Teses em Biologia Ambiental (Doutorado) - PPBA/IECOS
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/4394
O Doutorado em Biologia Ambiental está inserido no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental (PPBA) do Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS) localizado no Campus Universitário de Bragança da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), sendo 2007 que ocorreu a sua aprovação.
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Condições sócio-ambientais da bacia hidrográfica do rio Caeté (Pará, Brasil)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-10-31) GUIMARÃES, Danielly de Oliveira; COSTA, Rauquírio André Albuquerque Marinho da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4504677939464624; PEREIRA, Luci Cajueiro Carneiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9883400404823218The absence of watershed management in Amazon inhabited areas has affected its natural resources over the past years. For this reason, this study focuses on the social and environmental aspects of 18 rural communities and the effects of wastewater discharge originating from Bragança’s city on the water quality of the nearby Caeté Estuary and its tributary, the Cereja River, located in the Caeté River basin. The adopted methodology to characterize the socioeconomic profile and the living and dwelling conditions was based on structured and semi-structured questionnaires applied to the local population. The domestic trash production was quantified and a determination was made of the composition of the trash, in some communities, from samples of around 20% of the residences. Water quality analyses of the main wells that supply the studied communities were carried out based on the determination of physical and chemical variables (turbidity, real color, apparent color, pH, temperature, dissolved iron and dissolved nutrients) and bacteriological studies (termotolerant and total coliforms). Field measurements (hydrological, hydrodynamic and-or microbiological variables) were taken in the most urbanized zone from Caeté estuary and Cereja river to characterise the water quality of those environments. The main environmental impacts were identified, georreferenced, photographed, and mapped. Guidelines were proposed for the effective management of the natural resources of the Caeté Basin by the pertinent local authorities. The obtained results showed that the Caeté River basin has approximately 2,207 rural families (9,573 inhabitants) and the majority of the population has low income, low education and low living and dwelling conditions. The services and infrastructure are inadequate and there is a lack of potable water, basic sanitation, trash collection, school, medical assistance, etc. On the other hand, Bragança´s city has more than 72,621 inhabitants living on an area of approximately 16 km², is one of the oldest colonial settlements of the Amazon region. Both studied rivers receive large amounts of wastewater disposed by private households, hospitals, workshops and fish processing companies and they have showed microbial contamination. The lack of effective public policy has accentuated both environmental and socio-economic problems. The authors suggest several measures to improve the current situation, including: (i) the regulation of land use to reduce the environmental impact of the economic sector; (ii) implementation of management programs for the sustainable exploitation of natural resources (fish, crabs, clay, lumber); (iii) installation of public services, in particular piped water and sanitation; (iv) better monitoring and penalization of the illegal exploitation of natural resources.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Distribuição espaço-temporal da comunidade zooplanctônica no estuário do Taperaçu (Bragança-Pará-Brasil): biomassa e produção secundária das principais espécies de copépodos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10-25) LEITE, Natália da Rocha.; MONTES, Manuel de Jesus Flores; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2999296486918048; COSTA, Rauquírio André Albuquerque Marinho da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4504677939464624; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4461-3936This study aimed to determine the composition and distribution of zooplankton in the estuary Taperaçu evaluating, in temporal and spatial scales, the contribution of the main species of copepods for biomass and production in terms of organic carbon in the environment under study. Therefore, samples were taken bimonthly (zooplankton and hydrologic variables) from June 2012 to June 2013, in three fixed stations located along the estuary, totaling 45 samples. The zooplankton community was apparently homogeneous. With regard to biological attributes, significant variations related to circadian cycles (day/night) and tidal periods (flood/ebb) were not detected. High values of abundance of Paracalanus quasimodo, Labidocera fluviatilis and Pseudodiaptomus marshi were observed. The absence of a nichtemeral and tidal patterns, was possibly related to the morphodynamic characteristics of the estuary Taperaçu, such as the presence of sandbanks in its central portion, the absence of a river discharge, the small catchment area, low depths and strong tidal currents, which facilitate the processes of horizontal and vertical mixing of the water column. When analyzed on a monthly and spatial scale, it was observed the influence of seasonal periods on the dynamics of these organisms, these being directly related to variations in salinity, turbidity and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The zooplankton community was dominated by copepods, especially Acartia tonsa (22,230.9±46,145.7 ind.m ), Acartia lilljerborgi (4,011.6±10,326.5 ind.m -3 ), P. quasimodo (9,270.7±17,593.3 ind.m -3 ), P. marshi (3,267.3±4,565.1 ind.m-3) and Oithona oswaldocruzi (30,221.9±28,328.4 ind.m-3-3), together with Oikopleura dioica (15,284.6±26,060.6 ind.m-3). The average diversity of species ranged from 2.0±0.6 bits.ind-1 to 3.8±0.4 bits.ind-1, while the evenness ranged from 0.5±0.1 to 0.7±0:03. Overall, the temporal variability (monthly and temporal) and spatial observed in the structure and dynamics of zooplankton population was mainly related to fluctuations in precipitation rates, which directly affect the salinity of the water and consequently the abundance of these organisms. In addition, it was also concluded that the presence of typically marine species such as P. quasimodo and O. dioica may be related to the significant increase in salinity as a result of reduced rainfall in 2012. Biomass and production A. tonsa and A. lilljeborgi were directly related to the local rainfall since, A. tonsa showed high values throughout the period, not only in the rainy season as previously observed in this same estuary. The immature stages (C1-C5) of A. tonsa were the dominant forms, especially the C4 stage (839.88±1518.80 mgC.m), while for A. lilljeborgi the highest values were obtained for adults (1,347.84±499.95 mgC.m-3). The obtained rates of secondary production were higher than those described for other estuaries located around the world, and these results are associated with the high temperatures recorded during the year as well as the observation of water rich in nutrients and particulate organic matter derived from adjacent to mangroves Taperaçu. In general, the results indicate that the influence of climate changes on the hydrological variables especially temperature, salinity, as well as the concentration of chlorophyll-a were the main responsible for the dynamics of mesozooplanctônicas species identified in the estuary of Taperaçu.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Cajueiro: agroextrativismo e relações sociais de gênero em contexto socioambiental na Amazônia paraense(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-05) DI PAOLO, Darcy de Nazaré Flexa; TEISSERENC, Maria José da Silva Aquino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1799861202638255The main objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze, where agroextractivism is concerned and within the context of gender-related social relations, the most significant extractive income-generating activities and those intended for financial autonomy, and how they correlate with the productive cycles of the natural resources being used and the family arrangements that are built in the Cajueiro Community, located within the limits of the Caeté-Taperaçu Marine Extractive Reserve, in Pará State - part of the Brazilian Amazon. And as specific objectives: to understand how the main agroextractivist practices and the gender based social relations related thereto are articulated; to identify how men and women work in the activities related to the use of natural resources aimed at financial autonomy and those geared at marketing; to investigate power relations that permeate the rules established as from the presence of the Resex and the day-to-day life of the dwellers; and to identify the most critical issues related to life in the community, in the perception of the local social players. The main theoretical foundation of this research was Michel Foucault’s contribution, particularly with regard to the notion of power relations. It was based on qualitative research and information-gathering techniques in the field: participant observation, semi-structured interviews, focus group and circle of conversation. It can be concluded that agroextraticvism constitutes the basis of productive activities in the community being studied, with family agriculture being the most representativeness. In addition, fishing stands out for the many types of fish as well as shrimp and crab harvesting. Said activities are performed according to the productive and reproductive movement of the natural resources being used, which imply family arrangements anchored, in turn, by gender-based social relations. And, despite the implications of power that surround it, said community – following the example of most so-called traditional peoples - does not allow itself to be subdued, thus renewing itself and resisting in its way of life, even if in such way it would be contrary to the current global context.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ostreicultura no nordeste paraense: estado atual e perspectivas futuras(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-07-14) SAMPAIO, Dioniso de Souza; BEASLEY, Colin Robert; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6310836748316181In the first article (Chapter 1), aspects related to the oyster culture supply chain in the state of Pará were evaluated. Between 2013 and 2014, research was carried out in seven associations involved in oyster culture through interviews with the president of each association, as well as with 56 members (72% of the total). Secondary data were obtained with the permission of management reports from the Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service of the State of Pará. The associations Agromar, Nova Olinda and Aquavila, Lauro Sodré stand out from the rest due to their larger on-growing areas and total production in 2013. However, smaller associations are more efficient with higher production per unit area. Although associations have grown in numbers since 2006, along with increased capacity and output due to government assistance, compared to other regions of Brazil, they need to be better organized internally. Associations should be less reliant on public funding and develop more partnerships with private enterprise. In addition, there must be active co-participation in the development of legislation and public policies that regulate oyster culture and the protection of natural oyster beds. In the second article (Chapter 2), the present study investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of water at all oyster farming units in Pará. Salinity, temperature (oC), oxidation-reduction potential (mV), pH, dissolved oxygen (mg.l-1), depth (m) and the concentration of chlorophyll-a (mg.m3) were measured in situ in both the dry season of 2013 and the rainy season of 2014. All variables, except depth, were significantly higher in the dry season. Mean salinity, which ranged from 2.4 to 46, is the most important variable that explains the variation between associations in relation to the season, date of sampling in each season and state of the tide. However, dissolved oxygen, pH and depth were also important.Oyster culture units in Pará can be defined in terms of water quality as suitable for harvesting xxii seed from the wild (lower salinity and pH), or for on-growing of adults (higher values of salinity, pH and depth). In the third article (Chapter 3), settlement, seed size, larval development in the laboratory, growth and aspects of the commercialization of cultivated oysters were investigated from 2012 to 2016 in five culture units in pará, during periods varying from 6 to 12 months. Seed length differed between December 2014 (21 mm) and April 2015 (12 mm) and smaller size appears associated with higher precipitation. Native seed numbers were higher in the on-growing area whereas abundance of exotic seed was low. Larval development is best at salinities of 16 and 21, in which the pediveliger stage appeared after 53 days. Oyster growth in culture was variable, but market size was reached in at least 4 months at Agromar, Aappns and Asapaq. Mortality ranged from 19% to 46%, comparable to other C. gasar cultures. Oyster mass varies monthly and between crops, and is related to pre-sale size selection. On average, oysters in the Baby and Médio classes are 77% and 80% shell. Aquavila is suitable for harvesting seed, whereas Agromar has the lowest mortality and is suitable for on-growing. Most of the oysters sold at Agromar are within the class limits, whereas those sold at Aquavila are larger.