C / N, C / P and N / P (maximum at 126,7, 1039 and 83,2; minimum at 1,75, 101 and 17,2, respectively) suggest deficiency of N and P and enrichment in cellulose decomposition material, of vegetation origin. Else, the carbonous material of “furo” Grande exhibits a C/N ratio of 126,7 that indicates long period of maturation. The interpretation of the absorption spectra in the infrared region can identify the hydrophilic groups (OH alcoholic and phenolic); of functional groups methyl ( -CH3 ) and methylene ( -CH2 - ) of aliphatic chains; of carboxylic and/or carbonyl groups; and their derivatives (carboxylate and complexes, more probably with Fe and Al) ; and they confirm geopolymer presence through the identification bands owed to silicate. These considerations to come suggest to the occurrence of humic material whether in the water (perhaps more recent) or in the sediments. Being of more refractory material, these humic substances can be aggregated to the geological sediments and promote the necessary sedimentation to facies formation, mostly in the carbonic material collected in the “furo” Grande (15,29 % of organic matter ) and in the material collected in the Pilões sandstone (9, 62% of organic matter ). Samples with higher organic matter content (15,29% and 9,62%) showed higher CEC (30,12 meq/100g and 35,66 meq/100g) respectively. The large quantity of organic matter in the environment of this study seems to be much more associated with the tidal cycle, with the poor drainage in the sediment (whether in mangrove or in the sandstone), elevated bioturbation (plant detrius, marine organisms action) and drainage of ground water, that originate humics substances in podzol soils, that is to say, the organic matter is from two origins: one, alloctonous – material transported by the rivers; and other, authoctonous – resultant of the incorporation of roots, spineless microorganisms and perhaps mostly of the litter resultant of mangrove metabolism.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A resposta dos manguezais de um estuário do sul da Bahia sob influência das mudanças do clima, flutuações do nível do mar e dinâmica dos canais durante o Holoceno
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-06-09) OLIVEIRA, Nêdra Nunes; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
This work integrates palynology, sedimentology, geomorphology and radiocarbon dating, as well as δ13C, δ15N, and C/N from sedimentary organic matter obtained by the description of a core (5,20 m deep) sampled ~8 km from current coastline, 2m above sealevel at Jucuruçu River valley, near the city of Prado, south coast Bahia-Brazil. Based on this core and previously published works, the effects of climate and Relative Sea-level (RSL) changes on Jucuruçu’s mangroves during the Holocene were detailed. Along the studied core two phases were identified and correlated with others sediment cores. The first phase occurred in part of the middle Holocene (7200 - <6950 cal yr BP), developed on a tidal flat colonized by mangrove. It presents a transition from C3 terrestrial plants to marine organic matter upward this phase. On second phase, a fluvial plain developed followed by a mangrove shrinkage and, herbaceous and ferns expansion. At this phase, the biogeochemical data revealed an increased trend to organic matter sourced from freshwater. The integration of palaeoenvironmental data reveals an important RSL rise, which caused a marine incursion inside this river valley and allowed mangroves establishment under a strong estuarine influence, this incursion reached ~23 km upstream during the middle Holocene. The RSL fall at the middle and late Holocene caused a gradual mangrove replacement by mainly herbaceous vegetation associated to freshwater plankton predominance up river, while mangroves and marine algae migrated to the Jucuruçu river mouth. A decrease fluvial discharge during early and middle Holocene most likely favored this mangrove migration pattern and estuarine/marine organic matter spreading upstream. In contrast, probably the mangrove establishment at river mouth up present days was favored by an increase fluvial discharge at late Holocene. Noteworthy is the fact that tidal channels dynamics have controlled mangrove distribution last thousand years. Therefore, this study allowed to identify and to describe the effects of allogenic (caused by climate and RSL change) and autogenic processes (conducted, for example, by channels dynamic).