Teses em Geofísica (Doutorado) - CPGF/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2357

O Doutorado Acadêmico pertente a o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geofísica (CPGF) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Empilhamento pelo método superfície de reflexão comum 2-D com topografia e introdução ao caso 3-D
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-01-27) OLIVA, Pedro Andrés Chira; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023; HUBRAL, Peter; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7703430139551941
The CRS stacking method simulates ZO seismic sections from multi-coverage data and does not dependente on a macro-velocity model. For 2-D medium the stacking traveltime depends on three parameters: the emergence angle of the normal ray (with respect to the measurement surface normal) and the wavefront curvatures of two hypothetical waves, called Normal-Incidence-Point (NIP) wave and Normal (N) wave. The CRS method consists of summing the amplitudes of the seismic traces in the multicoverage data along the surface defined by CRS stacking traveltime which that fits best the data set. The result of the CRS stack is assigned to points of a grid pre-defined in the ZO section. As the result obtain a simulated ZO section. This means that for each point of the ZO section must be estimated the three optimal parameters that yield the maximum coherence between the events of seismic reflection. In this Thesis I present formulae for the 2-D CRS method and for the NMO velocity that consider the topography of the measurement surface. The algorithm is based on the optimization strategy divided into three steps: 1) To search for the emergence angle and the curvature of the NIP wave, by applying a global optimization, 2) to search for the curvature of the N wave, by applying global optimization, and 3) to refine the initial parameters estimated in first two steps by applying local optimization. In the first two steps is used the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm and in the third step the Variable Metric (VM) algorithm. For the case of a measurement surface with smooth topography the curvature of this surface is included in the 2-D CRS stack formalism. This CRS algorithm implemented was applied to synthetic data set. The result is a simulated ZO section of high quality, with a high signal-to-noise ratio, and the estimative of the parameter triplet. It is performed a sensibility analysis for the new CRS stacking traveltime with respect to the curvature in several points of the curved measurement surface. This study showed that the CRS traveltime is more sensitive for fast midpoints of the central points and larger offsets. The expressions for the NMO velocities presented here is applied to estimate the interval velocities and the depth of the reflectors for 2-D model with a smooth topography. For the inversion of the velocities and the depth of the reflectors is considered the Dix-type inversion algorithm. The NMO velocity for a curved measurement surface deserves to best estimate the velocities and the depths of the reflectors than NMO velocities referred to planar surfaces. Also, I present an introduction to 3-D stack. In this case, the stacking traveltime depends on eight parameters. These parameters can be obtained by using some parameter-search strategies that I have showed in this Thesis. The combination of the strategy of the Traveltime Approximations and the strategy of Arbitrary Curvatures is used to apply 3-D CRS stack successful in synthetic and real data sets, respectively.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Espalhamento elástico em meios anisotrópicos estratificados
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1994-06-09) PROTÁZIO, João dos Santos; SCHOENBERG, Michael
AVO analysis is an importante tool for extracting lithological information from seismic data using the contrast in acoustic impedance at the lithological boundaries. The isotropic assumption behind this analysis does not hold in many cases. The advent of large offset surveys and multi-component data has revealed the presence of subsurface anisotropy. To interpret such data, the AVO analysis must include anisotropy. This work presents an AVO theory and numerical results for an anisotropic layered medium. This thesis contains three contributions. First, a new approach to the study of reflection-transmission at a plane interface between anisotropic media with a horizontal mirror plane is presented. The Zoeppritz equations are generalized to include anisotropy by the introduction of impedance matrices which greatly simplifies the previous formalisms. Second, the study of the P-wave reflection at an interface between an isotropic and a transversally isotropic medium is described and it is show that the reflected P-wave does not have information about the underlying anisotropic subspace for pre-critical incidence. Finally, the behavior of post-critical reflected and transmitted pulses through a stack of anisotropic layers is discussed. The post-critical pulses are show to carry valuable information on the anisotropy of the structure through which the waves propagate.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimativa de parâmetros elásticos em meios anisotrópicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-06-20) GOMES, Ellen de Nazaré Souza; PROTÁZIO, João dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4210442535067685
Amplitude, polarization and the slowness vector measurements carry information about the medium where wave propagation occurs. This thesis investigates these data aiming at the recovery of elastic properties in anisotropic media. Reflection coefficients can be estimated from amplitude data and depend nonlinearly on elastic and density contrasts across an interface. When the impedance contrast is weak, the linear approximations for the qP reflectivity are more convenient for inversion of density and elastic parameters using analysis of amplitude versus the angle of incidence (AVO) and amplitude versus the direction of the incidence plane (AVD). Partitioning the linear system defined by Zoepprittz equations allows one to write the solution of these equations in terms of impedance and polarization matrices. Using this solution, linear approximations for the qP reflectivity are derived for weak impedance contrasts and arbitrary symmetry classes of anisotropy. The linear approximations are evaluated for different acquisition geometries and choice of the reference medium. The approximations for the reflection coefficients of the reflected qP and the converted waves are in good agreement with the exact solution for incidence angles up to 30° for media that satisfy the weak impedance assumption. If a single oriented set of fractures is represented by a transversely isotropic effective medium, the linear approximations for qP reflectivity can be used to estimate the fractures orientation. Under these assumptions this problem is reframed as the estimation of the symmetry axis orientation from qP reflectivity data. This work shows the requirement of multiple components and multiple azimuthal data and quantifies the minimum amount of data for stable estimation. Also it is shown that the reflection coefficients of converted waves qS and qT only are sensitive to fractures dip. The inversion of polarization and slowness from multiazimutal VSP data are investigated for the estimation of local anisotropy. We use measurements of the vertical component of the slowness vector and the qP polarization data of direct and reflected waves. The inversion algorithm is validated in synthetic data sets for different choices of the wave front normal, reference medium and acquisition geometries. This analysis shows that only a subset of elastic parameters is recovered. An important application of this approach is its potential to determine the class of anisotropy. The application of this methodology to the Java Sea data set shows that isotropy and transversely isotropic models are inadequate to fit the data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Geotermia rasa em Belém
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1987-12-15) ARAÚJO, Rutênio Luiz Castro de; SOUZA, José Ricardo Santos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2797414407717271
A detailed study of shallow geothermics was carried out at depth intervals of 0.02 to 210.0 m, in the metropolitan área of the city of Belém-Brazil. The temperature measurements were performed by using mercury and thermistor thermometers, while the thermal conductivity measurements were made on core samples obtained from boreholes, by using a needle type apparatus. The incident solar radiation flux was recorded by a Robitzech type actinography. The average geothermal gradient obtained for the metropolitan area of the city of Belém was of 0.0254 ± 0.0007 °C.m-1. The average value of the thermal conductivity of the core samples collected in this region was of 1.66 ± 0.52 W.m-1.°C-1. On the other hand the average geothermal flux observed within the studied region was of about 42.16 ± 1.14 mW.m-2. At 1.0 m depth one observes changes of the temperature values with time which can not be neglected. These changes are directly related to the incident solar radiation flux variations at the surface. The largest increment of this flux observed from one day to the other was about 30 W.m-2, which corresponded to a temperature increment of the order of 0.22 °C at 1.0 m depth. The temperature profiles obtained in this work, presented drifts in alternating directions during the one-year cycle of observations. The shallow geothermal profiles are characterized by a zone of vanishing heat flux, so called “elbow zone”, past which the temperature increases with depth. The depth of the elbow zone is mainly influenced by the heat flux generated by the incident solar radiation on the surface of the area under study. A numerical model of the thermal structure evolution in time, was developed for the 0.02 to 10.0 m depth zone. The results generated from this model of heat transfer by conduction were compared with those obtained from the field work data. One observes good agreement between the two sets of data. However the numerical adjustment representation is closer to the field data in the period of September to February. The model developed can be used for of profile drifts geothermal forecasts, as long as one knows a priori the corresponding values of the monthly averages of the soil temperatures at the surface, the regional geothermal gradient and one given geothermal profile. This work demonstrates that the incident solar radiation flux at the surface is the main source of influence on the shallow geothermal profiles. The maximum depth of such influence depends mainly on the magnitude of such flux, on the degree of protection of the surface from the direct incidence of solar radiation and the lithology of the site under study.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração Kirchhoff pré-empilhamento em profundidade modificada usando o operador de feixes gaussianos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) FERREIRA, Carlos Augusto Sarmento; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
The Gaussian Beam (GB) concept was introduced in the seismic literature by Russian and Czech researchers in the begining of the 80’s. This theory, which by its turn was based on the scalar electromagnetic diffraction theory, is in fact a (zero order) complex paraxial ray theory, designed to satisfactorilly describe the seismic wavefield propagation beyond the standard zero order ray theory, up to then the only theory used to describe the high frequency seismic wavefield propagation in smoothed velocity models. As an imaging tool, the first works to deal with GB’s were published in the end of the 80’s and in the begining of the 90’s. The regularity in the description of the wavefield by GB’ s, as well as its high accuracy in some singular regions of the velocity model, transformed the use of GB’s into a viable hybrid alternative in the migration theory. In this work, we unite the flexibility in imaging of the true amplitude prestack Kirchhoff depth migration with the regularity in the description of the wavefield by a superposition of GB’s. As a way of controlling in a very stable way some quantities used in the construction of the beams, we have made use of some informations based on the Fresnel volume elements, more especifically speaking the Fresnel zone radius around the reflection point in depth and its counterpart, projected towards the acquisition surface. This information is centred around the recording point of the seismogram and is also present in the seismic data reflection traveltime curves. Our migration process can be named a true amplitude prestack Kirchhoff depth migration using GB’s as Green function, namely KGB-PSDM.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração por equação de onda em meios anisotrópicos com correção de amplitude
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) AMAZONAS, Daniela Rêgo; SCHLEICHER, Jörg; COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7294174204296739
Standard real-valued finite-difference (FD) and Fourier finite-difference (FFD) migrations cannot handle evanescent waves correctly, what can lead to numerical instabilities in the presence of strong velocity variations. A possible solution to these problems is the complex Padé approximation, that avoids problems with evanescent waves by a rotation of the branch cut of the complex square root, and we apply it to the acoustic wave equation for vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media to derive more stable FD and hybrid FD/FFD migrations. Our analysis of the dispersion relation of the new method indicates that they can provide stable migration results with less artifacts, and higher accuracy at steep dips. These conclusions are confirmed by the numerical impulse responses of the migration operator, and by the migration of synthetic data in strongly heterogeneous VTI media. Wave-equation migration in heterogeneous media, using standard one-way wave equations, can only describe correctly the kinematic of the propagation. For a correct description of amplitudes, we must use the so called true-amplitude one-way wave equations. In vertically inhomogeneous media, the resulting true-amplitude one-way wave equations can be solved analytically. In laterally inhomogeneous media, these equations are much harder to solve, and even numerical solutions tend to suffer from instabilities and other artifacts. We present an approach to circumvent these problems by implementing approximate solutions based on the one-dimensional analytic amplitude modifications. We use these approximations to modify split-step and Fourier finite-difference migrations in such a way that they take better care of migration amplitudes. Simple synthetic data examples demonstrate the recovery of true migration amplitudes. Applications to the SEG/EAGE Salt model, and to the Marmousi data, show that the method improves amplitude recovery in the migrated images. We also show that the method for amplitude correction can be applied to migration algorithm for VTI media, and the algorithm was applied to the HESS synthetic data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem numérica da influência do eletrojato equatorial em dados magnetotelúricos produzidos por estruturas tridimensionais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1993-02-05) GONZÁLEZ CARRASQUILLA, Antonio Abel; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676
South America presents several unique geomagnetic features, one of which is the Equatorial Electrojet, a current system which extends east - west in Northern Brazil, for almost 3500 km. Considering the fact that the influence of the Equatorial Electrojet can be detected at great distances from its central axis, it is important to understand its effects on magnetotelluric exploration in Brazil. In magnetotelluric prospecting, the influence of the equatorial electrojet has been modelled for both one and two - dimensional geological media, employing both analytical and numerical techniques solutions such as finite element and finite difference. Three-dimensional geological media have been modeled by "thin – layers "using a "thin sheet" algorithm. Lines of current, gaussian electrojets and undulatory electrojets have been used as induction sources to simulate the equatorial electrojet in these algorithms. In this thesis the principal objective is to model the effects of the equatorial electrojet on three - dimensional structures commonly found in geophysical prospecting. To accomplish this, we have computed numerical solutions of the integral equation for three - dimensional media using the inductive sources mentioned before. As previous works have indicated, our results also show that the influence of the equatorial electrojet is prominant only for frequencies lower than 10-1 Hz. This influence decreases with distance but is detectable up to as far as 3000 km from the center of the electrojet. Thus, the presence of peaks in the apparent resistivity profiles over a homogeneous half - space indicates that the influence of the electrojet is more noticeable for this kind of medium. These peaks display different amplitudes for each type of simulated electrojet, and the peak locations also change from one electrojet to the other. However, when we use more geologically realistic one - dimensional models such as a stratified media, the effect of the electrojet source diminishes considerably and the results do not vary greatly for the different kinds of electrojet employed in the model. This effect is caused by the electromagnetic energy dissipation due to the presence of stratified conductive layers within the media. Within the 3000 km region, the three - dimensional electromagnetic response can be larger or smaller than the plane wave response, depending on location body, frequency, kind of the electrojet and geology. When the apparent resistivity is larger than the plane wave response, there is a spread between the one and the three-dimensional sounding curves caused by the electrojet, as well as a widening of the profile anomaly caused by the three - dimensional inhomogeneities relative to the one due to a plane wave. When the apparent resistivity is less the two kinds of sources yield anomalies approximately equal as well as a shortening of the profile anomaly. On the other hand, the phase usually shows an inverted way related to the apparent resistivity. This means that when one phase goes up the apparent resistivity goes down, and vice - versa. Similarily at high frequencies, the one and three - dimensional phases are offset, while at low frequencies they are the same, except for the undulating electrojet with undulation factor α = -2 and -3. Our results also show that the geometric characteristics of three-dimensional structures, such as their orientation relative to the direction of the electrojet and the dimensions of their principal direction, change the response due to the electrojet source as compared to a plane wave source. For example, when the three - dimensional structure is rotated 90 degrees, relative to the direction of the electrojet, there is a change in polarization (of the electric and magnetic fields) but there are no changes in the values of apparent resistivity at the center of symmetry of the structure. When the measurements are taken away from the center of symmetry changes in the apparent resistivity are shown when compared with the unrotated structure. This is due to the persistente of the galvanic effects at the center of the structure and the presence of inductive effects at the periphery of the three - dimensional body. When we elongate the principal direction of the three - dimensional structure, the magnetotelluric soundings start to approach those of two-dimensional structures. This is more noticiable in the XY polarization. Even so, the responses of the models tested are still quite different from the responses of the quasi two - dimensional structures. Nevertheless, the effects of the electrojet in structures with elongated principal direction are very similar to those present in smaller structures, considering the differences between the soundings of both kinds of structures. On the other hand, the apparent resistivities of this kind of elongated structures show a great increase at the edges of these structures, both for the plane wave or electrojet sources. This effect is caused by the chanelling of the current along the main direction of the structure. The modelling of gelogical structures in the Marajó Basin, confirms that the effects of the electrojet can be detected even in small horst and graben structures located at great distances from electrojet center. Electrojet effects are noticeable in both one and three - dimensional media for two frequency bands, one near 10-1 Hz and another band, between 10-3 Hz to DC. This possibly reflects the influence of a resistive geological basement and a resistive lower crust, respectively. The results of the analysis, using the electrojet as an inductive source show that at low frequencies the computed responses from the magnetotelluric soundings can be strongly distorted, both by galvanic effects in the three - dimensional structure as well as the presence of the electrojet. Therefore, if the equatorial electrojet effects are not accounted for, a misleading interpretation magnetotelluric data will result. Similarily, a three - dimensional model should be used to interpret the data, instead of one-dimensional Tikhonov-Cagniard model.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem numérica de dados MCSEM 3D usando computação paralela
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) SOUZA, Victor Cezar Tocantins de; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676
We developed the numerical modeling of Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic (MCSEM) synthetic data used in hydrocarbon exploration for three-dimensional models using parallel computation. The models are formed of two strati ed layers: the sea and the host with a thin three-dimensional embedded reservoir overlapped by the air half-space. In this work we present a three-dimensional nite elements technique of MCSEM modeling using the primary and secondary decomposition of the magnetic and electric coupled potentials. The electromagnetic elds are calculated by numerical di erentiation of the scattered potentials. We explore the parallelism of the MCSEM 3D data in a multitransmitter survey, where as for each transmitter position we have the same forward model but with di erent data. For this, we use Message Passing Interface library (MPI) and the client server approach, where the server processor sends the input data to client processors to perform the calculation. The input data are formed by the parameters of the nite element mesh, together with informations about the transmitters and the geoeletric model of hydrocarbon reservoir with prismatic geometry. We observe that when the horizontal width and the length of the reservoir have the same order of magnitude, the in-line responses are very similar and the consequently the three-dimensional e ect is not detectable. On the other hand, when the di erence in the sizes of the horizontal width and the length of the reservoir is very large, the e ect 3D is easily detected in in-line along the biggest dimension of the reservoir. For measures done along the lesser dimension this e ect is not detectable, therefore, the model 3D approaches to a bidimensional model. The parallelism of multiple data has fast implementation and processing, and its time of execution is of the same order of the serial problem, with the addition of the latency time in the data transmission among the cluster nodes, which justifying this methodology in modeling and interpretation MCSEM data. Only simple 3D models were computed because of the reduced memory (2 Gbytes in each node) of the cluster of UFPA Departament of Geophysics.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelo fractal para resistividade complexa de rochas: interpretação petrofísica e aplicação à exploração geoelétrica
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1995-12-21) ROCHA, Brígida Ramati Pereira da; HABASHY, Tarek Mohamed
Rocks containing disseminated metallics or clay particles in natural environment where electrolytic solutions fill the pore spaces, show a certain type of polarization at low frequencies known as induced electrical polarization. In this thesis, a new model to describe the electrical polarization on rocks was developed, not only for low frequencies, but spanning the entire electromagnetic spectrum used in geolectric prospection. This new model encompasses most of the other commonly used models as special cases, and overcomes some of the known limitations. The proposed circuit analog includes a non-linear impedance r(iwtf)-1 which simulates the effects of the rough surface of the interfaces between the blocking grains (metallic or clay particles) and the electrolyte. This generalized Warburg impedance is in series with the resistance of the blocking grains and both are shunted by the double layer capacitance. This combination is in series with the resistance of the electrolyte in the blocked pore passages. The unblocked pore paths are represented by a. resistance which corresponds to the normal DC resistivity of the rock. The parallel combination of this resistance with the "bulk" sample capacitance is finally connected in parallel to the rest of the above-mentioned circuit. The parameters of this model include the DC resistivity (p0), the chargeability (m), three relaxation times (T, Tf and T0), a grain resistivity factor (δr) and the frequency exponent (η). The fractal relaxation time (Tf) and the frequency exponent (η) are related to the fractal geometry of the rough pore interfaces between the conductive grains (metallic or clay minerals which are blocking the pore paths) and the electrolyte. The relaxation time T is a result of the low-frequency relaxation of the electrical double layers formed between the electrolyte and the crystals, whereas T0 is a macroscopic relaxation time of the "bulk" sample. The grain resistivity factor (δr) relates the resistivity of the conductive grains with the DC resistivity value of the rock. The DC resistivity of the rock and δr are related to the porosity, the electrolyte conductivity and the volumetric ratios between the matrix and the conductive grains. The model was tested over a wide range of frequencies against experimental data obtained for amplitude and phase of resistivity or conductivity as well as for the complex dielectric constant. The data used in this work were obtained from digitizing published experimental data, obtained by several authors from sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. The results show that the parameters of this model are related to textural and mineralogical aspects of the rocks. This model was introduced firstly as the intrinsic electric property of a homogeneous and polarizable half-space, and it was demonstrated, in this thesis, that the response observed at the surface is equivalent to the intrinsic property of the polarizable medium, been the electromagnetic coupling irrelevant to frequencies lower than 104 Hz. Next, the polarizable medium was embedded as an intermediate layer between two non-polarizable layers with the same De resistivity. The response obtained shows that the frequency exponent of the fractal medium could be determined even when the polarizable medium is at a considerable depth in relation to the dipole-dipole length. This justifies the use of simple models developed to explain the response of laboratory samples to fit field data, and that is being used without a right justification. These results shows the importance of the proposed model to the geoelectric prospection.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Uma nova abordagem para interpretação de anomalias gravimétricas regionais e residuais aplicada ao estudo da organização crustal: exemplo da Região Norte do Piauí e Noroeste do Ceará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1989-12-18) BELTRÃO, Jacira Felipe; HASUI, Yociteru; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3392176511494801; SILVA, João Batista Corrêa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1870725463184491
Despite its great importance to the study of global geologic structures, interpreting gravity anomalies is not a trivial task because the observed gravity field is the resultant of every gravity effect produced by every elementary density contrast. Therefore, in order to isolate the effects produced by shallow sources from those produced by deep sources, I present a new method for regional-residual separation and methods for interpreting each isolated component. The regional-residual separation is perfomed by approximating the regional field by a polynomial fitted to the observed field by a robust method. This method is iterative and its starting value is the least-squares fitting. Also, the influence of observations containing substantial contributions of the residual field in the regional field fitting is minimized. The computed regional field is transformed into a map of vertical distances relative to a given datum. This transformation consists of two stages. The first one is the downward continuation of the regional field which is assumed to be produced by a smooth interface separating two homogeneous media: the crust and the mantle. The density contrast between the media is presumably known. The second stage consists in transforming the downward continued field into a map of vertical distances relative to a given datum by means of simple operations. This method presents two difficulties. The first one is related to the instability inherent to the downward continuation operation. The use of a stabilizer is therefore mandatory, leading to an inevitable loss of resolution of the features being mapped. The second difficulty, inherent to the gravity method, is the impossibility of determining the interface absolute depths. However, the knowledge of the absolute depth at one single point of the interface by independent means allows the computation of all absolute depths. The computed residual component is transformed into an apparent density map. This transformation consists in calculating the intensity of several prismatic sources by linear inversion, assuming that the real sources are confined to a horizontal slab and have density contrasts varying only along the horizontal directions. The performance of the regional-residual separation method was assessed in tests using synthetic data, always producing better results as compared either with polynomial fitting by least-squares or with the spectral analysis method. The method for interpreting the regional component was applied to synthetic data producing interfaces very close to the true ones. The limit of resolution of the features being mapped depend not only on the degree of the fitting polynomial, but also on the limitation imposed by the gravity method itself. In interpreting the residual component, a priori information is needed about the depth and thickness of the slab confining the true sources. However, results of tests using synthetic data showed that reasonable estimates for the h6rizontal limits of the sources can be obtained, even when the depth and thickness of the slab are not known. The ambiguity involving depth to the top, thickness and the apparent density can be visualized by means of curves of apparent density as a function of the presumed depth to the top of the slab, each curve corresponding to a particular assumed value for the slab thickness. An analysis of the configuration of the curves allows a semi-quantitative interpretation of the real sources depths. The sequence of all three methods described above was applied to gravity data from northern Piauí and northwestern Ceará state. As a result, a crustal organization model was obtained consisting of crustal thickenings and thinnings related to a compressive event which caused the raise of dense, lower crust rocks to shallower depths. This model is consistent with surface geological information. Also, the .gravity interpretation suggests the continuity of the Northwestern Ceará Shear Belt for more than 200 km under the Parnaíba Basin sedimentary cover. Although the sequence of methods presented here has been developed for the study of large scale crustal structures, it could also be applied to the interpretation of smaller structures, as, for example, the basement relief of a sedimentary basin where the sediments have been intruded by mafic rocks.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Paleomagnetismo de rochas vulvânicas do Nordeste do Brasil e a época da abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1983-12-28) GUERREIRO, Sonia Dias Cavalcanti; SCHULT, Axel
In the first part of this paper palaeomagnetic and rock magnetism investigations were developed in volcanic samples from the Northeast of Brasil. The age of the samples spans the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. To accomplish this task four areas were studied and a total of 495 samples from 56 cites were analyzed. A portable drilling machine with 2.5 cm core diameter was used to collect the samples. The orientation of the samples were obtained by means of a magnetic compass, and a clinometer. The specimens were submitted to alternating field demagnetization and in, a few cases, to thermal demagnetization. Giving unit weight to each site the mean direction of the characteristic remanent magnetization of each one of the studied areas were determined. The volcanic rocks from Jurassic, lying in the western part of the Maranhão Basin (Porto Franco - Estreito) , yielded the mean direction: declination D=3.9º, inclination I=-17.9°, with the circle of 95% of confidence α95=9.3º, precision parameter k=17.9, number of sites N=15. All sites showed normal polarity. For this area was determined a palaeomagnetic pole with coordinates 85.3°N, 82.5°E (circle of 95% of confidence A95 = 6.9º) that is situated near other known palaeomagnetic poles for this period. The Lower Cretaceous rocks from the eastern part of the Maranhão Basin (Teresina-Picos-Floriano) yielded a mean direction for the characteristic remanent magnetization having D= 174.7º, I=6.0°, α95=2.8º, k=122, N=21. All sites showed reversed polarity. The calculated palaeomagnetic pole associated with these rocks has coordinates 83.6°N, 261.0ºE (A95= 1.9°) and is in agreement with other South American poles of the same age. In Rio Grande do Norte a swarm of Lower Cretaceous tholeiitic dikes was studied having a characteristic mean direction with D= 186.6º, I= 20.6º with α95= 14.0º, k= 12.9, and N= 10. The sites in this area showed mixed polarity. The computed palaeomagnetic pole is located at 80.6ºN and 94.8ºE with A95= 9.5º. The study of the volcanic rocks of the magmatic province of Cape Santo Agostinho yielded the following values for the characteristic remanent magnetization D= 0.4º, I=-20.6º with α95= 4.8º, k=114, N=9. All sites showed normal polarity and the calculated paleomagnetic pole has the coodinates: 87.6ºN 135ºE with A95= 4.5. The secular variation of the obtained directions was discussed so that each pole presented in this paper is really a palaeomagnetic pole. The analysis of the magnetic minerals of these samples was done by thermomagnetic curves and by X-ray diffraction. In most cases the magnetic phase in the rocks is mainly titanomagnetite with poor titanium content. Maghemite and sometimes hematite, usually a product of weathering, did not obscure the initial thermoremanent magnetization of these rocks. Generally the determined Curie temperature lies between 500-600º C. Frequently it was observed that the exsolved titanomagnetite has a phase near magnetite and another phase rich in titanium, near ilmenite, as a result of high temperature oxidation. The second part of this paper deals with the determination of the time of the opening of the South Atlantic ocean by means of palaeomagnetic data. In this paper, however, instead of using the polar wandering paths of the continents (the usual method) statistical tests were applied that give the probability that a certain configuration for the two continents be consistent or not with the palaeomagnetic data for a chosen period. For the Triassic, Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous and Middle-Upper Cretaceous periods the palaeomagnetic poles for Africa were compared with the respective poles of South America in pre-drift configuration by means of an F-test. Other configurations that indicate some separation between the two continents were also tested. The results of the tests showed that the pre-drift reconstruction after Martin et al (1981) is consistent with the palaeomagnetic data for Triassic, but there is a significant difference between the respective Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous and Middle-Upper Cretaceous palaeopoles for the two continents, with a probability of error of less than 5%. Other pre-drift reconstructions were tested and the results were the same. Comparing the pole positions for South America and Africa in a configuration that indicates a small separation between the two continents, as the one suggested by Sclater et al (1977) for 110 m.y.B.P. one finds a significant difference for the Triassic data. For the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous palaeomagnetic poles, which are, however, earlier than the suggested date of the reconstruction, the results are consistent with that separation of the continents with a probability of error of less than 5%. The reconstruction for 80 m.y.B.P., after Francheteau (1973), indicanting a larger separation between the continents, is consistent with the Middle-Upper Cretaceous palaeomagnetic poles. Assuming the premise of the movements of crustal blocks relative to each other as rigid blocks, the results of the F-test indicated that South America and Africa were close together during Triassic. There was, nevertheless, a small separation between the continents in Jurassic, probably due to an earlier rifting event, and this separation was stationary until Lower Cretaceous time. This result is different from the most part of the papers that discuss the openning of the South Atlantic ocean. The Middle-Upper Cretaceous data are compatible with a fast and significant spreading of the continents in that period.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Post-imaging analysis of pressure prediction in productive sedimentary basins for oil and gas exploration
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-05-26) VIEIRA, Wildney Wallacy da Silva; LEITE, Lourenildo Williame Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8588738536047617
This thesis has several aspects related to the problem of basin modeling towards oil and gas exploration, and with two general divisions: parameter estimation, and pressure prediction. For the structure of this work, the first topic is related to velocity analysis and effective media, where estimated a distribution for the P wave velocity in time, the transformation to depth, and the use an effective model for the density and for the S wave velocity distributions. The reason for initially focusing on these estimations is because they represent one of the most basic information that one can have from the seismic domain, from where the other seismic parameters can be calculated, and from where the second part of this is totally based. The second topic is related to computing stress, strain and pressure distribution in the subsurface using the information from the P and S wave velocities and the density models, in order to localize areas of high and low pressures that act as natural suction pumps for the mechanics of oil and gas accumulation into productive zones and layers. We have highlighted this second part for the final work presentation, and call attention to the sensitivity of pressure mapping to the velocity and density variations. We also classify the first division as dedicated to the conventional seismic processing and imaging, and have clled the second division as post-imaging stressstrain-pressure prediction. As for the final aim of geophysics is to create images of the subsurface under different properties, the stress calculation only makes total sense for real data, and this makes mandatory the acquired seismic data be three component. As an important conclusion from the numerical experiments, we show that pressure does not have a trivial behavior, since it can decrease with depth and create natural pumps that are responsible for accumulating fluids. The theory of porous media is based on integral geometry, because this mathematical discipline deals with collective geometrical properties for real reservoirs. It was shown that such collective properties are namely for porosity, specific surface, average curvature and Gaussian curvature. For example, cracked media has, as a rule, small porosity, but very large specific surface area that creates anomalous high 𝛾 = 𝑣𝑆/𝑣𝑃 ratio, what means a negative 𝜎 Poisson coefficient. Another conclusion is related to calculating discontinuity in pressure between solid and fluid, what depends on the structure of pore space.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Região do espaço que mais influencia em medidas eletromagnéticas no domínio da frequência: caso de uma linha de corrente sobre um semi-espaço condutor
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1994-07-28) BRITO, Licurgo Peixoto de; DIAS, Carlos Alberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9204009150155131
One of the major interpretation problems in geophysics is to determine the region in the subsurface which generates the main part of the signal. In this thesis, the position and size of this region, hereinafter called the main zone, have been found by modelling an electromagnetic system in which the source is an infinite line of electric current, extended over a conductive half-space. The earth has been modelled as a conductive half-space with an inhomogeneity in it as being an infinite layer or a prism of infinite length in the direction of the source line. The signal in the receiver of an electromagnetic system over a conductive homogeneous half-space is different from the one taken over the half space including an inhomogeneity. This difference is a function of the position of the inhomogeneity in relation to the transmiter-receiver system, besides other parameters. Therefore, with the other parameters fixed, there will be a specific position where this difference will maximize. Since this position depends on conductivity contrast, inhomogeneity dimensions and on source frequency, instead of a single position one will have a region where the inhomogeneity will give the maximum contribution to the measured signal. This region is called the main zone. Once the main zone is identified, the targets in the subsurface can be more precisely located. Usually they are conductive parts of the earth with some specific interest. One can facilitate the exploration and reduce production costs if these conductors are well identified during prospecting. A detectability function (∆) has been defined to measure the contribution to the signal due to the inhomogeneity. The ∆ function has been computed using amplitude and phase of the magnetic field components: Hx and Hz which are, respectively, the tangential and the normal to the earth's surface. The size and position of the main zone has been identified using the extremais of the ∆ function, which change with conductivity contrast, and the inhomogeneities' size and depth. Electromagnetic fields for one-dimensional models were calculated using a hybrid form, numerically solving the integrals that were obtained analytically. Two-dimensional models were computed numerically, by the finite elements technique. The maximum values of ∆ function, computed with amplitude of Hx, have been chosen to locate the main zone. This shows more stable results than other amplitude and phase components, both for one and two-dimensional models, when physical properties and geometric dimensions are changed. For the one-dimensional model, where the inhomogeneity is an infinitely extended horizontal layer, the depth of its central plane was found to be po = 0.17 δo, where po is the depth of this central plane and δo is the skin depth for the plane wave (in an homogeneous half-space having a conductivity σ1 equal to that of the backgound, and the frequency w corresponding to the maximum value of ∆ calculatede for the amplitude of Hx). For two-dimensional inhomogeneities, the co-ordinates of the main zone central axis was found to be do = 0,77 r0 (where do is the horizontal distance from this axis to the source) and po = 0,36 δo (where po is the depth of this central axis), with r0 being the source-receiver separation and δo the skin depth in the same conditions as in the one-dimensional case. If the values of r0 and δo are known, it is possible to determine (do, po). Associating each value of ∆ function (calculated using the amplitude of Hx) with the values of d = 0,77 r and p = 0,36 δ for each r and w used to generate ∆, a method to locate the main zone is sugested. The isovalue curves of ∆ are plotted to construct sections of ∆. These sections indicate the conductors position and provide some helpful insight into their geometric forms when the values of ∆ get dose to the maximum.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Tomografia eletromagnética para caracterização de reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-10-03) BAPTISTA, João Júnior; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676
In the oil production it important the monitoring of the reservoir parameters (permeability, porosity, saturation, pressure, etc) for its management. Changes in the reservoir dynamic parameters induce variations in reservoir flow, as for example, losses in the pressure, making it difficult the process of extraction of the oil. The fluid injection increases the internal energy and pressure of the reservoir, stimulating the movement of the oil in the direction of the extracting wells. The crosswell electromagnetic method can become in efficient technique in monitoring the injection processes, considering the fact that the percolation of conductive fluid through the sediment is a very sensitive. This thesis presents the results of a very efficient algorithm of electromagnetic tomography applied to synthetic data. The imaging scheme assumes a cylindrical symmetry around a source consisting of a magnetic dipole. During the process of imaging we used 21 transmitters and 21 receivers distributed within two wells 100 meters apart. For the forward problem solution it was used the finite element method applied to the Helmholtz equation for the secondary electric field. It will be demonstrated that the algorithm obtained is not under restrictions imposed by Born and Rytov approximations, therefore, the algorithm can be efficiently applied for any situation as a electric conductivity contrasts as large as 2 to 100, frequencies as 0.1 to 1000.0 kHz and scatterers of any dimensions. The inverse problem was solved using the stabilized Marquardt scheme. This scheme employs a technique that seeks the solution iteratively. The inverted synthetic data, with added Gaussian noise, are the magnetic vertical component, separated in its respective real (in-phase) and imaginary (quadrature) parts. Without constrains, the inverse tomography problem is totally unstable. To stabilize the inverse solution, absolute and relative constraints have been used. The use of these constraints allows producing high definition images. The results show that the resolution is better in the vertical direction than the horizontal and it is also a function of source operating frequency. The position and attitude of the target are recovered well. These results show that constraints can attenuate or eliminate the poor resolution.

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