Teses em Geografia (Doutorado) - PPGEO/IFCH
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) A geografia dos serviços de abastecimento públicos e privados de água relacionados às metas de universalização dos objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável da Amazônia brasileira (2008-2023)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-08-28) GUEDES, Michel Pacheco; BORDALO, Carlos Alexandre Leão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1253955182585852The present thesis aims to analyze the water supply services based on geographic science and geographic space theory, as well as using the hypothetico-deductive method as a method of approach, with bibliographic and documental research as quantitative and qualitative method assigned to the secondary database, established in the research parameters, during the period between 2008 and 2023, plus the acting process of public and private companies which provide those services in the States of Pará and Amazonas, to give a comparison analysis between those service modalities from the parameters of the Basic Sanitation National System (SNIS) and the Basic Sanitation National Plan (PLANSAB), to identify if the management while serving the urban and rural population is efficient, and if the contractual goals are capable of reaching the sustainable development goals (ODS) for 2030. As for the theoretical basis, we utilized the reflection upon UN’s international documents, via “United Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR),” together with a reading about environmental justice concepts, hydric crisis, and hydric justice. It was also considered: a debate about the actions of Globalization and Neoliberalism, and, how these phenomena, together with the local rules and laws influence in the setting of water regulation agencies as part of a privatization process of public water supply companies in the cities of Belém (PA), Manaus (AM), Barcarena (PA) and Parauapebas (PA), and how that process works in the geographic space of a fraction of the Brazilian Amazon.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Geograficidade e espacialidades urbanas na Amazônia: o caso das juventudes reassentadas em Altamira-PA com a construção da UHE Belo Monte(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-03-27) CONCEIÇÃO, Ronicleici Santos da; OLIVEIRA, Assis da Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1543002680290808; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0003-3207-7400; HERRERA, José Antonio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3490178082968263; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-5024This thesis analyzes the urban spatialities of resettled young people, affected by the compulsory displacement caused by the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant, in the Xingu Integration Region, Pará, Amazonia since 2011. This study reveals the complexity of the changes and challenges faced by young people and offers insights if other similar projects are planned for and in the region. Compulsory displacement has resulted in the severing of material and immaterial ties with their former territories, leading to the reconfiguration of spatial dynamics. In addition, these groups have been demonstrating resilience, constructing multiple identities and subjectivities and circumventing socio-spatial inequalities. Although the resettlements offer better physical facilities than the palafitas, socio-spatial segregation persists, and young people continue to face a nuance of these inequalities in their daily lives. This highlights the importance of considering not only the physical infrastructure of the housing context, but also the economic, social, political and cultural dimensions - when designing projects of this nature. A critical aspect is the need to consider the multiple temporalities involved in these processes, recognizing that each resettled person has a unique trajectory and experiences for and with the geographic space. This points to the importance of a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to analyzing the impacts of major projects in the region, with a focus on the well-being of local communities, especially young people who face real and significant challenges in (re)constructing their urban spatialities. The study reveals various aspects of youth in the Jatobá and Laranjeiras Collective Urban Resettlements (RUC), highlighting that creating new spatialities requires time, through the space that conditions youth relations, as well as socio-spatial relations that shape space, such as the rupture of the border between the RUC and the city's public spaces, from which new and old relationships are being (re)constructed, such as interactions with the job market, use of public spaces, recreational practices with the Xingu River, inclusion in social movements, insertion in criminalization, as well as the perpetuation of human rights violations.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O meio natural na Amazônia paraense: paisagem, configuração espacial e dinâmica social(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-08-26) CARVALHO, Ana Cláudia Alves de; NAHUM, João Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9009465125001273This research is part of the project developed by the research group Territorial Dynamics of Rural Space in the Amazon - GDEA, in which Nahum (2018) proposes the use of geographic concepts that make it possible to analyze the Amazon region of Pará geographically and specifically its formation process. According to Nahum (2019), the Amazon went through a succession and coexistence of geographical environments, the natural environment being characterized by rural workers relations linked to extractivism; followed by a technical environment marked by an agrarian period linked to agricultural activities; and a technical scientific-informational environment, which is rural, with agro-industrial activities, making up the current panorama. The idea is defended that the natural environment to which the Amazon passed comprises the period from 1616 to 1966. The year 1616 marks the foundation of the city of Belém, and thus the beginning of the formation of the future General Company of Pará and Maranhão, defined as the starting point, and 1966 dates the beginning of “Operation Amazônia”, a set of investments aimed at the development of the region, as the point of arrival. Taking this into account, we support the thesis of the existence of a natural environment in the Amazon region of Pará, seeking to build a periodization of said area, to show the spatial movement that structured its formation. For this research, the landscape, spatial configuration, and social dynamics in these three and a half centuries will be characterized, and thus singularize the natural environment in the Amazon region of Pará. Thinking about such a concept requires us to understand that the existence of the geographic environments characterized by Santos and Silveira (2001) are spatial readings that have the technique as reference. This research aims to go beyond historical, economic, and sociological contributions, to raise evidence from a periodization as to how the landscape, spatial configuration and social dynamics of each period enabled the Amazon to reach its current stage. Considering the analytical methodology of the research, it is understood that space is the fundamental category to understand the idea of period, event, and periodization in Santos (2008). As an operational methodology, a bibliographical review was carried out on the Amazon region of Pará from 1616 to 1966, in order to build the necessary database to understand the landscape, spatial configuration and social dynamics of the study area. Incorporating Geography into the methodological process becomes a challenge that is sought to be overcome, however, here is an attempt.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Políticas de energia no Brasil: difusão de usinas hidrelétricas para a indústria agropecuária na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-11-25) PENHA, Luciano Rocha da; BACKHOUSE, Maria; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9103-9637; HERRERA, José Antônio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3490178082968263; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-5024Energy policies in Brazil have been undergoing several reforms to implement privatization, using concessions for private companies, creating the energy market with differences in energy economic agents. At the same time as politics, the country is under global pressure to invest in renewable energy. Among these energies stand out as SHPs. The increase in water availability in the Legal Amazon, the diffusion by expansion of SHPs and UHEs around the agricultural industry in the states of Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Pará, Maranhão and Rondônia is underway. This is when the connection between the spaces of these water plants and the obstinate nature of silos, warehouses and slaughterhouses is done. The diffusion of these PCHs and UHEs are materialized in the plants in operation, in the plants under study and in the plants with study processes. The main objective of this work was to analyze how the current global energy transition has influenced energy policies in Brazil. The specific objectives were: to understand how energy policies in Brazil have contributed to increasing the diffusion of UHEs and SHPs around the agricultural industry in the Legal Amazon; understand how energy policy and the energy market in Brazil have been reflected in the increase in demand for hydropower in the Legal Amazon; demonstrate how the territorial-productive dynamics of soy work, as well as the surroundings of silos and warehouses and livestock (refrigerators) which cause the demand for electricity to increase, therefore, in more constructions of small and large hydroelectric plants in the Legal Amazon. The methodology used was a bibliographical review of a theoretical-methodological nature of Geography, Sociology, Engineering and Economics. Documentary analysis on energy policy and planning in Brazil. Primary and secondary data collected on the websites of IBGE, ME, ANEEL, EPE, MAPA and ODS. Finally, maps, graphs, tables and maps were built, as well as figures extracted from documents. The form of presentation of these data was in a graphical form. It is concluded that the diffusion of hydropower plants in the Legal Amazon is underway, because the PCHs are renewable and the UHEs can be built by run-of-river, as well as this diffusion is induced by the demand for energy from the agricultural industry in the Legal Amazon. As well, this diffusion is also fostered by the global climate change policy that influences the global energy transition.