Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia - PPGZOOL/ICB

URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2343

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) foi consolidado como um convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Abelhas das orquídeas (Apidae: Euglossini) e as plantações de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) na Amazônia Oriental: mudanças na composição de espécies, tamanho corporal e diversidade funcional
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-02) BRITO, Thaline de Freitas; MAUÉS, Márcia Motta; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0976385386657517; CONTRERA, Felipe Andrés León; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0888006271965925
In this study, we evaluated the role of legal reserves (LR) and areas of permanent protection (APP) in the maintenance of orchid bee species, and we tested the influence of abiotic and habitat parameters on taxonomic and functional diversity of this group. In addition, we investigated the occurrence of phenotypic variations (body and wing size, and fluctuating asymmetry) in response to environmental stress caused by oil palm plantations. Orchid bee males were sampled in nine areas (3 RL, 3 APP, and 3 oil palm plantations) in the municipality of Tailândia, southeast of the state of Pará. In each area, we installed six separate sampling stations, 500 m apart, each one with six scent traps; totaling 36 traps per area, and 108 per habitat type. We compared differences in observed abundance and richness using a One-Way ANOVA, we evaluated species composition patterns with a PCoA, and we also used a species indicator analysis. A partial RDA was applied to evaluate the influence of habitat attributes, space and habitat type on taxonomic and functional parameters of bees. In addition, we compared body and wing size variations of the individuals through the types of habitat. Our results indicate that oil palm areas are characterized by the presence of few individuals and species, low functional diversity, and by larger bees. Despite this, we recorded four species associated to LR, which can be useful indicators of orchid bee’s communities in the Amazon rainforest. The habitat structure was not a good predictor of both functional and taxonomic composition, and no levels of fluctuating asymmetry were detected, but bees from oil palm showed larger wings compared to forest areas. Our research highlights that APPs play an important role in maintaining both taxonomic and functional composition of orchid bees, which could reinforce the fact that bees use these areas as displacement corridors in a matrix formed by oil palm plantation. Thus, both LRs and PPAs areas fulfill their purpose of protecting the biodiversity of orchid bees.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos da plantação de palmas (Elaeis guineensis) na conservação de anuros na Amazônia oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-06-30) CORREA, Fabricio Simões; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378
In this thesis, we analyzed the effects of oil palm cultivation (Elaeis guineensis) on taxonomic and functional diversity of anurans in the eastern Amazon. In addition, we analyzed the response of anurans to environmental variation in oil palm plantations and surrounding forests. We surveyed for the presence of anurans in April 2012, 2015 and 2016, in 2100 m² plots through visual and acoustic searches. In April 2016, we also measured microclimatic (air temperature and humidity) and habitat structural variables (water body width and depth, leaf litter depth, canopy openness and number of trees) in both habitat types. We found higher functional diversity and species richness in forests, with difference in species composition and functional characters distribution between forests and oil palm plantations. Water body depth and width positively affected species richness and number of individuals, while water body depth and diurnal temperature influenced species composition in oil palm plantations. Only number of individuals was positively affected by diurnal temperature and nocturnal humidity in forests, while species composition and richness were not affected by any environmental variable in this habitat type. Our results make clear that conversion of forests to oil palm plantations negatively affects anurans taxonomic and functional diversity, making urgent the maintenance of forests surrounding the plantations as a way to reduce the negative impacts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos de monocultura de palma de dendê na estrutura do habitat e na diversidade de peixes de riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-30) RUFFEIL, Tiago Octavio Begot; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
In the Amazon, oil palm plantation has been growing exponentially in recent years, altering the landscape natural characteristics and being a possible threat to biodiversity. This environmental impact extends to aquatic ecosystems, which because they are highly related to the adjacent vegetation, also suffer the impacts resulting from this agricultural action, such as habitat structure alterations, affecting the species distribution and ecosystem processes. Thus, studies to test the impact of this monoculture in the Amazon are important to support more efficient strategies for reducing impacts and maintaining biodiversity. Therefore, this thesis aims to answer the following questions: I) How the presence of oil palm cultivation around the streams affect their habitat structure and fish assemblage structure in relation to streams that drain through forested areas present along of this anthropogenic landscape? II) What are the effects of the substitution on landscape of primary forest on the oil palm in the habitat physical structure and on the taxonomic diversity of neotropical stream fish? III) How do the patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of Amazon stream fish assemblages responds to the habitat and landscape changes caused by oil palm plantation? To answer these questions, we sampled and analyzed 39 streams in the Eastern Amazon. For the habitat characterization, an extensive protocol of the evaluation was applied, resulting in 238 habitat variables, besides that, was used landscape characteristics based on the percentage of land uses adjacent to the streams. For fish collection was used hand net for six hours in each stream. Morphological measures and ecological information of fish species were taken for later calculation of the functional attributes related to the third chapter. The results showed that oil palm plantation affect the stream habitat structure, modifying mainly the channel morphology, the substrate structure and shelter availability, such as woods and roots, for fish assemblage. Consequently, the fish species distribution was affected, resulting in changes in the assemblage structure. On the other hand, no changes were registered in the functional structure of these assemblies. Finally, we showed that the oil palm plantation modifies the stream habitat natural characteristics, as well as the distribution of the species, however the functional structure of the fish assemblages is maintained.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
As aves do estado do Maranhão: atualização do conhecimento e conservação em uma região de ecótono entre a floresta Amazônica e Cerrado
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-12) CARVALHO, Dorinny Lisboa de; SILVA, Daniel de Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1409353191899248; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901
The state of Maranhão is located between the eastern Amazon and the northern Cerrado, presenting a wide variety of environments in its ecotonal area. Due to this environmental heterogeneity, Maranhão has one of the richest avifaunas in Brazil. Furthermore, this region includes one of the world's most endangered biogeographical provinces. In order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of avifauna in this region, this study has as its main objectives: 1) review and update the checklist of birds species from Maranhão to identify possiblesampling gaps in the state; 2) test the effectiveness of the State Protected Areas (PAs) and Indigenous Lands (TIs) system in the protection of threatened and endemic bird species using SDMs and; 3) assess the potential impact of climate change on the distribution and conservation of 24 threatened bird taxa occurring in the state, comparing current and future distributions (2070) with the current reserve system, in order to identify potentially stable areas that can serve as dispersal corridors for the evaluated taxa. In chapter 1) we recorded the occurrence of 750 bird species, distributed into 88 families and 30 orders. We added 114 new species (95 residents, 13 migratory and 6 vagrants) to the last list compiled 27 years ago for the same region. In chapter 2) we observed that taxa with wider distributions are protected equally as taxa with smaller distributions and larger PAs are more efficient than smaller. Our results also showed that most Cerrado PAs are poorly allocated. We suggest six priority areas for conservation of Neotropical birds and highlight the importance of indigenous lands in conserving Neotropical biodiversity. In chapter 3) our results indicated that, although threatened Amazon and Cerrado taxa are potentially protected, for both present and future scenarios, most of the taxa are likely to suffer drastic population size declines or even global extinction in the near future. We highlight the importance of creating a system of dispersal corridors that interconnect PAs in this region, as well as the implementation of public policies for maintenance and mitigation of the areas adjacent to these corridors, aiming at the conservation of the richness and diversity of species in this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Biologia reprodutiva do peixe tetra splash Copella arnoldi (Regan 1912) em uma bacia do atlântico noroeste ocidental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-12) FARIAS, Rafael Rodrigues; ROCHA, Rossineide Martins da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371300451793081; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9224-3138; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-6747
Fish that spawn in the terrestrial environment tend to have a higher energy expenditure against the risk of dehydration of eggs and the degree of survival of juveniles, eventually adjusting their reproduction to the hydrological conditions of the environment. Therefore, the present work had the objective of analyzing the influence of precipitation on reproductive aspects of tetra splash Copella arnoldi on the Taiassuí river, in a basin of Northwest Atlantic West, Pará State, Brazil. A total of 171 specimens were collected in bimonthly campaigns from August 2016 to June 2017, in laboratory standard length and total weight were evaluated, then the specimens were eviscerated for later weighing and analysis of the gonads. The gonads underwent histological routine to determine the stage of gonadal development. The mature gonads were placed in Gilson's solution and dissociated to obtain the data of fecundity and type of spawning. On average, each mature female of C. arnoldi. possessed 85 oocytes; the lowest and highest oocyte diameter frequency was in the 700-300 μm class, respectively; the modal type distribution indicates a total spawning. The L50 was estimated at 18.09 mm for females and 18.52 mm for males. The weight-length relationship indicated that females and males tend to grow in equal proportions of weight and length. The condition factor did not change in relation to the rainfall cycle, although slightly higher values were observed during the dry season. The sex ratio remained the expected (1: 1) throughout the study period, however during April and August there is a predominance of females in the population. The spawning period of C. arnoldi appears to be associated with the rainy season, since two reproductive peaks can be observed in December (early rainy season) and April (month of higher precipitation). Thus, we show that C. arnoldi synchronizes spawning with the rainy season probably due to a lower risk of egg dehydration and greater survival of juveniles.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Determinantes da estrutura de comunidades de insetos aquáticos em riachos na Amazônia: o papel do habitat e da escala especial
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-30) BATISTA, Gilberto Nicacio; HAMADA, Neusa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1512994126787334; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029
Aquatic ecosystems are highly complex environments, mainly due to interactions between their abiotic and biotic components; they are dependent on variation in physical structure and limnological characteristics, which in general, are factors that specifically act on different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, considering this complexity in structuring stream habitats, particularly in Amazonian lotic ecosystems, this doctoral thesis aims to evaluate which are the determining factors to structure aquatic insect communities and their distribution according to environmental variation and geographical distances. To meet this goal the thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first, a systematic revision was carried out with a global assessment about the use of insects (Chironomidae: Diptera) in monitoring aquatic ecosystems and their responses as bioindicators. We found that the main issues presented in the studies were related to anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the taxonomic difficulties on the use of species identification to biomonitoring. The second shows analysis of distribution patterns and diversity of Chironomidae communities, under predictions of Metacommunity models, to evaluate the relations of the assemblages with the spatial scale and the environment. The main results showed that the assemblages were mainly affected by components of the physical habitat structure and partly the communities were limited by dispersal among the streams when considered at large scale in the region studied. The third showed analysis of functional composition on the communities of aquatic insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Megaloptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) and their responses to variation in habitat structure considered under the assumptions of the Habitat Templet. Overall, we found relationships between the distribution of morphological and functional traits with the physical habitat variables. The fourth chapter evaluates the effect of spatial distance on the community similarity of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera communities in two regions of Eastern Amazon. In this final chapter, we find differences in the composition of communities expressed as species replacement because of the geographical distance and local environmental characteristics of each region. Finally, the studies developed in this thesis summarized how the structure of the habitat of streams can affect the aquatic insect communities and variation in the riparian structure and physical habitat, can cause variation in taxonomical composition and functional attributes. In summary, from these findings, we conclude that the physical habitat variables are determining factors in structuring aquatic insect communities. In addition, it is highlighted the importance of local factors (riparian vegetation structure/composition of substrates/limnological characteristics) as explanatory variables for taxonomical and functional composition. In addition, the regional factors (geographical distance / dispersal limitation) are essential components to affect similarity and structure of the communities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diversidade morfológica de aves e extinções na Região Metropolitana de Belém, Pará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03) SILVA, Victória de Nazaré Gama Silva; ALEIXO, Alexandre Luis Padovan; SILVA, Rogério Rosa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5989181105383977
Morphological diversity, a concept intimately related to functional diversity, involves the characterization of the diversity of phenotypic characters and can be used as a measure of diversity in communities. The morphological approach has traditionally been applied in studies on structuring bird communities. In this study, we evaluated if bird extinctions documented in the Metropolitan Region of Belém (MRB), located in the northeast of the State of Pará, may have altered the morphological space of birds in the region. Initially, bird records for the MRB were compiled from the literature, resulting in 490 species documented. The database on regional extinctions of birds or endangered species was determined for the MRB, from literature, which resulted in four lists (subsets of the total species list in the MRB). In the final phase of data acquisition, we organized a morphological matrix for the birds of the MRB, defined by measurements of 2,360 individuals and nine characters commonly used in studies on bird ecology and morphology (beak, wing, tail, and tarsus length data). The morphological space occupied by the bird fauna in the MRB was described by a Principal Component Analysis. Morphological diversity metrics (MPD and MNND) were used to compare observed values with scenarios of extinctions in the MRB (the four lists of species that were a subset of the regional fauna). Simulated extinctions of MRB’s bird fauna were used to determine expected values in random extinction models or probability models of extinction. The results suggest that if the MRB lose species that delimit the periphery of the morphological space, changes in the morphological structure of the bird fauna can be expected, although a relatively small number of species disappear. Simulated models of extinction indicate a monotonic relationship between morphological diversity and species richness, strictly decreasing, indicating that the MRB will lose functional diversity with accumulated extinction of species; on the other hand, morphological space structure (such as MPD and MNND), suggest a greater functional redundancy of birds in the region. Taken together, the results indicate significant effects of regional extinctions on the morphological structure of MRB birds, with possible functional consequences for the region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ecologia urbana de uma abelha nativa: respostas comportamentais de colônias de uruçu amarela (Melipona flavolineata, Apidae, Meliponini) às variações climáticas em um gradiente de urbanização
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-02) GATTY, Dora Carmela Ramirez; VEIGA, Jamille Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2287525928643401; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-7554-2785; CONTRERA, Felipe Andrés León; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0888006271965925; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7078-5048
Urbanization can generate changes in the structure of the environment, also affecting physical- chemical processes. These changes over time have caused the loss of habitats and with them the reduction of populations of stingless bees, which are a group of insects important for the maintenance of ecosystems. Stingless bee populations, unlike the Apis genus, are at risk of reducing their population because they are not very flexible to changes and their possibility of adapting to urbanized areas is very low. For this reason, our study aimed to know the urban ecology of the stingless bee species Melipona flavolineata, measuring their responses in foraging behavior and posture to climatological parameters in environments with different degrees of urbanization (agroforestry-semi- urban and urban). We observed 12 colonies of M. flavolineata for five months. The observations were weekly, alternating internal and external activity. The rate of foraging (weekly average) was evaluated from 7:00 am to 11:00 am (time of greatest foraging) and bees were counted back to the colony, parallel to this process, data of temperature, relative humidity, luminosity and barometric pressure were recorded. The laying rate (weekly average) was assessed for four consecutive days in the corresponding week. The results showed that the climatological parameters had a high variation in the three collection points, affecting the performance of the bees. Barometric pressure and relative humidity had a positive and significant effect on pollen collection. Relative humidity and temperature had a positive and significant effect with the nectar foraging; barometric pressure had a negative, non- significant effect. The laying rate was higher as the relative humidity was added, showing a positive relationship; barometric pressure had a positive, but not significant, effect. The relationships between the foraging rate and the laying rate; as well as the relationship between the pollen foraging rate and the nectar foraging rate, were positive and significant and did not differ between environments, just by the amplitude of the data. Thus, we conclude that the stingless bee M. flavolineata is a species that is not tolerant of completely urbanized areas, and its capacity to adapt to environments with unfavorable environmental conditions is very limited, as its activities are restricted by high climatic variations and probably by the scarcity of food resources. In this sense, it would be good to implement studies of the urban ecology of smaller species, and to add in the studies of responses to climatic factors the barometric pressure parameter which, according to our results, affects the behavior of stingless bees
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito da exploração madeireira na estrutura ecomorfológica das assembleias de peixes em riachos de terra firme na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-04) JACOB, Laís Lobato; PRUDENTE, Bruno da Silveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0790796091423878; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4226-2431; SILVA, Rogério Rosa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5989181105383977
Changes resulting from logging modify the physical structure of stream habitats indirectly, and consequently the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblages. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of changes in the physical structure of the habitat resulting from conventional logging (CL) and reduced-impact logging (RIL), in the ecomorphological structure of the fish assemblages of streams of the Eastern Amazon, verifying (1) which variables of the physical structure of the habitat are associated to the different methods of exploration; (2) if there is a difference in the ecomorphological structure of the fish assemblages of the different treatments, and (3) which ecomorphological characters are associated with physical variables of the habitat. In each stream 14 physical variables of the habitat were measured, as well as fish samples collected using hand nets. The collected specimens were affected in Eugenol, fixed in 10% formalin and after 48h transferred to 70% alcohol. Possible differences in habitat structure and ecomorphological structure of fish assemblages between treatments were evaluated by Multiple Linear Discriminant Analysis (MLDA). The relationships between the habitat variables and the ecomorphological characters were evaluated through Redundancy Analysis (RDA). The structure of the streams habitat differed among all treatments, with control areas showing higher vegetation cover and higher average substrate size. As for ecomorphology, we also found that there was a difference in ecomorphological structure among all treatments. In EC environments, species with greater relative head length, with the wider pectoral fin and with more compressed caudal peduncle were predominant in these environments; in control areas, species with wider mouth were favored; and in RIL areas, more flattened species were predominant. Logging affects the habitat structure of the streams, resulting in loss of plant cover and average substrate size. There was a reduction of plant cover and average substrate size in areas of EC and RIL areas. In this sense, it is believed that both the EC and the RIL have the potential to alter the ecomorphological structure, and consequently the ecosystem services provided by the assemblages of fish from streams in the Amazon. So even if EIR reduces damage to forests, it is failing to protect the ecosystems of streams, since changes have been observed in these environments when compared to control areas. However greater efforts should be employed to fully understand such a relationship and proportions that the damage can cause to the ecosystem.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito da plantação de palmeira de dendê (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) sobre a fauna de carnívoros na Floresta Amazônica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-07-28) OLIVEIRA, Geovana Linhares de; OLIVEIRA, Ana Cristina Mendes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1199691414821581
The oil palm plantation has been considered a promising activity in tropical regions. Its expansion has caused great loss of tropical forest habitats and is considered a threat to biodiversity. Although most cultivated areas use previously deforested areas, the effects of this monoculture on the biodiversity of the Amazon region are still poorly understood. In this study we investigated the effect of oil palm plantation on the carnivorous fauna of the Amazon region. We performed the survey and monitoring of this group of mammals and related to some environmental metrics that would be related to the effects of monoculture on the recorded species. The metrics evaluated in this study were basal area of DAP categories 5-10cm and DAP> 10cm, perpendicular distance of the palm or forest matrix, distance of water bodies. There was an effect on the composition and abundance of carnivores, where the habitats differed on the basal area of DAP categories 5-10cm, and in the plantation areas this metric has no evidence. Although the plantation is not considered an impermeable matrix, the fauna of carnivores is not distributed in a homogenous way in the landscape. The most affected species were large carnivores and the generalist and opportunistic species, such as the middle predators, were benefited by the plantation. Our results show that the monitoring and strategies aimed at understanding how planting attributes influence the occurrence of these animals is of.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O efeito das espécies raras e comuns na diversidade funcional de aves florestais em uma paisagem dominada por palma-de-dendê na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-03) PINHEIRO, Beatriz Tavares; ALMEIDA, Sara Miranda; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2785084573828283; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-8372-5482; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8819-867X
The advance of agro-industry in the Amazon is a major threat to biodiversity, causing intense deforestation to make way for cattle ranching and monocultures such as palm oil. Forest loss can alter the distribution and population size of rare species that are limited in number of individuals or area of occurrence, affecting the functional structure of communities and ecosystem services. In this study, we assessed the contribution of rare and common species to the functional diversity of forest bird communities in a landscape dominated by oil palm plantations. Bird sampling was conducted using a point count method in oil palm plantations and forest fragments in the eastern Amazon, Brazil. A total of 232 bird species was recorded, of which 198 occurred in the fragments and 53 in plantations. For each species occurring in forest fragments, we calculated a rarity index combining local abundance, geographic range and habitat specificity. We calculated functional richness (FRic), functional originality (FOri), functional specialization (FSpe) and community-weighted trait means (CWM), and compared them between forest and plantation communities considering three scenarios: 1) total pool of species recorded in forest versus plantation; 2) rarest species are removed from forest; and 3) more common species are removed from forest.There was a clear difference in trait composition between the two habitats. Removal of rare species increased functional diversity, but decreased functional redundancy. In contrast, the removal of common species reduced FOri and FSpe values, demonstrating that common forest bird species make unique functional contributions. We conclude that the loss of both rare and common species affects forest bird communities, and that it is essential to conserve and protect forested areas to ensure ecosystem health and resilience.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito do plantio de dendê (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin 1763) sobre a diversidade funcional de mamíferos terrestres
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-03-12) MAUÉS, Paula Cristina Rodrigues de Almeida; OLIVEIRA, Ana Cristina Mendes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1199691414821581
We studied the effect of palm tree planting on the functional diversity of terrestrial mammals in a region of the Amazon Forest in the northeast of the State of Pará, Brazil. We evaluated through measures of Functional Diversity (FD) the impacts that this planting can have on the functional groups of medium and large terrestrial mammals. In addition to the species richness we consider the abundance of species in the analyzes involving the functionality, through the Biological Trait Analysis (BTA) and the Functional Diversity Analysis based on the Rao quadratic entropy index (FDq). No effect of palm oil planting on the FD of the mammals was observed, considering only the species richness. However, in the analyzes in which the abundance of the species was considered (FDq and BTA), it was possible to observe the effects on the functional groups. The functional traits most affected by the effect were: general food habits, bunodon dentition, diurnal activity period, diet based on fruits, seeds, invertebrates and exudates, social behavior in small groups, arboreal locomotion, sub-forest forest strata and sub-canopy and the functional groups most affected by palm planting were primates and other arboreal species, compromising the functions of seed predation and dispersion, decreased nutrient cycling, reduced invertebrate control, decreased herbivory, and altered species life history vegetables.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estrutura da comunidade de helmintos parasitos de Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae) da Amazônia Oriental brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-05) MOURA, Fred Gabriel Haick de; MELO, Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8939740618818787; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-8935-2923; MASCHIO, Gleomar Fabiano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7967540224850999; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9013-4437
Snakes play an important role in the life cycles of a wide variety of parasitic helminths, acting as both definitive and intermediate hosts. Several factors can influence the diversity, composition, and structure of parasite communities associated with these reptiles. Bothrops atrox, a venomous snake belonging to the family Viperidae and widely distributed throughout the Amazon, is of great medical relevance. Despite having a relatively well-documented helminth fauna, gaps remain in our understanding of the parasite-host dynamics involving this species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the diversity and structure of the helminth community of B. atrox in two localities within the Brazilian Amazon. This dissertation is structured into two chapters. In the first, we present results from a comparative analysis of the helminth community structure in B. atrox from two contrasting Amazonian environments: ombrophilous forest and natural open fields. Our analyses revealed a higher abundance of parasites in hosts from forested areas, and a positive correlation between host body size and parasite abundance. This is the first study specifically dedicated to investigating the diversity and structure of helminth communities in B. atrox across different ecosystems. In the second chapter, we describe a new species of the genus Kalicephalus, based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. This species showed the highest levels of abundance, dominance, and prevalence in forest communities. The chapter also brings new insights into the evolutionary history of the genus, contributing to a better understanding of its diversity and evolution. Thus, our study provides new data for understanding the diversity and ecology of helminth parasites of snakes in the Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fatores determinantes na ocorrência de espécies de carnívoros (Mammalia: Carnivora) em áreas degradadas na amazônia oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-05) RIBEIRO, Ana Carolina da Cunha; OLIVEIRA, Ana Cristina Mendes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1199691414821581; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-9678; WIIG, Oystein; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6664624762387564
Deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and forest impoverishment have led to a reduction in biodiversity and loss of ecosystem functions in the Amazon Rainforest. Due to the context of high anthropogenic pressure, the importance of degraded primary forests and secondary forests for the conservation of tropical species has been discussed in the literature. In this work, we investigate the characteristics of a degraded landscape have been determinant for the occurrence of species of the order Carnivora, in a context of high anthropic pressure in the eastern Amazon. As the use of photographic traps, we related environmental and landscape variables with the abundance of the species using Generalized Global Models analyzes. The responses of the carnivorous species were differentiated about some variables. However, we concluded that even in a context of high degradation, the factor that still modulates the occurrence of most carnivores is the forest, even if degraded.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O futuro dos quelônios amazônicos no contexto das mudanças climáticas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-04) SILVA, Iago Barroso da; FAGUNDES, Camila Kurzmann; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7942655716698636; MASCHIO, Gleomar Fabiano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7967540224850999; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9013-4437
Assessing the effects of global warming on species distribution is largely necessary for understanding its consequences on biodiversity. Based on knowledge about the current and expected effects of climate change in the Amazon and in the chelonian group, this study used species distribution models to understand the consequences of these changes in the potential areas of species occurrence, answering the following questions: 1) Which regions and what is the extent of the distribution of Amazonian chelonians that will be experienced by future climate changes? 2) Which species will be most impacted? As a result, we observed that the models presented considerable performances. They stand out as, as projections of potential distributions in the current period, the wide distribution of the species Chelonoidis denticulatus; C. carbonarius and Platemys platycephala. For future climate scenario projections, all lost species are potential. Phrynops tuberosus (87.69%), M. nasuta (82.51%), P. platycephala (45.16%), M. raniceps (43.96%), P. sextuberculata (38.69%), C denticulatus (36.19%) are the species that most lost area in this scenario. For a more extreme future scenario, the species that lost the greatest potential area are M. nasuta (98.93%), P. tuberosus (97.87%), P. erythrocephala (66.26%), M. raniceps (63.46%), C. denticulatus (61.62%). Chelonians are animals that are very protected by the hydrological dynamics of water bodies, which will be especially impacted in the Amazon, avoiding changes in flow, precipitation, humidity, extent of flooding and the intensity of phenomena in different seasons of the basin. These changes will bring deleterious effects to chelonians, which depend on the river level and the area and period of flooding for reproduction and feeding. Chelonians with semiaquatic habits also lose very important feeding areas with the change in the hydrological regime and the landscape around the rivers. Very worrying is the fact that all species of turtles in the Amazon will be affected by climate change, with the vast majority losing large areas of suitable environmental areas for their occurrence. Mitigation actions, in the long term, at different scales, are essential to soften the effects of this scenario and contribute to the preservation of these species.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade de peixes de riachos na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-09-07) BENONE, Naraiana Loureiro; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; ESPOSITO, Maria Cristina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2112497575917273
Amazon streams are highly heterogeneous systems that encompass a remarkable diversity. Due to the increasing threats to these systems, it is necessary to understand how ecological process in natural areas affect streams and their fish biota. This thesis was divided in three chapters and aims to answer the following questions: 1) How much do catchment variables affect the physical habitat of small streams in the Amazon? 2) What is the relative contribution of environmental and spatial variables on taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity of stream fish? 3) How much are distinct components of biodiversity (species diversity, taxonomic distinctness, and functional diversity) congruent and how much can they be predicted from catchment variables? Fifty seven streams were sampled across six river basins in the Amazon region. For environmental characterization, a standardized protocol was used to obtain more than 140 local variables, and 11 catchment variables were obtained from aerial images. Fish assemblages were sampled with hand nets during a six-hour period. Stream catchments were divided in two groups based on altitude and slope. These two variables influenced streams habitats, regulating flow velocity and the types and proportions of substrates. The taxonomic and functional patterns of fish assemblages were affected by environmental filters operating at the catchment scale. Nonetheless, variables at the local scale were particularly important to taxonomic and functional alpha diversity. Despite the significant role of environmental filters, limited dispersal was the main driver of variation in fish diversity, indicating a strong biogeographic factor. Finally, various components of diversity exhibited intermediate congruence, which suggests that no single component can describe patterns of fish diversity. In addition, catchment variables alone could not accurately predict diversity patterns, and therefore it is recommended that additional explanatory variables, including descriptors of local environmental conditions, are important to include in studies of stream fish diversity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impacto dos fatores antropogênicos e ambientais na dinâmica do microbioma e nas interações hospedeiro-patógeno em anfíbios
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-04) MOSER, Camila Fernanda; BECKER, Guilherme; PELOSO, Pedro Luiz Vieira Del; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963420424755544; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-8293
Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrates, with 41% of species at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, and emerging diseases. A key factor influencing their health is the skin microbiota, a community of symbiotic microorganisms that contribute to immunity and disease resistance. However, this microbiome is highly sensitive to environmental disturbances, which can alter its composition and reduce its protective functions. One of the major threats to amphibians is chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that disrupts skin integrity and weakens host defenses, leading to high mortality rates. This infection interacts with environmental stressors, including pollution and habitat degradation, increasing amphibian vulnerability. This thesis explores the composition and ecological drivers of amphibian skin microbiota, its interactions with Bd, and the effects of environmental disturbances. The results show that microbiome diversity varies across species, seasons, and environmental conditions. A case study on Bd dynamics across different species and environmental conditions demonstrated that infection prevalence and load were lower in warmer temperatures and in species with non-aquatic habits, suggesting that abiotic factors and host ecology significantly influence Bd susceptibility. Furthermore, seasonal variations in microbiota composition were observed, with microbial diversity generally decreasing in colder months. These seasonal shifts could be linked to changes in amphibian behavior and immune function, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring of microbiota-host-pathogen interactions. In conclusion, this thesis provides novel insights into the complex interactions between amphibian microbiota, environmental changes, and disease dynamics. Understanding how anthropogenic disturbances and seasonal variations shape microbiome diversity is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. Future research should focus on longterm monitoring of amphibian microbiomes, explore the role of larval-stage microbiota in pathogen resistance, and investigate microbiome-based interventions to support amphibian populations facing increasing environmental threats.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impactos da pastagem na estrutura taxonômica e funcional de peixes de riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-01-19) CANTANHÊDE, Lorrane Gabrielle; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
In recent years, increasing economic development has promoted high rates of deforestation and land use change that negatively impact terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems around the world. Therefore, this study aimed to assess how the taxonomic structure and functional diversity of the stream fish assemblages of eastern Amazonia respond to impacts caused by pasture. We sought to answer the following questions: (i) What is the effect of pasture on the environmental characteristics of streams?; (ii) How do they affect the taxonomic structure and functional diversity of the ichthyofauna?; (iii) What functional attributes will be related to the environmental variables that characterize the streams that drain pasture and forest areas? The sampling were carried out between the years of 2012 and 2015, in the dry season, with 13 streams in forested areas and 13 streams in pasture areas. Through a PCA the set of environmental variables related to forest and pasture areas were verified. The taxonomic structure was compared among the environments through the richness, composition and abundance of species. Functional diversity was measured through the components of richness, evenness and functional divergence. The significance of the results of the indices with Student's t-test was tested. RLQ ordering analysis and the fourth-corner component were used to determine the relationships between environmental variables of each treatment and functional attributes. A higher number of artificial shelters and a higher percentage of riffles were found in pastures and the higher canopy cover formed by large trees (DAP> 0.3 m) in forest areas. It was verified that the pasture negatively affects the taxonomic structure and the functional divergence of the ichthyofauna, favoring the presence of generalist species. The highest amount of canopy cover benefited benthic species. Although the Brazilian Forest Code provide for the maintenance of riparian vegetation around the streams, grazing generated negative effects on the physical habitat of streams, taxonomic structure and functional divergence of assemblages of fish from streams in the Eastern Amazon. To conserve the diversity of fish in Amazonian streams, there should be stricter laws and increased enforcement regarding the maintenance of riparian vegetation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência das características morfológicas e do habitat físico sobre a capacidade de dispersão de Odonata em igarapés amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-01) PEREIRA, Silvia Rafaela Alves; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-6188-4386; KOROIVA, Ricardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3262687790057613; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6658-0824
Species' dispersal capacity is directly related to their individual morphological, physiological and behavioral characteristics and to the ecological context in which they live. Species with a lower dispersal capacity tend to be more vulnerable to climate change and more intensive land use. This is due to the loss of vegetation cover and fragmentation leading to a change in habitat connectivity and thermal conditions in the environment. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting the dispersal capacity of adult Odonata in Amazonian streams, focusing on morphological traits and the effects of land use and environmental integrity. We tested the hypotheses: i) body size, thorax volume, and wing base width are positively related to dispersal capacity and wing aspect ratio is negatively related to dispersal capacity; ii) greater forest cover and habitat integrity are negatively related to dispersal capacity, as a larger canopy filters out individuals with lower flight ability. The study was conducted in 12 streams in Barcarena, Pará, Brazil. We used the mark-recapture method and analyzed the data using structural equation modeling. We considered landscape variables (forest formation and pasture), physical habitat variables (channel cover, undergrowth, channel width, habitat integrity index, and temperature), morphological variables (total body length, thoracic volume, and wing aspect ratio) and we used dispersal capacity (distance in meters) as a response variable. 541 individuals were tagged (n=466 Zygoptera e n=75 Anisoptera). The recapture rate was 29% for Zygoptera and 1.4% for Anisoptera. Most of the individuals recaptured were males belonging to the genera Mnesarete, Argia and Hetaerina. Approximately 91% of the individuals moved less than 60 meters. The results, which related only to Zygoptera, partially confirmed the first hypothesis: wing aspect ratio was negatively related to dispersal capacity, suggesting that shorter and wider wings are associated with greater flight ability. However, no direct relationship was found between habitat integrity or forest formation and dispersion, but forest formation and channel width influenced the morphology of individuals' wing aspect ratio. These patterns suggest that genera occurring in forested environments, such as Heteragrion, which have a higher wing aspect ratio, have a lower dispersal capacity, while those adapted to higher temperatures and light availability, such as Mnesarete and Hetaerina, have a lower wing aspect ratio and greater dispersal capacity. We emphasize the vulnerability of individuals with lower dispersal capacity to changes in their aquatic habitats and changes in the surrounding terrestrial landscape due to loss of vegetation cover.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a estrutura de comunidade de peixes em diferentes ambientes aquáticos na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04) SILVA, Ronaldo Souza da; ORTEGA, Jean Carlo Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7951329810755189; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-5097-9382; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-6747
Species diversity varies over time and space as a reflection of resource availability, suitable conditions, and biotic interactions that can locally exclude species from the regional pool. Understanding the causes of species variations remains challenging for ecologists. Still, it is already known that both biotic (interactions) and local environmental conditions (abiotic variables) are important factors in determining fish richness and abundance. Environmental conditions act differently in various aquatic ecosystems, structuring fish assemblages differently. In this context, the central objective of this thesis was to evaluate how local and regional environmental factors influence fish assemblage structure in different aquatic ecosystems in the southwest Amazon. Firstly, we assessed how the environment affects fish assemblages in river beaches. Next, we evaluated how local and regional environments influence the fish assemblage structure associated with aquatic macrophyte banks in lake environments. Finally, we examined how stream fish assemblage structure responds answered to local and regional environmental factors. In beach habitats, we found that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and depth were important in determining variation in fish species composition, while the temperature was the only variable influencing species richness. For fish in macrophyte banks habitats, the results indicated that both local and regional environmental variables (space and hydrological period) influenced fish assemblage structure. The variables depth of macrophyte bank, bank size, and space were significant for species richness. For species composition, environmental factors such as macrophyte composition, bank size, macrophyte richness, and regional variables such as space and hydrological period were influential, with the hydrological period being the strongest predictor of this variation, showing that flood pulses are a strong determinant in the structure of fish assemblages associated with macrophyte banks in Amazonian floodplains. Finally, we evaluated the influence of local, regional (landscape), and spatial factors on fish assemblage structure in upland streams in western Amazonia. The percentage of forest and spatial component (identity of Conservation Units) influenced species richness. Meanwhile, physical habitat and spatial variables influenced species composition, indicating that the fish assemblage in Amazonian streams answered to intact environments and habitat characteristics capable of supporting the persistence of these assemblages within and between watersheds.