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Teses em Geologia e Geoquímica (Doutorado) - PPGG/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/6341

O Doutorado Acadêmico pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise evolutiva da paisagem da serra Tepequém - Roraima e o impacto da atividade antrópica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-01-23) BESERRA NETA, Luiza Câmara; BORGES, Maurício da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580207189205228; 1580207189205228; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; 1639498384851302
The north area of Roraima State presents great diversity of geomorphologic featuresformed by dissected plateaus, limited by intermountain plain and relief with a plateau morphology that it is individualized in the extensive plain areas, e.g., of the mountain Tepequém. Since 1930s this was a site of intense activity of diamond extraction what printed changes in the landscape. The main objective of this study is to understand the dynamics evolution of the landscape of the mountain Tepequém under diamond extraction activity and the reason of its erosion susceptibility, being natural or anthropic. To reach these objectives, a description of profiles of soils and saprolitic rock, as well as lateritic profiles were accomplished. Samples of soils, altered rocks, laterites and coal were collected. Besides, width, depth, extension and directional alignment of the channels of the gullies measurements were carried out. The collected materials were submitted to the following analyses: grain size, by humid way; minerals identification by X-ray diffraction and SEM techniques; total chemistry analysis (major elements) by ICP-MS and content of organic matter, humidity and density of the soil measurements. Coal samples were submitted to radiocarbon analyses by AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry). Appling the interpretation of optical images (Landsat-5/TM and Cbers-2/CCD) and the cartographic base, maps of structural alignment, relief (altimetry and declivity), drainage and vegetation covering were also elaborated. The mountain Tepequém stand out among the landscape dominated by relief of hills, residual hills and plane-slightly wavy surfaces because of its rectangular-rhombic format and outline of steep scarps elaborated on sedimentary rocks of Paleoproterozoic. The drainage system of the area delineates parallel, angle-rectangular and faults standards. The relief and drainage morphology of the mountain Tepequém and its around area define a subordination to the structural arrangement E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE directions represented by normal and strike-slip faults. In the mountain Tepequém, the geomorphologic compartments are established by 575 to 670 m high plain intra-valleys surfaces bordered by less than 774m high hills and residual hills and edge slopes less than 1100m high. The bush grassy savanna dominates this landscape and recovers the edge scarps and extends along the regional plain. The ciliary forest covers small stains along the Cabo Sobral and Paiva rivers. This scenery was quite modified because of diamond extraction activity. However, with the decline of this activity, the ciliary forest recovers spontaneously, as the optical images of the last 22 years shows (1984, 1995 and 2006). Intra-valleys plains were developed on sandy soils constituted by medium and fine grain size sandy domains, sub-angles to sub-rounded poorly selected, with low cohesion and small quantity of organic matter. These soils are developed on saprolitic derived of sandstones and siltstones. Locally stone lines and colluvial are observed, usually on the saprolitic. Immature laterites are found in the center-north hills of the mountain Tepequém. Quartz, muscovite in sub-milimetric plates and kaolinite partially involving the grains of quartz are predominant in soils constitution, while the lateritic profiles are constituted by gibbsite, goethite and hematite, besides quartz and kaolinite. Laterite and quartz fragments constitute the stone lines. High concentrations of SiO2 confirm the essentially quartz-character of the soils, while the values of Al2O3, K2O, MgO, Fe2O3 and TiO2 are more expressive in the saprolitic zones, confirming the kaolinite, muscovite and hematite domain, derived of claystones and siltstones. The radiocarbon ages in coal obtained for the superficial materials (colluvial and stone lines) show that these materials were formed at least 3.822 years BP. The intermountain plains reveal in its landscape erosive features in the piping formations, dolines and gullies, developed in the lands with sandy to silt materials domain. The channels of gullies are mainly aligned in the directions NE-SW and NW-SE corresponding to the directions of fractures and faults that section the Tepequém Formation. The seemingly stabilized gullies are partially covered by ferns that grow on the side and bottom surfaces of the channel. The evolution of the landscape of the mountain of Tepequém specially the formation of its general internal structure involves the tectonic still in Proterozoic. The inherited morphology reflects in the steep scarps around as well as in the top such a great synclinorium. The evolution of the landscape of the mountain of Tepequém during Cenozoic is marked by formation of small hills, some of these protected by lateritic crusts suggesting registration of a humid and hot paleoclimate in Pleistocene, which can admit the installation of the drainage net. The erosive process of the fluvial courses allies with the high gradient favored the transport of part of the sediments to W-SW direction, contributing in the formation of the intermountain plains. The current scenery is marked by the erosive retaking favored by the sandy non-cohesive nature of the soils, ally to a paleorelief inclined to the valleys and strongly fractured and failed that causes a strong shallow surface stormflow propitiating the piping formations, dolines and then the gullies. Thus, the diamond extraction activity can contribute in the intensification of the gullies but, however, it was not the decisive factor. Therefore, the evolution of the landscape of the mountain Tepequém in Proterozoic and in Cenozoic until the present is due to the interaction of multiple processes involving the tectonic history, the weathering changes and the several erosion cycles, as well as the restricted sedimentation and the small anthropic contribution.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aplicação de resíduos da mineração de bauxita na síntese de geopolímeros
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-08) BARRETO, Igor Alexandre Rocha; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
The process of extraction and beneficiation of bauxite deposits in the bauxite province of Paragominas/Rondon do Pará can generate large amounts of waste, mainly in two stages of the process: mining and processing. In the mining stage of the deposits, the “residue” comes from the removal of a thick layer of clay material (known as Belterra Clay). On the other hand, the “residue” from the beneficiation process is generated after the crushing, grinding and washing stages, which give rise to a large amount of clay material dispersed in a large amount of water. For the present study, it selected Belterra clay from the bauxite deposits of Rondon do Pará, a sample of Bauxite Washing Clay from the Hydro company and a sample of kaolin benefited from Imerys Company. The samples and geopolymers were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (FRX), Gravimetric Thermal Analysis (TG), Differential Exploratory Calorimeter (DSC), Optical Emission Spectrometry with Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) and Laser Particle Analyzer (APL). Geopolymers were synthesized from Belterra clay, microsilica and NaOH according to the Box-Benkhen design. Synthesis of geopolymers from Belterra clay and beneficiated kaolin was also carried out (a comparative study) using KOH and microsilica. Finally, geopolymers were synthesized from Bauxite washing clay with NaOH and microsilica according to the Doehlert design. In the study with only Belterra clay, the highest resistance result was 47.78MPa and the lowest result was 7.05MPa. In the comparative study between Belterra Clay and beneficiated kaolin, the best results of compressive strength were obtained with the beneficiated kaolin. The compressive strength results of the geopolymers synthesized from the Washing Clay ranged from 8.99 to 41.89MPa. These results demonstrate the positive potential of both samples for the synthesis of geopolymers that can be used as possible “Eco-friendly” substitutes for traditional materials, mainly ceramics and cement.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aproveitamento dos resíduos cauliníticos das indústrias de beneficiamento de caulim da região amazônica como matéria-prima para fabricação de um material de construção (pozolanas)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-12-18) BARATA, Márcio Santos; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3026-5523
The Capim and Jarí regions are the most important kaolin district in the Amazon region, with the largest Brazilian reserves of high whiteness kaolin for paper coating products. Kaolin is obtained from three companies (IRCC, PPSA and CADAM) which produce annually around 1,000 M ton kaolinite-rich wastes derived mainly from the centrifugation phase of the process. The sludge is disposed on artificial sedimentary lakes covering large areas. Another type of kaolin waste is related to a non-processed iron-rich hard or flint kaolin, that overlays the so-called soft kaolin horizon (the main ore). These wastes exhibit appropriate characteristics for the production of high-reactivity metakaolin because they are extremely fine and composed of mainly by kaolinite. The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of using these wastes as raw materials to produce mineral admixtures for OPC concretes. The wastes were firstly characterized for x-rays diffraction, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, x-rays fluorescence and SEM. Three heating temperatures were evaluated: 750ºC, 850ºC and 900ºC, followed by pozzolanic activity tests based on traditional mechanical assays using Portland cement and hydrated lime mortars, and “Chapelle” test. The results showed that the more reactive pozzolans are those produced at temperatures that gave rise to higher LOI. The optimum burning temperature to produce metakaolinite from the hard kaolin was obtained at 750ºC while those from the Rio Jari and Rio Capim wastes were at 850ºC and 900ºC. The main reason is related to differences in the amounts of defects from three different wastes. The flint kaolin and Rio Jari waste are mainly composed by a “high-defect” kaolinite while the kaolinite from Rio Capim waste is a “lowdefect” kaolinite. In concrete test using different pozzolans those with metakaolin from wastes improved the mechanical and durability properties in comparasion to silica fume, a industrially manufactured metakaolin and reference concretes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Argamassas históricas de Belém do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-09-16) LOUREIRO, Alexandre Máximo Silva; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607
The city of Belém, northern Brazil, known as the metropolis of the Amazon, was established on the banks of the Guajará Bay on January 12, 1616, with the denomination of Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão-Pará, capital of the Grão-Pará province, now the state of Pará. Currently, Belém still has layers of lime mortar on its colonial and imperial buildings, which protect the secular structures and provide evidence of how this material was produced early in its history. Over the years, the deteriorating aspects identified in lime mortars, which damage both aesthetics and functionality, are related to the humidity, saline efflorescence, biological colonization, and/or anthropic actions. Once deteriorated, mortars require maintenance, consolidation, or replacement, which are difficult procedures that can lead to the use of inappropriate materials. Therefore, a good collect and characterization strategies of the original material is necessary for the restoration of historical monuments, because in studies focused on restoration science, the intervention strategy needs to include the use of building materials compatible with the original materials. Thus, the main objective of this doctoral thesis is to determine the characteristics and properties of historical mortars in Belém do Pará from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as to propose a restoration mortars compatible with the historic mortars, which using industrial waste from Amazon Region. Therefore, this thesis was structured in three independent and complementary thematic articles, which addresses the topic of the historical mortars of Belém do Pará, since their characterization until the proposal of restoration mortars: 1) Investigation of the historical mortar of Belém do Pará, Northern Brazil; 2) How to estimate the binder: aggregate ratio from aerial lime-based historical mortars for restoration? and; 3) The use of industrial waste of the Amazon region in lime-metakaolin restoration mortars: compatibility assessment. Thus, the physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics were determined, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the historical material and the restoration material. The results of the historical mortars characterization pointing their main components, their functions and raw materials, besides indicating the analytical techniques used for binder: aggregate ratio quantification, which obtained good accuracy and reliability in your results. Moreover, the results show a wide range of characteristics and properties obtained through restoration mortars, which can serve as a benchmark for other studies or even for practical applications in historic masonry. Therefore, it was possible to identify the restoration mortars most compatible with the historical mortars of Belém do Pará, Northern Brazil.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação da contaminação por metais pesados em sedimentos por atividades de estaleiros na Baia do Guajará e no canal do Rio Maguari
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-12-17) GUIMARÃES, Robledo Hideki Ebata; WALLNER-KERSANACH, Mônica; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7960214506412584; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
Antifouling paints applied on ships contain high concentrations of metals in their composition, mainly copper and zinc, with concentrations above 50% and 20%, respectively. Despite being essential elements for living beings, in high concentrations it causes problems in cell growth and reproduction of organisms. In the city of Belém, State of Pará, a significant amount of industrial and domestic effluents is released into the Bay of Guajará, one of which is related to activities in shipyards. Previous studies have shown evidence of metal contamination in the sediments in the edge of Belém estuary, however, no work has highlighted contamination from shipyards. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate sediment contamination by activities in shipyards and abandonment of vessels in the edge of Belém city. The three samples of sediments were collected in 5 shipyards in Belém, two of which were collected in the less rainy period (September 2017 and November 2019) and one in the rainy season in May 2018. The sediment was collected up to 10 cm deep, and samples of paint fragments and fragments of the hulls of abandoned vessels were collected. The in situ pH of the interstitial sediment water was measured. In the laboratory, the sediment samples were placed in an oven at 60°C to dry, disaggregated and then sieved (< 63μm). The samples of paint fragments and the hulls of abandoned boats were washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60°C, macerated, mixed with the sprayed white area and reserved. A sample of the commercial paint most commonly used in shipyards was placed on a cellulose nitrate membrane in a hood, after which part of the sample was removed and macerated. An aliquot of the sediment samples from each shipyard was used for particle size analysis, using a laser particle analyzer. The mineralogical composition of the sediment samples was determined by X-ray diffraction, powder method. The clay minerals were determined by X-ray diffraction, following Stokes' Law and according to the methodology proposed by Moore & Reynolds Jr (2002). For the determination of total organic carbon, a TOC - VCPH analyzer with a combustion detector was used. To determine the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Ba, V, Li, Fe and Al contained in sediment, commercial paint, paint fragments and hull fragments of abandoned ships, the samples were subjected to chemical extraction with aqua regia and determined through Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES). For statistical treatment of the data, Spearman's correlation was applied to determine the relationship between the parameters, and the Principal Component Analysis test to determine the relationship of metals with shipyards, control station and diffuse anthropogenic source station. The Wilcoxon test was also applied to verify if there were significant differences in the metal concentrations of the sediments collected in front of the shipyard with the sediments collected that were in contact with the abandoned vessel. To assess the level of contamination by metals, the geoaccumulation index proposed by Muller (1969) was applied. The sediment granulometry of the Belem shore presents a higher proportion of sand and silt. The sediments are composed of muscovite, illite, kaolinite, quartz and plagioclase. The clay minerals identified were: smectite, kaolinite, illite and quartz. The pH values of the interstitial water of the sediment samples from Baía do Guajará and Furo do Maguari were around 5.2 – 6.7. The total organic carbon of the sediment was around 0.6% to 2.2%. The commercial paint analyzed presented the following concentrations: Fe (21.2%), Cu (18,497 mg kg-1), Zn (16,589 mg kg-1) and Al (1.59%). The highest concentrations found in the composition of paint fragments and in the fragments of the hulls of abandoned vessels were: Fe (69.2 %), Ba (29,583 mg kg-1), Zn (9,350 mg kg-1), Pb (1,406 mg kg-1), Cu (697 mg kg-1) and Cr (548.7 mg kg-1). This result revealed that abandonment of vessels is the biggest source of contamination in shipyard areas in the city of Belém. According to the Sediment Quality Guidelines for Metals in Freshwater Ecosystems by Buchman (2008), only the average concentration of Cu, with 41.0 mg kg-1, in the sediment reached values above the Threshold Effects Level for the amphipod, Hyallela azteca (28.0 mg kg-1) in the ABSS shipyard. The other shipyards had copper averages ranging between 13.3 – 28.3 mg kg-1. The other metals had mean concentrations always below the Threshold Effects Level value. Spatially, the sediments that were collected in front of the ABSS shipyard for most metals had higher concentrations compared to the sediments that were in contact with the hull of the abandoned ship, of this shipyard. However, the sediments that were collected in front of the MS shipyard in general had lower concentrations compared to the sediments that were in direct contact with the abandoned vessel. Those that presented with concentrations of Cu (39.0 mg kg-1), Zn (120.0 mg kg-1) and Cr (32.0 mg kg-1) that exceed the value of Threshold Effects Level for the amphipod. However, the Wilcoxon Rank statistical test did not attest significant differences in the sediment collected in front of the shipyards with the sediment that was in contact with the abandoned vessels. The main elements that make up the antifouling paints: Cu, Zn had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.80; p<0.05). The Principal Component Analysis confirmed contamination by the metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Li, Fe and Al and has a stronger relationship with shipyard activities and ship abandonment than with diffuse geogenic or anthropogenic sources The geoaccumulation index classified the sediments close to the IS and ABSS shipyards as moderately polluted for copper with indices of 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. The other metals Zn, Ba, Fe and Al in the studied shipyards show an anthropogenic contribution by activities in shipyards and abandonment of vessels, classifying one or more shipyards as being in a situation close to a polluted environment, for one or more studied metals, with geoaccumulation index close to 2. The results can support additional studies of metal contamination through activities in shipyards and abandonment of vessels, and it can assist in the application of waste management in shipyards and ship cemeteries around the world.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Cristaloquímica de esmectitas dioctaédricas em bentonitas brasileiras
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-07-01) VEGA PORRAS, David Enrique; PAZ, Simone Patrícia Aranha da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5376678084716817; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-7638
Bentonites are mineral inputs of great industrial interest due to the physicochemical properties of clay minerals from the smectite group. These properties, resulting from the complex crystal chemistry and small particle size of smectites, include various layer charge, swelling capacity, and cation exchange capacity. In Brazil, the main bentonite deposits are located in the municipality of Boa Vista, Paraíba, which accounts for >70% of the country’s production. However, the progressive depletion of these varieties has motivated the search for new deposits. Among them, the Formosa deposit, in the state of Maranhão, stands out. Although both the Boa Vista and, to a lesser extent, the Formosa bentonites have been extensively studied in their <2 μm or coarser fractions, the crystal chemistry of their smectites has not yet been fully elucidated. This is due not only to the typical chemical and structural complexity of smectites, but also to the difficulty of obtaining pure smectite phases and the interference of accessory minerals. In this context, this thesis presents a detailed study of the crystal chemistry of smectite from the Formosa deposit, comparing it with three commercial varieties from Boa Vista: Bofe, Chocolate, and Verde Lodo. The <2 μm, 0.1-2 μm, and <0.1 μm fractions were analyzed, with the latter being the main focus of the study. The analyses included XRD (Rietveld method), FTIR, TEM-EDS, SEM, XRF, AAS, TG, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. These smectites, previously described as montmorillonites, also exhibit significant tetrahedral layer charge. In fact, the four samples show a tetrahedral charge of approximately 0.15 per half unit cell, sufficient to induce swelling after the Hofmann-Klemen treatment. The octahedral symmetry of all four samples was trans-vacant, influenced by both the Fe content and the tetrahedral charge. The structural and chemical similarities between the Formosa and Boa Vista smectites, along with similar smectite content in the <2 μm and <0.1 μm fractions – as quantified by the Rietveld method – demonstrated that the Formosa deposit is a potential alternative to the Boa Vista bentonites.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de processo para obtenção de zeólita do tipo faujasita a partir de caulim de enchimento, caulim duro e tube press: aplicação como adsorvente.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-31) ROCHA JUNIOR, Carlos Augusto Ferreira da; NEVES, Roberto de Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9559386620588673; 9559386620588673
The main purpose of this work is zeolite synthesis of faujasite type (X and Y) from kaolin from the beneficiation process for paper coating, hard kaolin or Flint (mining of waste), tube press kaolin and filler kaolin. For each process zeolitização kaolin used in a chemical reactor a product of calcination of each material (metakaolin), sodium metasilicate, solid sodium hydroxide and distilled water, subjected at 110 ° C, reaction time 13 h Si / Al ratio of 2, 4 and 6. The products of each zeolite synthesis as well as the starting kaolin were characterized by chemical, physical and mineralogical analyzes such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy scan and thermal analysis. From these tests, it was observed that all the kaolin showed the formation of faujasite zeolite, but with differences in the peak intensities and their associations with other zeolite phases. Hard kaolin showed a lower potential zeolitization into the Si / Al ratio equal to 2 compared with the other two supposedly related to the iron present in its composition, thus made was a removal process of this constituent, by Mehra and Jackson method to verify a possible maximization in the synthesis process. New results indicated a complete modifications to the area and degree of structural order of faujasita phase, now moving into a major phase and there is an increase in the degree of structural order. As this reaction condition for consumption and a lower cost of raw materials and energy for calcination This medium was used as a starting point for an experimental design to evaluate the best reaction conditions. This design was varied some parameters of the synthesis as temperature, reaction time, Si / Al ratio and H2O / Na2O. The results of the statistical design showed the formation of faujasite in 32 points of study, as well as a great region with 8 points of planning, in this region point 13 proved the best reaction conditions. The zeolite synthesized at this point, showed an increase of ammonium adsorption capacity and percentage near 85 % efficiency up to 60 ppm. The Langmuir model was more suitable than the Freundlich and Sips in agreement with experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption of NH4 + is a spontaneous and exothermic process, in which the temperature rise from 25 to 60 ° C promotes a small decrease in the adsorption capacity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento do processo de síntese da zeólita A e da sodalita a partir de rejeitos de Caulim da Amazônia com aplicações em adsorção
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-31) MAIA, Ana Áurea Barreto; POLMANN, Herbert; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607; 7501959623721607
The minimization of industrial and domestic residues is one of the great challenges that human kind is facing. Several proposals are released for this intention, ranging from improving industrial processes in order to minimize waste generation, besides their use in the production of new materials. In this context, this work has the main purpose of using kaolin residues from industries located in the Pará State, northern Brazil, for the production of zeolites (e.g., zeolite A and sodalite). These companies exploit kaolin from the world famous Capim and Jari regions and produce high quality kaolin for the paper industry. Preliminary mineralogical and chemical characterization of the Capim (KC) and Jari (KJ) kaolin residues was carried out as the basis for further zeolite A and sodalite synthesis. The study of thermal activation of kaolinite at various temperatures was carried out using 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), in order to to produce highly reactive metakaolinite from KC and KJ residues. The zeolite NaA synthesis was performed for varying parameters such as time and Na/Al relation. Temperature was kept constant at 110 °C for the two starting materials (KC and KJ). The KA, MgA and CaA phases were prepared by ionic exchange from phase NaA. In the sodalite synthesis, kaolinite was used directly as starting material and two temperatures (150 and 200 °C) were utilized. The Na/anion and Na/Al relations were maintained constant and varied, respectively in the reaction mixture for KC and KJ. The removal performance of mixed metal ions (Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+ e Ni2+) in aqueous solution was investigated by adsorption process on zeolite NaA prepared from KC an KJ as proposal to reduce environmental problem with industrial wastewater streams that contain heavy metals. The XRD results showed that the residues are mainly composed of kaolinite with extremely low impurity level. For comparing the residues from two regions, Capim and Jari verified that the KC displays a high degree of structural order. This difference displays significant influence in the ideal heating temperature to produce a material with high amount of 4-coordinated A1. As a result, the ideal temperature to produce highly reactive metakaolinite is: 600 °C for Jari kaolin residue and 700 °C for Capim kaolin residue. Zeolite A was produced with a large degree of structural order and was generally obtained as the only zeolitic product. The following synthesis conditions were used: Na/Al ratio of 1.64 and time 18 and 20 h for KC and KJ, respectively. The cationic exchange process between Na from zeolite A and K, Mg and Ca in solutions displays efficient result and with XRD data, was verified that the KA, MgA and CaA phases were obtained with success. The sodalite series was produced from KC and KJ and by FTIR was confirmed the chloride, sulphate and carbonate insertion in its structure. The KJ kaolinite displays high reactivated in the sodalite synthesis, it could be explicated by its low degree of structural order. The sorption capacity of heavy metals mixture (Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+ e Ni2+) on zeolite NaA, produced from KC and KJ, display satisfactory values. The results revealed that the Langmuir model is more appropriate than Freundlich in the fit of the experimental data. Zeolite A, produced from residues (KC and KJ), could be excellent materials for the treatment of wastewater.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Dinâmica da paisagem na porção norte da Ilha do Bananal-TO e adjacências ao longo do Quaternário tardio.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-08-30) MENDES, Laís Aguiar da Silva; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
Paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental studies aim to understand processes of global landscapes evolution, contributing to the reconstitution of the quaternary landscapes and the climatic and environmental changes to which were submitted during this period of the earth's geological history. Some studies in the Amazon, but especially those led in regions more sensitive, such as ecotones and wetlands, show that these areas underwent various paleoecological changes during the Pleistocene and Holocene. The present study was led in the Bananal Island region located in a transition area between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. The Bananal Island, considered by many authors the largest river island in the world, occupies an area of about 20,000 km2 and is located between the middle course of the Araguaia River and its tributary by the right branch, the Javaés River, in the state of Tocantins. The northern portion of the island stands out for its complex mosaic of geomorphological features (marginal dikes, abandoned meanders, paleochannels and lakes) and contrasting geobotanical features (forests and savannas), such that reflect the intense hydrodynamic activity in this region. Seasonally it is flooded by rainwater and rising water table, so it is considered a seasonal wetland. The aim of this work is to understand the dynamics of this landscape, based on the mineralogical and chemical composition of soils and sediments and the palynological composition study of lacustrine sediments of this region. Therefore, samples of ravines exposed on the banks of Javaés and Araguaia rivers, sandy bars and lake sediments were collected. Soils and sediments were analyzed for their mineralogy by X-ray diffraction and chemistry by ICP-AES and ICPMS. The sediment cores collected in 2 distinct lakes, one located in the interior of the northern portion of Bananal Island (Quatro Veados Lake) and the other located on the surroundings of the Javaés River (Mata Verde Lake) were analyzed for their palynological content and dated by AMS 14C. The results of this research are presented in 3 articles: the first one treaties about the mineralogy and geochemistry of the soils and sediments of Bananal Island, the bars and ravines along the Javaés River. Therefore, it discusses about the diversified nature of the minerals and chemical elements that the strata and horizons of these surface covers are composed, pointing to geological provenance, as well as the geochemical processes involved in the current and past dynamics of this landscape. The second article presents the dynamics of vegetation over the last 2000 years AP in the interior of Bananal Island and discusses its relationship with local climatic and edaphic conditions. The third article, on the other hand, describes the vegetational succession occurred in the last 400 years AP, based on the pollen record of sediments from a lake located on the Bananal Island surrounds, and analyzes the modern pollen spectrum in the region. The results obtained through this work present a highly diversified landscape in terms of its geoforms, sedimentary and pedogenetic coverings and geobotanical aspects resulting from the various moments of its geological history and which even today is dynamic and intriguing. The soils and sediments of this landscape are varied as their textures (sequences of sandy and clay materials) and mineralogical and chemical compositions, where primary minerals and derivatives of varied degrees of chemical weathering coexist in the same profile, showing moments of contrasting climatic conditions. Even, nowadays it is possible to observe in situ environments with variable dynamics (erosive, sedimentary, pedogenetic, etc.), as well as, several geochemical processes, such as those of oxidation of sandy bars and ravines and also the reductive processes of these ferruginized sands (sometimes, mistakenly confused for lateritic profiles), due to contact with organic acids produced by forest cover and hydromorphic conditions such as they are subjected. Regarding vegetation changes throughout the late Holocene, climate control was observed, but especially edaphic, since this area is seasonally flooded, a fact favored by the clayey nature of the soil surface horizons, the rainfall high rates as a prolonged rainy season (on average 6 months) and extensively flat terrain. Thus, factors such as flood duration and hydromorphism conditions stemming are responsible for controlling the installation of forests and/or savannas that characterize the region. So, the regency of a drier climate with the shortening rainy seasons that causes the water table rise, may represent favorable conditions for the development and advancement of the forest. On the other hand, a wetter climate with longer rainy seasons would cause flooding, covering larger areas and the soils would remain saturated for longer periods, a fact that undermines the advancement of the forest and allows the maintenance or even expansion of savannas, especially those dominated by grasses over the region. However, as already mentioned, the climatic conditions in this region control the expansion of forest formations, but they are not the only protagonists in this process, since the presence of wetland due to low and flat topography, clay soils, soil and sediment saturation is an effective impediment to the forest installation. Another factor responsible for replacing for gallery forest by savanna’s tree, for example, is the channel abandonment, a fact that is currently observed in the region, where it is possible to tread inside these old river beds, many of these places already enriched with species such as Curatella americana and Byrsonima sp among others. The Bananal Island, which is geologically inserted in the context of the Bananal Basin and is bathed by one of the largest hydrographic basins in the Brazilian territory (Araguaia-Tocantins), sets up as an extremely important landscape for understanding the wetlands dynamics and also from the savanna-forest ecotone areas during the Quaternary, since, it fits in both situations. The northern part of the island where this research was developed still needs studies. However, in general, this research has contributed to understand the functional dynamics of this landscape in face of the region climate and environmental changes, as well as to increase the knowledge about the transition landscapes between the Amazon forest and savannas, such as the paleoenvironmental knowledge is still restricted.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito do tempo de síntese de zeólita A a partir de caulim amazônico, conformação por extrusão e verificação desta na eficiência de adsorção de NH4 +
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-04-24) SANTOS, Suzianny Cristina Arimatéa; NEVES, Roberto de Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9559386620588673
Kaolin is widely used in the field of materials (ceramics, pozzolans, fillers and manufacture of paints) as much as the waste and the product received. Currently the most exploited use has been in zeolite synthesis, as it presents the most noble applications. Zeolites are synthesized from silicon and aluminum sources, a fact that justifies the use of kaolin, because it is formed essentially by the clay mineral kaolinite (Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4). In this work we made a kaolin comparison of Grass River region with kaolin mineralogical / chemical and other Amazon kaolin reference to see if you can make it a reference material. The comparison was carried out by size analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy and crystallinity calculations. Moreover, the kaolin of the Rio Capim region was used as a source of silicon and aluminum to obtain the zeolite in order to determine the effect of time on the synthesis. Assays were performed in a time of 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 24 h applied in these zeolites ammonia adsorption. From the synthesized zeolite was carried out the forming process by extrusion, evaluating various ligands (sodium silicate, bentonite, kaolin and CMC) and firing temperatures (500, 700 and 800 ° C). Later, these were extruded applied also in ammonium adsorption to check its efficiency. It was observed that it is possible to use kaolin Grass River as mineralogical reference material (high degree of structural order) and/or chemical, because it showed performance equal or close to the reference kaolin compared in this work. The zeolite A was synthesized from Amazon kaolin and this presented an excellent silicon and aluminum source. All synthesis times gave zeolite A zeolite in amounts of ~ 600 g. All zeolites showed a high degree of structural view to XRD and SEM. It was also found that synthetic zeolite A in 30 minutes time can be performed without loss in its application, since it presented below only 3% difference in adsorption efficiency compared to 24 h. The shaping by extrusion tests proved promising, 5 out of 10 trials were successful in obtaining granulated with physical strength. However, only the granules containing sodium silicate and CMC as a binder showed a high ammonia adsorption efficiency. With values of ~ 95,5% efficiency in 24 hours of contact.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Elementos terras raras, U, Th e elementos potencialmente tóxicos em agroecossistemas com uso de fertilizantes no nordeste do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-11-30) BRAZ, Anderson Martins de Souza; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The Amazon region is the last agricultural frontier in Brazil and the increasing demand for food and renewable energy sources has intensified the pressure on land use. The Pará state is one of the world's largest producers of oil palm and black pepper, being the mesoregion Northeast Paraense responsible for the annual production of 1,634,476 tons of oil palm, 39,577 tons of black pepper and 286,768 tons of oranges, which represents 97, 50 and 2% of the Brazilian production. The Amazon soils, to express the high agricultural potential, demand high rates of fertilizer application. However, the raw materials used in the production of agricultural inputs are also sources of soil contamination. Thus, studies that facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of rare earth elements (REEs) and other metals / metalloids in the region's soils are relevant. And, based on the premise that anthropic action, mainly through agricultural activities, has caused significant increases in the levels of these elements in soils, the objective was to evaluate (i) the REEs concentrations and other metals in Amazon agroecosystems of orange, oil palm and black pepper, with 26, 10 and 5 years of implantation, respectively; (ii) determine the contamination rates, such as the enrichment and bioaccumulation factors and; (iii) establishing / discussing relationships with soil properties. The results showed: (i) REEs are extremely correlated to soil pH; (ii) the europium (Eu) presented the largest bioaccumulation factor among the REEs; (iii) the activity concentrations of 238U and 232Th in soil with black pepper cultivation were higher than the world average of 238U (35 Bq kg-1) and 232Th (30 Bq kg-1) according established by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR); (iv) moderate enrichment factors (EFs) for Ba, Pb and Zn (2> EF <5) and significant for As and Cu (5> EF <20); (v) the following orders of bioaccumulation: oil palm - Cu> Zn> Hg> Ni> Ba> Co> As> Cr> Cd ≈ Pb; black pepper - Zn> Hg> Cu> Ba> Ni> Co> Pb >> As> Cr> Cd; orange - Hg> Ni> Ba> Zn> Co> Cu> As> Pb >> Cr> Cd. In this context, this is the first study evaluating the absorption of REEs by Amazonian crops of great importance for global markets. A relevant contribution to predict the accumulation of contaminants in soils resulting from anthropic activities, especially in regions of agricultural importance and environmental vulnerability such as the biome Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A Evolução da paisagem de transição savana-floresta em Roraima durante o Holoceno tardio: base mineralógica, geoquímica e palinológica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-01-10) MENESES, Maria Ecilene Nunes da Silva; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
The Amazonia includes several vegetation physiognomies, besides the large and well-known tropical forest. The savannas, for instance, are present in several areas as discontinuous patches or covering extensive areas as it is the case of the savannas found in the north and northeast portions of the Roraima state. These savannas belong to the so-called Rio Branco-Rupununi Complex considered the largest continuous block of that vegetation type in the Brazilian Amazonian which in the state of Roraima covers about 41.000 km2 of a total of 53.000 km2 being limited to the south and west by tropical forests. In order to understand the vegetational dynamic and the evolution of the whole landscape in face of the possible climatic changes occurred along the geological time, the present study was carried out. The chosen area for this work represents a zone of transition between savannas and forests in the western portion of the savanna block, where four topossequences (FC, FH, TIA and RU) representative of the relief, vegetation and pedological cover patterns were selected for sampling. Then, samples of the regolith cover were collected starting at the base of the topossequences (veredas) until their top parts following the visible texture and color variations of the materials. Additionally, other two veredas (AM and MB) were also cored. These regoliths samples were submitted to analyses such as granulometrical by wet sieving; mineralogical by XRD and chemical (major and trace elements) by ICP-MS and XRF methods. The sediments of the veredas were still dated by radiocarbon method using the AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) technique, and also submitted to palynological analyses including the counting of charred particles. The regoliths of the studied area vary of sandy to silty sand textures being composed by quartz and kaolinite, and in minor amounts by muscovite, sillimanite, goethite, microcline and albite. The high values of SiO2 confirm the quartzose character of these regoliths, while the values of Al2O3, more expressive in the saprolite and in the sediments from veredas reflect the higher participation of the kaolinite, which is the single clay mineral identified in these samples. The mineralogical and chemical compositions of these materials indicate provenience of metamorphic rocks and laterites that faced with warm and wet climatic conditions have been suffered strong chemical weathering and leaching. The formation and wide development of vereda of Mauritia flexuosa since about 1550 years BP as showed by the pollen analyses corroborate the humidity increase in the area, which also favored the expansion of forests. In fact, trees of Virola, Alchornea, Melastomataceae and Moraceae among other were frequent suggesting that gallery forests as well as patches of secondary forests indicated by Didymopanax, Cecropia and Attalea occurred in this region in the most of the recorded period. In spite of those humid conditions, there are records of reduction of the forests about 1400-1100 years ( FC), 900-200 years (AM and FC) and between 700 and 300 years (site TIA) in favor of the expansion of the savannas. It is probable that the reduction of forests during those periods has been provoked by the increase in the intensity of fires, inferred by the highest concentration of charred particles in the sediments, prior and during the forest cover decrease. These fires are still common in the area, being more frequent in the neighborhoods of human establishments (indigenous) and cattle farms where they possibly work as a barrier to forest expansion. Although, alternate hydromorphic and hydrological stress conditions also contribute to prevent a forest expansion. The granulometrical, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the regolith cover combined to the sediments pollen and ages records allowed to interpret that the studied savanna-forest landscape, which is currently marked by a complex mosaic of grassy and woody savanna crossed by veredas of Mauritia flexuosa, gallery forest corridors and islands of forest covering sandy, quartzose and kaolinitic regoliths agree with the modern warm and wet climate conditions prevailing in this region since the Late Holocene. In compensation, features such as stone lines composed by fragments of quartz and crusts denote erosive events occurred probably in the Late Pleistocene and even in the Medium Holocene when dry to arid climates dominated the region. Then, the regarded landscape has been a stage of intense ecological and geomorphological transformations fomented mainly by the climatic changes imposed to the area, although the prehistoric and the modern man has also contributed, in the sense of delaying the expansion of the forests on the savannas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Evolução supergênica do depósito cuprífero Alvo 118 - Província Mineral de Carajás
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-12-15) SANTOS, Pabllo Henrique Costa dos; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
The Carajás Mineral Province is home to one of the most extensive cupriferous belts in the world, where hypogene mineralizations were partially transformed into gossans, later lateritized and/or truncated during landscape evolution. These covers represent an information source for mineral exploration and, in some cases, can be mined together with parental hypogene mineralizations. The plateaus of the South American Surface host complete and lateritized gossans, while the surrounding denuded areas, typical of the Velhas Surface, exhibit incomplete or immature gossans, with the Alvo 118 deposit as an example. In this orebody, the hypogene mineralization was converted into an immature gossan located at depth, while the host rocks were weathered near the surface, forming a mineralized saprolite. The gossan comprises an oxidation zone, which includes goethite, malachite, pseudomalachite, cuprite, tenorite, native copper, ramsbeckite, chrysocolla, and libethenite, with relics of a secondary sulfide zone, represented by chalcocite. These minerals are distributed in the goethite, malachite, cuprite, and libethenite zones, with their mineral successions reflecting the transition of mineralizing solutions from acidic to slightly alkaline conditions and an increase in oxidation potential. This environment was established from the interaction of acid solutions, derived from chalcopyrite dissolution, with the gangue minerals (calcite and apatite) and the host rocks, granodiorites and, secondarily, chloritites, which acted in buffering the system, favoring the formation of new copper-bearing minerals. The strong correlations of CuO with Ag, Te, Pb, Se, Bi, Au, In, Y, U, and Sn in the hypogene mineralization reflect the inclusions of petzite, altaite, galena, uraninite, cassiterite, and stannite in chalcopyrite. In the gossan, Ag, Te, Pb, Se, and Bi remained associated and were incorporated into neoformed copper minerals. On the other hand, Au, In, Y, U, and Sn exhibit greater affinity with iron oxyhydroxides, as well as Zn, As, Be, Ga, Mo and Ni. The δ65Cu values reinforce that the investigated gossan is immature and was not intensely affected by leaching processes. The main mineral phases identified in the saprolite are kaolinite (predominant), associated with chlorite, smectite, vermiculite, quartz, and iron oxyhydroxides. Iron oxyhydroxides are strongly correlated with Ga, Sc, Sn, V, Mn, Co, and Cr, partly derived from the weathering of parent rocks. Additionally, Mössbauer spectroscopy data point to the important role of ferrihydrite and goethite as copper-bearing phases. There is no evidence of copper incorporation by clay minerals. The δ56Fe values indicate a little contribution of primary mineralization to the Fe content of the saprolite, which is more influenced by chlorite weathering. The association Al2O3, Hf, Zr, Th, TiO2, Ce, La, Ba, and Sr represents the geochemical signature of the host rocks, which influence the chemical composition of the three types of mineralization. On the other hand, the association In, Y, Te, Pb, Bi, and Se comprise the main pathfinder elements of the hypogene mineralization. Detailed knowledge of the supergene mineral and geochemical fractionation makes the Alvo 118 deposit a reference guide for investigating immature gossans and mineralized saprolites in denuded areas of the Carajás Mineral Province or equivalent terrains.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Hidróxidos duplos lamelares e sílica gel à base de escória de alto forno, com ênfase na aplicação do HDL na catálise do óleo essencial de Conobea scoparioides da região Amazônica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-12-03) REBELO, Monaliza Maia; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
Lamellar double hydroxides (LDHs) and silica gel were obtained from the residue steel blast furnace (SBF) from the municipality of Maraba-PA. The SBF when digested in HCl resulted in two phases. The soluble phase (solution SBF) was used to synthesize the LDHs, while the solid phase is characterized by different techniques. The LDHs were synthesized by coprecipitation with increasing pH by mixing an aqueous NaOH solution with SBF and MgCl2.6H2O, establishing a theoretical molar ratio Mg/Al = 3.5. The variables investigated were the synthesis temperature (30 to 45 °C) and pH (9 and 12). The HDLs showed a hydrotalcite like structure. The LDHs synthesized at 30 °C showed characteristics of the system Mg-Al-CO3 while synthesized at 45 °C were belonging to the system Mg-Al-CO3-Cl. The pH values directly influenced the crystal structure of LDHs. The LDHs synthesized at higher pH values shown greater degree of structural ordering and highest values of the unit cell parameters a and c and basal spacing d (003), besides having higher Mg content. The resulting solid phase from the acid digestion of SBF, silica-coded EAF, showed amorphous character, typical of amorphous silica. The EAF-silica showed similar properties as those of commercial high purity silica, with a 99.65%-weight of SiO2, moisture free. It showed a high specific surface area (282 m2/g), high affinity for physio-sorbed water (12,27%) and high amount of water content (6.18%). It has extremely fine particle sizes, forming agglomerates of varying sizes, some of them smaller than 1 μm with morphology typical of porous material. The particles of EAF-silica exhibited unimodal size distribution and good uniformity with a mean diameter D50 equal to 7,0 μm. With the intent to find an application for LDHs based SBF, the EAF hydrotalcite-HDL-4 belonging to the system Mg-Al-CO3-Cl, with a molar ratio Mg/ Al: 3.2 and porous morphology was evaluated as a catalyst in the conversion between the major constituents of the essential oil of C. scoparioides, an aromatic herb from the Amazon region known as “pataqueira”. The EAF-4-HDL showed a strong influence on the conversion of α-phellandrene, ρ-cymene, methyl ether of thymol and thymol, with high selectivity to the formation of thymol. The EAF-HDL-4 in contact with the oil sample in EtOH showed no significant catalytic activity. However, in the samples of the oil in EtOH: water showed a decreasing trend in the percentage of α-phellandrene, ρ-cymene and thymol methyl ether, with increasing water content, while the percentage of thymol has been increased. It was found that, in the samples analyzed after contact with the EAF-HDL-4, the percentage of thymol was above those in the respective control samples, with values increased between 2.69% to 86.75%. Based on these data, we suggest that the conversion between the major constituents was favored by water and catalyzed by EAF-HDL-4. We propose that both the α-phellandrene and ρ-cymene and thymol methyl ether were converted to thymol, increasing it percentage in the essential oil of C. scoparioides that was 41.62% and after contact with the HDL went up to a percentage of 95.02% thymol.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O intemperismo tropical como agente de degradação de cadeias de isoladores de alta tensão em subestações na Amazônia Oriental: estudo de caso em Barcarena-PA e São Luís-MA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-11-13) PORFIRIO, Darilena Monteiro; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The deposition of atmospheric particulates of the Belém-PA region, Barcarena-PA and São Luís-MA and the species geochemical characterization of the can help in understanding the effect of tropical weathering and how it acts in the degradation of chains of high voltage insulators in electrical substations in the Amazon. In the sampling, it was important to evaluate the seasonality (dry and rainy period) performed by 24 monthly surveys between January-2012 and February-2016, using the directional dust deposit gauge - DDDG ABNT NBR IEC 60815-1 (2015) and the wet candles of chloride (ABNT NBR 6211) and the lead oxide (ABNT NBR 6921) were used to determine chloride and sulfate rates, respectively. To characterize the samples of soluble material was made by ion chromatography (IC); the elemental analysis of the insoluble fraction was done by Laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and the morphology was identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the X-ray source (EDS). In the Barcarena-PA rainwater the order of occurrence of the ions was Na+> Cl-> SO4 2- > Ca2+ > K+> F-> NH4 +-N > Mg2-> NO3 - -N. There is a marine contribution of Na+ and Cl- and anthropic of SO4 2-, F- and NO3 --N. The annual mean dust deposition rates of São Luís-MA (7 to 11 mg m -2 day -1) are similar to those of Barcarena-PA (7 to 14 mg m -2 day-1). However, the classification of local pollution severity according to ABNT NBR IEC 60815-1 (2015) is high for Barcarena-PA and medium for São Luís-MA due to conductive deposition (Type B). The deposition rates Cl- /SO4 -2, the presence of F-, SO4 2- and NO3 --N showed greater anthropic impact in the Barcarena-PA substation than in the São Luís-MA substation. Thus, there are indications that the atmospheric corrosively conditions in the study regions and the effects of degradation on the electrical insulators will follow this logic, the intensity and the risk of failure, relating to the more intense industrial anthropic contribution in the SEVC. Since marine, anthropogenic and crustal salt sources increase the potential risk to electrical components in transmission lines.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Interações geoquímicas na superfície de gleissolos no Estuário Amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-06-29) SILVA, Sérgio Brazão e; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432
The floodplains are the lowlands and about that are near the bank of rivers. Are abundant in the Amazon estuary and have great environmental variability, with wide range of soils, vegetation, water flooding and flooding regime. The great variability of environments found, however, imposes the need to develop studies to know them, to induce their utilization and conservation. The high fertility of these soils stand out compared to other Amazonian soils with low fertility. Specific regional characteristics however need to be investigated to understand the exact mechanism for the formation of soil fertility in this environment. Initial research pointed primarily to the contribution of the clogging of sediment to the formation of fertility in these soils. To assist in understanding the geochemical transformations that affect and contribute to the formation of fertility in these soils was investigated changes in surface geochemical two Gleisols, corresponding to two different environments of the Amazon estuary: a freshwater floodplain, in the Guamá River and a floodplain saline mangrove environment, in Caeté River. In parallel we evaluated the characteristics of the soil and suspended sediment in the rivers that surround the wetlands studied, suspensato. Soil sampling, for the accomplishment of the experiment was performed on the surface of soils, corresponding to the depth explored nutritionally by plants. The samples for soil characterization were obtained by sampling on the horizon, first horizon to its corresponding sample for the experiment. The suspensato was obtained by collecting river water near the sampling sites and left to settling for three months, after which the supernatant were separated, centrifuged, the supernatant separated again, and dried in a desiccator. The following mineralogical characterization was performed in both soils, as in suspensatos obtained. Soil and suspensato were also evaluated by chemical determination, particle size and fertility. The study consisted in carrying out two experiments with four replicates each, with promoted flooding in soils under laboratory conditions, using distilled water, to elucidate the chemical transformations that occur, without regard to local water environments. After flooding, samples were collected periodically and analyzed wet, getting the available contents of elements related to plant nutrition (P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) values of organic carbon, pH and Eh. In the third test, the method usually employed for the assessment of soil fertility, which aims to analyze the soil previously dried, was under investigation, and compared with the determination in the sample still wet, to investigated, converting the results to dry soil using the correction factor. This care is employed in several works in this type of soil, due to dry after the changes occurred is reversed, and thus place the possibility of informing mismatch results to field conditions. In this investigation, the variation of results in nutrient availability, which occurs after the flood, was assessed by two methods, both in the Haplic Gleysol and Salic Gleysol, in two experiments. Thus, during the flooded, the regular sampling rate plots the changes in the available concentrations of P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, by means of two methods tested. The experiments showed that that flooding promotes profound changes in the fertility of soils, but with different related to their regional status. The results express that the occupation of soil of pores by water induces the great transformation in soil geochemical behavior, influencing the availability of the elements studied, in the pH and Eh. The Haplic Gleysol, Guamá situated on a river, change initial pH of 4,69 to stabilize around 6,6 from the 8th day. Likewise his Eh also declined substantially 322 mV to – 337 mV for 4 months of flooding. There was a large increase of Fe, Mn and P available to the ground. Regarding the K, Ca, Cu, Zn and Fe occurred small additions of available values, but values will be sufficiently adequate plant nutrition, except for iron acquired extremely high values. In the Salic Gleysol, located in municipality of Bragança mangrove, the behavior was similar, although with different intensity scale. The change in pH was not so intensely in the soil stabilized with from 5 to 6, Guamá smaller than the river, but with values that prevent the micronutrient becomes unavailable in the time of flooding. Likewise the Eh demonstrated that there is a reduction in soil, but not pronounced as is the river soil Guamá, resulting in reduced stabilized at values between 200 and 300 mV. This fact helps explain the accumulation of organic matter in the profile of this soil, accumulated due to lack of electron acceptors and sharp dynamics of organic matter that has this environment. In this soil availability of phosphorus decreased with time. Both soil and suspensatos studied showed similar mineralogical composition with quartz, illite, smectite, kaolinite and the soil of the river also presented Guamá goehite. In suspensatos studied presented high fertility, higher than the own soil, indicating the possibility of maintaining soil fertility, periodic deposits that occur after each tide. Associated with the presence of high organic matter and the presence of 2:1 clay minerals in the soil, these factors appear as differential condition of these soils, especially among the soil commonly found on land. In the third experiment on the comparison between the analysis done in dry soil and in moist soil analysis done, the comparison between the analysis done in dry soil and in moist soil analysis done, the results indicate that the response to the changes that com after the flood, is perceived by both methods tested, and that the methods respond differently for each environment tested. Thus, the statistical evaluation shows the elements calcium, in Haplic Gleysol, and phosphorus, potassium, manganese and zinc in the Salic Gleysol as indifferent choosing the method to be used in its determination. In following, the elements phosphorus, manganese and copper in the Haplic Gleisol, and calcium in Salic Gleisol are elements that showed a statistical advantage for the analysis in dry soil. The elements potassium, iron, and zinc in the Haplic Gleisol, and copper in Salic Gleisol, results were favorable to determine the soil moist. However, although both methods can be used, wet soil analysis is recommended for monitoring the changes the changes that are seen in detail, especially for the results of lower levels, common in early period of flooding. The three studies in soils of the Amazon estuary show that the geochemical changes that occur in these soils after its pores filled with water do not proceed in the same way, although soils of the same class have pedological and geographic proximity. Regional factors influence the results and mineralogical characteristics, the flood water, biology and other site factors. Although the release of nutrients occurs in a specific way to the soils studied, the changes were beneficial, providing suitable conditions for plant development. The suspensato, who performed in both stud sites, with high fertility, thus enable the maintenance of high fertility rates found in these soils after tidal action, when it is deposited in the soil. The presence of 2:1 clay minerals, represented a difference for these soils, and contributes to the formation of high levels of CTC, which still gets increased due to the levels high organic matter, in particular Salic Gleisol. Conditions are distinct from soils in this region that do not rely on factors that provide high CEC, as well as factors that provide the maintenance of fertility by adding fertile material periodically.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Lateritização e sedimentação cenozoica na evolução da paisagem da Serra dos Carajás
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-04-01) MAURITY, Clovis Wagner; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302
The Serra dos Carajás, located in the southwestern portion of the Brazilian Amazon, is one example of lateritic terrains with crusts or “cangas” sustaining plateaus with up to ~ 700 m. Two distinct duricrusts are recognized in this region: 1) an older one, developed during the Paleogene over the Precambrian banded iron formation (BIF) and volcanic rocks; and 2) related to a succession of30 m-thick of Pleistocene ferruginized deposits previously considered as supergenic and reinterpreted here as sediments. The facies, paleomagnetic, and geochemical analyses of these ferruginized deposits in outcrops and drill cores formed by breccia and ironstone found that they register recurrent planation phases associated with the dismantling of lateritic profiles. The breccia is cemented by goethite, and iron and aluminum oxyhydroxides are representative of subaerial debris flows related to colluvial fans adjacent to shallow lake systems comprising the chemical deposition of goethite and hematite. The goethite-bearing beds with even parallel lamination alternate with pisolites / oncoids laminae indicate microbial activity. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction data indicated mainly hematite (50%), goethite (47%) and gibbsite + Al-goethite + magnetite (3%). The high magnetic susceptibility, alternating fields, and thermal demagnetization of these deposits indicated a remaining magnetization provided mainly by hematite and goethite. The high concentration of carbon present in these minerals suggests that the strong magnetization detected may result from old forest fires. The oblate graphic pattern of the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy and the dispersion of the poles of the remaining natural magnetization indicates sin and post-depositional variables related to the inherent magnetization present in the BIF fragments. Geochemical analysis of these deposits shows that the little mobile elements have a limited relationship with the BIF and volcanic substrate. The high titanium values also corroborate concentration during sedimentation not related to lateritization. The progradation of colluvial fans on shallow chemical lakes implanted in the valleys was recurrent in the Serra dos Carajás landscape evolution, attesting to the climatic variations since the Pleistocene. This new insight about the Serra dos Carajás duricrusts initiates a new geological reading that allows a better understanding of the weather and sedimentary processes related to the Cenozoic Amazonian evolution landscape.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
lndicadores de estabilidade da matéria orgânica em terras pretas nos sítios arqueológicos Jabuti e Jacarequara (Pará)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-09-02) SENA, Luciana Freitas de; KERN, Dirse Clara; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8351785832221386; 8351785832221386; LEMOS, Vanda Porpino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1829861620854008; 1829861620854008
Environmental conditions in the Amazon region favor the weathering and decomposition of soil organic matter, making it depleted in nutrients and difficult agricultural use. But in the same region, areas that have been modified by human action preterit, known as Terra Preta Archaeological (TPA), have different properties, among which stands out the high stability of soil organic matter (SOM) that in some research it is attributed to interactions between the MOS and other soil constituents such as pyrogenic carbon and minerals from the soil. In this study were selected two archaeological sites in the state of Pará, the Jabuti, the cemetery housing type, located in the city of Bragança, and the Jacarequara, the sambaqui type, located in Barcarena, in order to assess the stability of organic matter TPA from soil extracted solutions (depths 30 and 80 cm) and own soil (collected during the implementation of extractors in December 2013) in areas of TPA and vicinity. The characterization of soil solutions was conducted in the period between March and June 2013, based on the macroscopic properties and the chemical indicators: dissolved carbon concentrations (organic, inorganic and total), determined by the combustion method; pH, Eh and conductivity. The SOM stability assessments in the solid phases of the TPA and surrounding areas (ADJ) were based on textural verification of soil chemical indicators (pH, organic carbon concentrations and Ca, K, P, Na, and Mg) and biological represented by the microbial biomass, determined by the method of irradiation / extraction and expressed in terms of carbon (Cbm) and nitrogen (Nbm). The results of the soil solutions showed that two sites in the pH values are higher in depth (80 cm), and at the site Jacarequara values were determined for this parameter up to 7.2, while the site Jabuti pH results do not exceed the value 6. The maximum values of Eh (mV), conductivity (μs) and dissolved organic carbon (mg L-1) in place Jacarequara, 30 cm deep were respectively +201 mV, 427 µs e 13 mg L-1 and in the area adjacent to this site, at the same depth the highest values were +128 mV, 72 µs e 23 mg L-1 for the same parameters. At the Jabuti site and its ADJ, in 30 cm deep, the respective maximum values of the same areas were Eh +108 mV and +96 mV; conductivity 138.87µs and 59.85µs, dissolved organic carbon 12 mg L-1 and 21.08 mg L-1. Comparing the areas of TPA and their ADJ, the data Eh and dissolved organic carbon refer to more stable components in soil areas of solutions of TPA, owing to the more oxidizing values and smaller dissolved organic carbon concentrations, the results conductivity, which is an indicator of the concentration of ions is higher in the TPA reporting the increased availability of nutrients. In both sites, soils presented sandy texture, both in the areas of TPA as the ADJ, the latter being more sandy. In the soil Jacarequara site and its ADJ in the range of 20 to 30 cm deep, the following values were obtained respectively: 119.82 g kg-1 and 20.34 g kg-1 for SOM; pHH2O equal to 6.8 and 4.9; 183 mg/dm3 and 5 mg/dm3 P (available); 39 mg/dm3 and 29 mg/dm3 K (exchangeable); 14.8 cmolc/dm3 and 0.7 cmolc/dm3 Ca (exchangeable); 0.1 cmolc/dm3 and 1.7 cmolc/dm3 Al (exchangeable), 181.26 μg g-1 and 88.74 μg g-1 of Cbm and 3.27 mg kg-1 and 1.91 mg kg-1 Nbm. In the soil of Jabuti site, the determined values were: 83.66 g kg-1 of MOS, pHH2O equal to 4.4; 55 mg/dm3 P (available); 59 mg/dm3 K (exchangeable); 0.3 cmolc/dm3 Ca (exchangeable); 4 cmolc/dm3 of Al (exchangeable); 92.56 mg kg-1 of Cbm and 1.41 mg kg-1 Nbm; in the area adjacent to this site, the values were: 13.13 g kg-1 of MOS, pHH2O equal to 4.6; 4 mg/dm3 P (available); 29 mg dm3 K (exchangeable); 0.3 cmolc/dm3 Ca (exchangeable); 1 cmolc/dm3 Al (exchangeable), 27.54 mg kg-1 of Cbm and 0.96 mg kg-1 Nbm. As well as other archaeological sites with TPA, Jacarequara and the Jabuti had significantly higher levels of nutrients compared to surrounding areas, with the exception of Ca element in Jabuti. In the sites, carbonaceous particles were investigated, showing no intrinsic results pyrogenic carbon. In areas of TPA, the results obtained from the soil analysis indicated positive correlation between the microbial biomass, organic matter and nutrients, which can be associated with better quality of the soil in these areas compared their ADJ, consistently with the data highlighted in the soil solutions. Comparing the two sites, the results indicate that the SOM in Jacarequara site shows more stable constituents.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mapeamento geoquímico da bacia do rio Itacaiúnas, Província Mineral de Carajás: Assinatura geoquímica dos blocos crustais e implicações para recursos minerais e meio ambiente
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-10-26) SALOMÃO, Gabriel Negreiros; DALL'AGNOL, Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2158196443144675; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7501959623721607; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3026-5523
Multielement geochemical surveys (MGS) when combined with advanced data processing techniques and robust statistical analysis, are important tools for understanding the environment. In the last decades, its application in mineral exploration is well established and, in the last decades, it has shown remarkable relevance for environmental studies linked to sustainable territorial management, particularly in the establishment of geochemical background concentration values. The definition of background values has been widely used to demonstrate the inconsistencies of laws and regulations, which establish concentration limits for potentially toxic elements in the environment, often without taking into account the complex spatio-temporal heterogeneity of each region. In Brazil, many MGS were, and continue to be carried out mostly by the Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (CPRM, Geological Survey of Brazil) in different parts of the national territory, although they are still scarce in the Amazon region. The present study is associated with a large geochemical mapping project called the Geochemical Background of the Itacaiúnas River Basin (GBI) carried out by the Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV). The Itacaiúnas River Watershed (IRW) is located in the largest mineral province of Brazil, the Carajás Mineral Province, and it is particularly relevant for geochemical studies, because the distribution of chemical elements in this region and the influence of the great geological domains on that distribution are not known. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of large geological domains in the chemical composition and geochemical signature of stream sediments of the IRW. In addition, it is intended to generate geochemical maps, identify the associations and geochemical processes in stream sediments, define geochemical compartments for the whole watershed, and determine background concentrations for the analyzed elements, taking into account the geochemical compartments and/or geological domains of the study area. In order to achieve these objectives, the stream sediment geochemical data from the GBI-ITV project obtained in the whole IRW in 2017, and those from two CPRM projects in the center-south portion of the BHRI with sampling in the years 2011-2012 were used. These projects were conceptualized at different scales and sample density; however, the sampling techniques and analytical procedures are similar. Stream sediment sample collections were carried out in active water stream, at surface levels from 0 to 10 cm deep, and preferably in the middle of the channel. Sample preparation included the following steps: drying, disaggregation, quartering and sieving. Approximately 50 g of the fraction <0.177 mm was sent to accredited laboratory for chemical analysis. In the laboratory, the samples were submitted to digestion with aqua regia, and then 51 elements were analyzed (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hf, Hg, In, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Re, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Zn and Zr) via Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The geochemical data was submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and some non-parametric statistical tests. Several graphs (e.g., boxplots, histograms, probability and dispersion) were generated for the main chemical elements. Multivariate statistics (e.g., correlation matrices, cluster analysis and factor analysis) were used to investigate the main existing multi-element associations. To determine geochemical background values, modern methods widely used in the specialized literature were employed. Geospatial information was processed and managed in an environment of geographic information systems, in which different cartographic and geoprocessing techniques were used to generate geochemical distribution maps. In general, it was found that, on the scale of geochemical surveys conducted by ITV and CPRM, there is no conclusive evidence of contamination related to human activity, but very strong evidence of a marked geological contribution in the geochemistry of the stream sediments of the IRW. A consistent and replicable methodology was used to identify the main multi-element associations and to define IRW’s surface geochemical compartments. The geochemical associations identified are controlled by the geological domains, by specific lithologies in restricted areas and/or by biogeochemical factors acting in the study area. The delimitation of geochemical compartments revealed a strong similarity with the simplified geological domains of the basin. Geochemical background concentrations were determined for the IRW and its geological domains. Among the methods suggested for determining the background, the Median ± 2*Median Absolute Deviation showed the most consistent and realistic results. In addition, it is considered essential to define reference values based on geochemical compartments, or even a simple geological setting. The assumption of a single uniform reference value for a wide area is inappropriate. The background values proposed in this research may assist environmental impact studies by monitoring anomalous concentrations of potentially toxic elements, which exceed background concentrations. In addition to its scientific interest, the results presented here can be useful to assist local surveys of geochemical prospecting and in the formulation of environmental policies in the Brazilian territory.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Materiais construtivos e sua biodeterioração em fortificações da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-29) NORAT, Roseane da Conceição Costa; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-0432