Teses em Geografia (Doutorado) - PPGEO/IFCH
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Navegando Teses em Geografia (Doutorado) - PPGEO/IFCH por Linha de Pesquisa "DINÂMICAS SOCIOAMBIENTAIS E RECURSOS NATURAIS NA AMAZÔNIA"
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Antropoceno na Amazônia: holoceno em curso ou prelúdio de uma nova época geológica do homem?(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-08-31) PONTE, Franciney Carvalho da; SZLAFSZTEIN, Cláudio Fabian; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1348005678649555; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2855-2056The Natural Domains of the Brazilian Amazon present a high biogeographic diversity, favored by the complex geological substratum and equatorial climate, both predominant in the Amazonian landscape, located in the northern portion of Brazil, covering an area equivalent to 40% of the national territory (~3.7 million Km2). Human expansion in the Amazon has produced a series of transformations in its natural resources. In this sense, this work aimed to perform a retrospective on the trajectory of human beings in the Amazonian domains, through the spatialization of anthropogenic evidences and analysis of anthropogenic indicators, likely to be associated with precepts of the Anthropocene, made possible by a geographical perspective. The analysis raised the aspects of both morphoclimatic and phytogeographic domains, highlighting their dominant landscapes and natural systems, through biophysical compartmentalization, working as a substrate in the analysis of the dynamics of socio-spatial events and the materialized evidences of human action in the landscapes, under a broad temporal spectrum - the Holocene. The research was based on a holistic and integrative approach of variables, related to both natural and socio-spatial aspects, from a systemic vision, aimed at sizing and measuring the patterns of use of natural resources, the anthropogenization degree of natural domains and the proposition of anthropogenic landscapes/structures. In this sense, the research revealed that these domains currently present a very significant anthropogenic percentage of approximately 70%, the result of a broad and diverse socio-spatial dynamic, which attributed to the region a marked variability of human macrosystems and semi-natural landscapes embedded in apparently natural ecosystems. However, it was detected that this estimate is probably underestimated, if we consider the evidence, according to a cumulative perspective, reaching a value around 150%, that is, 50% above the total area of the study, which denounces a high anthropogenic pressure in the region. Given the above, and considering the Anthropocene precepts, centered on the anthropogenic conception, it is suggested that the Amazon region contains anthropogenic landscapes, substantially altered, for at least four thousand years AP, when much of its domains were already occupied and significantly used and managed by human groups.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmicas territoriais na Amazônia paraense: da relação entre planejamento regional e espaço agrário à pecuária bovina em Novo Repartimento-PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-08-26) RIBEIRO, Mílvio da Silva; NAHUM, João Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9009465125001273The present research defends the thesis that the agrarian dynamic of the Paraense Amazon results from the relationship between agrarian space and state planning. This relationship was verified in the dynamics of cattle ranching in Novo Repartimento-PA. The objective of the research was to analyze the relationship between regional planning and agrarian space, in the municipality of Novo Repartimento, considering the dynamics of cattle ranching on pasture. Methodologically, the research is structured in two moments: in the first moment, a contextual retrospective was elaborated that shows policies, plans and programs forged for the Paraense Amazon, specifically from the 1960s until 1980. In the second moment, the research was configured in a perspective in which cattle ranching is considered as determined from the relationship between agrarian space and regional planning, examined in the period from 1990 to 2020. The central variables of the research related to the dynamics of cattle ranching were areas (deforestation in rural properties) and landscape unit (pastures). The research points out that the relationship between regional planning and agrarian space in the Eastern Amazon, objectively in the municipality promotes spatial processes, having as its logic, cattle ranching as a commodity and social relation. The forms of land appropriation are not only elements of the production of cattle ranching, but they generate other forms of uses. The expansion of the activity in the municipality disqualifies the characteristics and cultural actions of the players, who resided before the arrival of cattle ranching in the area. The state, programs, projects and laws are configured in the agrarian space in the form of credits and tax incentives, which favor the expansion of cattle ranching. In this way, the spatial dynamics of cattle ranching occurs as a forest-policy-pasture-grown-market-consumption continuum. The ranches and the oxen are the physical expressions of the relationship between space and politics, but it is only the tip of the iceberg, because there are other problems arising from the context of commodity production in the Amazon. The research is organized as follows: Introduction and four chapters (the first, deals with Planning and Agrarian Space, as conceptual terms and the contextual situations of the research; the second, presents Regional Planning and ranching in the middle Tocantins River between 1960 and 1980; the third, addresses the Conversion of forests into pastures in Novo Repartimento-PA; and in the fourth, State Planning and ranching in Novo Repartimento-PA were discussed); finally, the final considerations of the research are presented.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmicas territoriais, dendeicultura e produção de culturas alimentares: o caso do município de Moju, PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-09-25) SANTOS, Cleison Bastos dos; NAHUM, João Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9009465125001273We have exposed in this work the doctorate thesis titled: LAND USE, OIL PALM FARMING AND PRODUCTION OF FOOD CROPS: An Analysis of Family Farmers Integrated with the Company Agropalma, in the municipality of Moju, PA, Brazil. We defend in the thesis that oil palm farming reduces food production in the locations where it is implemented. Our hypothesis is that this reduction occurs because the implementation of family agriculture projects with oil palm cultivation requires two essential resources: labor and land. In the specific case of pilot projects I (2002) and III (2005), integrated with the company Agropalma, the occupation of the area was different compared with the occupation of the area of project IV (2006). We aimed to analyze the impacts of oil palm farming expansion on food production by the family groups integrated with the productive chain of oil palm in the municipality of Moju. We wished, in this study, just as Nahum and Santos (2015), to geographically interpret the oil palm farming dynamics in the municipality of Moju starting at the category of used land (Santos; Silveira, 2001). We used, in this study, two methodologically complementary procedures: The analytical methodology based on the periodization and event concepts by Santos (2006) and Santos and Silveira (2001), which allowed us to think of a previous time (T1), the arrival of events (projects), and a period of time after the implementation of the projects (T2); and the operational methodology composed of literature review, cartographic surveys, structured and semi-structured interviews, and field work. The thesis is structured in three parts: In the first chapter, we analyze the land use by small family farmers prior to the arrival of family projects with oil palm crops. We used the peasant farm category by Woortmann (1983) to empirically show those dynamics. In those properties, land uses were subjected to different forms of work, solidarity bonds, and production systems. Their productions aimed at both consumption (use) and sale (exchange). In the second chapter, we show the events that shaped the family agriculture projects with oil palm farming in the Alto Moju and PA 150 regions, in the municipality of Moju. We analyzed, above all, the events that enabled the emergence of projects I (Arauaí I) and project II (Arauaí II), part of the Association of Community Development of the Arauaí Sector (Associação do Desenvolvimento Comunitário do Ramal do Arauaí - ASDECRA). In the third chapter, we analyze the transformations the process of integrating family projects to oil palm farming brought to land use, to the subjects, and to the production of food crops that fed the households and myriad remote homes.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O meio natural na Amazônia paraense: paisagem, configuração espacial e dinâmica social(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-08-26) CARVALHO, Ana Cláudia Alves de; NAHUM, João Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9009465125001273This research is part of the project developed by the research group Territorial Dynamics of Rural Space in the Amazon - GDEA, in which Nahum (2018) proposes the use of geographic concepts that make it possible to analyze the Amazon region of Pará geographically and specifically its formation process. According to Nahum (2019), the Amazon went through a succession and coexistence of geographical environments, the natural environment being characterized by rural workers relations linked to extractivism; followed by a technical environment marked by an agrarian period linked to agricultural activities; and a technical scientific-informational environment, which is rural, with agro-industrial activities, making up the current panorama. The idea is defended that the natural environment to which the Amazon passed comprises the period from 1616 to 1966. The year 1616 marks the foundation of the city of Belém, and thus the beginning of the formation of the future General Company of Pará and Maranhão, defined as the starting point, and 1966 dates the beginning of “Operation Amazônia”, a set of investments aimed at the development of the region, as the point of arrival. Taking this into account, we support the thesis of the existence of a natural environment in the Amazon region of Pará, seeking to build a periodization of said area, to show the spatial movement that structured its formation. For this research, the landscape, spatial configuration, and social dynamics in these three and a half centuries will be characterized, and thus singularize the natural environment in the Amazon region of Pará. Thinking about such a concept requires us to understand that the existence of the geographic environments characterized by Santos and Silveira (2001) are spatial readings that have the technique as reference. This research aims to go beyond historical, economic, and sociological contributions, to raise evidence from a periodization as to how the landscape, spatial configuration and social dynamics of each period enabled the Amazon to reach its current stage. Considering the analytical methodology of the research, it is understood that space is the fundamental category to understand the idea of period, event, and periodization in Santos (2008). As an operational methodology, a bibliographical review was carried out on the Amazon region of Pará from 1616 to 1966, in order to build the necessary database to understand the landscape, spatial configuration and social dynamics of the study area. Incorporating Geography into the methodological process becomes a challenge that is sought to be overcome, however, here is an attempt.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Produção do espaço ribeirinho na Amazônia: uma análise a partir do contexto espacial em comunidades das ilhas de Abaetetuba-PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-08-31) FERREIRA, Denison da Silva; NAHUM, João Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9009465125001273The analysis undertaken here aims to emphasize the riverside dimension of space in the Amazon region of Tocantins in Pará, taking as its starting point the insular portion of the municipality of Abaetetuba, Northeastern Pará State, locally known as the ―Abaetetuba islands‖. We defend as a guiding thesis the existence of a riparian space production process in the Amazon, with regard to the study area, which is not an ―isolated‖ process, but integrates the broader movement of production in the regional space. The research is structured in four moments or analysis axes, preceded by the final considerations. At first, dissolved in the first chapter, we describe general aspects about the empirical spatial context from which we are proposing the construction of the research, that is, the Amazon region of Tocantins and particularly the islands of Abaetetuba. This is a preliminary characterization of the empirical reality to be studied, where aspects referring to both the territorial configuration and the riverside social dynamics will be considered. In the second and third moments (understood in the second and third chapters), we propose an exercise of regression, that is, of reconstituting some historical-spatial processes that had important correlations with the production of riverine space in the region, especially in the islands of Abaetetuba, such as the creation of the villages commanded by the missionaries during the first phase of Portuguese colonization in the region; the creation of captaincies and land grants; the establishment of Indian directories; the introduction of black slaves in the region; as well as the more systematic development of the sugarcane mills economy already in a post-colonial situation. In the fourth moment, we propose a return to the riverside spatial context in the present time, seeking to understand it in a more enlightened, resignified way. At this point, we take as a starting point the political organization strategies, especially those linked to land use, in view of their correlations with the dynamics of production in the riverside space. In line with the purposes of the research, we chose the (social) production of space as the guiding theory, placing the debates in the horizons opened by the dialectical perspective raised mainly in the writings of the philosopher Henri Lefebvre, whose foundations proved to be pertinent and adaptable to the development of the analysis proposed here. We start from the principle that the social practices projected in a given space also translate into space production practices. This production, however, does not refer strictly to the production of things, objects, or goods, but refers its understanding to the existence of social relations, which includes the production of objects and the production of space in a broad sense. It is from this perspective that we raise this analysis with the islands of Abaetetuba as the empirical locus of the research.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Territorialização da pecuária na Amazônia paraense: uma análise na região de integração do Guamá, estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-26) GUILHERME JÚNIOR, José Antônio; ROCHA, Gilberto de Miranda; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2436176783315749The advance of cattle ranching in the Amazon is expressed in extensive fractions of the regional territory. From the 1960s onwards, this phenomenon will become more intense. In the case of the state of Pará, several fronts have noticed an increase in cattle breeding. The Região de Integração do Guamá is located in the Nordeste do Pará, the oldest agrarian frontier in the Eastern Amazon, a space of intense anthropic action and whose colonization was related to family farming based on small properties. In this territory, cattle ranching has manifested itself in the intensification of local deforestation, in the creation of centers for the concentration of activity and in the use of urban infrastructure to transport and improve production. In order to understand this reality, we chose a time frame that would guarantee a view of the process, in this sense, the last three agricultural censuses (1996, 2006, 2016) are taken as a reference. In the research, primary and mainly secondary data were used. Cattle ranching in the Região de Integração do Guamá is concentrated in some municipalities, having shown a deceleration in the growth rate in the last ten years analyzed. The road and service infrastructure supports the consolidation of cattle breeding in the region.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Vulnerabilidade espacial em quilombos a partir da implantação da linha LT 230 KV no Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-10-24) MASCARENHAS, Carlos Alberto de Souza; NAHUM, João Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9009465125001273This paper presents the doctoral thesis entitled: “Spatial vulnerability in Quilombos from the implementation of the 230 Kv LT Line in Pará”. We support the thesis that the line has harmed the food security of the quilombos Santa Luzia do Bom Prazer Poacê and Itabocal Ponte, which are in a vulnerable situation along its route. We assume that the 230 kV Transmission Line (LT) was created within the scope of the 2027 Ten-Year Energy Expansion Plan, and that the quilombos of Santa Luzia do Bom Prazer Poacê and Itabocal Ponte are involved in this process, with regard to: changes in their way of life, metamorphosis of work and productive structure (farms, backyards, flour mills). The general objective of this thesis is to understand the socioeconomic vulnerability and food security of places aggravated by the 230 kV LT, Vila do Conde - Tomé-Açu C2, in the quilombola communities of Poacê and Itabocal Ponte, from 2016 to 2024. The concepts that guide the analysis of this thesis are: socioeconomic vulnerability, food security and place. From a methodological point of view, two complementary strategies were chosen: the first is the analytical methodology, in which geographic situation 1 (T-1) is the one that precedes the interferences generated by the LT; and the second is the LT as a force producing the vulnerability of places, which results in a new geographic situation 2 (T-2), in which instability occurs, a clash between the LT expansion policy and preexisting conditions, converting into changes and permanence in places. The structure of the thesis is divided into four parts: the first presents the introduction that contains the objectives, the justification, the structuring hypothesis, the operational and analytical methodology. The second addresses the theoretical-conceptual foundations. The third presents chapter 1 entitled “The preexisting organization of places”, exposing the spatial configuration of the quilombos of Santa Luzia do Bom Prazer Poacê and Itabocal Ponte before the LT. The fourth presents chapter 2 entitled “The Power Transmission Line” and demonstrates the presence of the LT as a modifier of the spatial configuration and food security of the places. The fifth presents chapter 3 “Vulnerability and food security affected”, whose intention is to highlight the effects of the presence of the LT on the quilombos studied.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Vulnerabilidade Institucional e sua influência sobre os problemas socioambientais na FLOTA do Iriri e APA Triunfo do Xingu, no Estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-08-30) SANTOS, Viviane Corrêa; PIMENTEL, Marcia Aparecida da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3994635795557609; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9777This research addresses the topic of institutional vulnerability and its contributions to the origin and increase of socio-environmental impacts in two conservation units in Pará: Iriri State Forest and Triunfo do Xingu Environmental Protection Area, which are sustainable conservation units, located in Xingu Integration Region and make up the Terra do Meio Mosaic of Conservation Units. The research's time frame is the years 2000, 2010 and 2020, a period that includes the creation of the National System of Nature Conservation Units (SNUC) and the institutionalization of the aforementioned units studied. The general objective is to problematize the State's actions that promoted the environmental vulnerability of Conservation Units, ratifying its contradiction as a managing subject. The main hypothesis indicates that the contradictions highlighted in the actions of state power contributed to the vulnerability of Conservation Units (CU) due to the lack of a clear and consistent approach in the management of these Protected Areas (PAs). To this end, the historical, dialectical and systemic materialism methods were chosen as a theoretical-methodological approach, developed in a complementary way to achieve an integrated socio-environmental analysis. The dialectical method allowed a critical and in-depth analysis of the social, political and economic relations that shape the management of these PAs, based on the understanding of the contradictions between economic development and environmental preservation, as well as the conflicts of interests between different social and institutional actors , revealing how these historical dynamics directly influence the vulnerability of conservation policies and socio-environmental degradation. The systemic method complements the development of this research based on the dynamics of the territorialized landscape and the interaction between physical and social elements, and the environmental impacts arising from agents of pressure in protected areas, contributing to the analysis of environmental vulnerability data. The preparation of the research included a survey of institutional data, carried out using institutionalized documents, interviews with technicians from the state institutions researched such as: SEMAS, IDEFLOR-BIO and BPA; open questionnaires, sent to the administrative sectors of state bodies, which were tabulated using the content analysis methodology, in addition to an interview with a resident of FLOTA do Iriri and analysis followed by tabulation of the minutes of the management councils of the study areas. Information that corroborated the cartographic production scenario prepared for analysis of this research. The results are systematized into four chapters, which identified gaps in the responsiveness and effectiveness of institutional structures. The ambiguity in the State's actions arises from the coexistence of multiple interests, including environmental conservation, economic development, political pressures and demands from civil society. It weakens the effectiveness of UC conservation and protection policies, increasing their exposure to threats and environmental degradation. Which leads to pointing out that the State is not an absent management subject, as it creates environmental policies, environmental laws, management bodies, however, environmental management is directly linked to the priority interests of the Government, which, depending on its policy , it can make legislation more flexible, make physical structures and human resources precarious, intentionally leading its institutional practices to become fragile, boosting institutional vulnerability, therefore, environmental vulnerability, to later pass the responsibility for the scenarios of environmental problems of PAs to other subjects managers.