Teses em Geologia e Geoquímica (Doutorado) - PPGG/IG
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/6341
O Doutorado Acadêmico pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).
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Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Aproveitamento do rejeito de caulim na produção de alumina para cerâmica e sílica de baixa granulometria(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2000-11-29) FLORES, Silvia Maria Pereira; NEVES, Roberto de Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9559386620588673The Amazon region detains 10% of the world reserves of kaolim. Since the seventy's, two great amazonic beds of kaolim are explored, producing kaolim for paper cover. In the beneficiation process, it's generated an elevated volume of polluted industrial residue which is deposited in extensivas and onerous lagoons of sedimentation. Because of the residue is very voluminous, these lagoons become an environmental problem of great proportions, due the extensivas deforested areas used for their constructions ( Barata, 1998). In this work, are suggested altematives of economic utilization of this residue, which is constituted, mainly, by a suspension of the claymineral kaolinite, for the production of pozolane, aluminium sulphate, the synthesis of the ammonium alum and alumina for ceramics utilization. The methodology constitutes in the drying and the calcination of the residue, followed by the extraction of the AI retained by the acid lixiviation H2SO4 ) followed by the ammonium alum crystallisation, for the reaction with the concentrated NH4OH, by means of pH control, and later calcination at 1200°C, getting a-Al2O3, with no sodium and Iow granulometry. From the aluminas obtained, are made bodies of proof smashed and sintered at 1600°C, to the determination of the ceramics properties, which are compared to one of the commercial alumina. After the acid lixiviation for the AI extraction, results as an insoluble material, an amorphous silica, for which it is suggested, as an additional contribution, an economic application, using it as artificial pozolane in building portland cement, making mechanics tests for the evaluation of its performance. The material that were used and synthesized were characterized throught the use of the X ray diffraction, eletronic scanning microscopy, the infra-red spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential thermic analisys, particle size analysis, specific area BET, porosity, chemical analisys throught umid means and throught X ray fluorescence.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Compartimentação morfotectônica do interflúvio Solimões-Negro(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-11-26) BEZERRA, Pedro Edson Leal; SILVA, Maurício Borges da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580207189205228From the morphostuctural and morphotectonic analysis integrated to the informations of remote sensing images, litoestratighaphy , geomorfology , the seismic data and field investigations was defined the neotectonic structuration and its influence in the elaboration of the relief forms and drainage net during the Upper Tertiary and Quaternary. This relation is shown through the morphotectonic compartimentation of the Solimões-Negro watershed, subject of this research (SA.20-Manaus Sheet). The discussions concentrated in the area of the cenozoics covers which overlay the east and west borders of the Solimões and Amazon paleozoics sedimentary basins, respectively. This area occupies about 290 000 km2, and is situated between the parallels 0° and 4° S and meridians 60° and 66° WGr, in the Amazonian region, involving parcels of Amazon and Roraima States. The geologic units formed during, or imediatelly after, the implantation of the neotectonic regimen are represented by: 1) the Içá Formation formed after the Miocene, probably of the Plio-Pleistocene age; 2) the Pleistocenics Terraces; 3) the Holocenics Terraces; 4) the inundatable watersheds areas of holocenic age; and 5) the Holocenics Alluviums. The modelling of the landscape for the drainage net evidences a relief compartimentation at plains systems, linked to the actual fluvial dynamics, and depressions, normally leveled by a planing surface formed in the Middle Pleistocene, in retaken by erosion, and preserved on tabular watershed. The neotectonic structuration has a direct relationship with the regeneration of the discontinuities of the paleotectonic structuration, that is, with the resurgent tectonic . This old estructuration is defined by: 1) Tacutu Lineament of NE-SO orientation, that show continuity to the northwest quadrant of the area; 2) the Madeira Lineament, also of NE-SO orientation that section the Southeastern quadrant; 3) the Purus Arc with NW orientation that establishes the limits between the Solimões and Amazon basin; e (4) minors lineaments as the Juruá and the Japurá ones, of E-O direction, defined outside of the domains of the research area. The neotectonic tensions field was alliviated through two kinematics pulses of essentially transcorrent nature. In the first pulse, occurred immediately after the inversion of the Amazonian Occidental drainage for east, had established the main corridors of drainage in the predominant NE-SO direction through the northeast of Amazonas and Roraima states in the brasilian territory, reaching the Guyana Republic and the Atlantic Ocean through rift valley of the Tacutu. The second one, predominantly transtensive, occurred in the Upper Pleistocene /Holocene, provoked the redirectioning of this system for the Amazonas hidrographic basin, and answers for the actual configuration of the relief and drainage net. The Relief Systems are differentiate for the degree of development of the drainage net, showing a evident gradation from the most evolued to the less evolued, that is reflected in the configuration of the watershed and its dimensiona, and that register the history of the implantation of the neotectonic structural picture and its geometric and kinematic differentiations. This register is represented through five morfotectonics compartments, called: Juruá River - Purus River Tanspressive Compartment; Madeira River - Purus River Transcorrent Compartment; Negro River- Japurá River Trancorrent Compartment; Negro River - Solimões River Trantensive Compartment; and the Branco River- Negro River Transtensive Compartment. The morphostructural and morphotectonic evolution occurred from southwest to northeast. So, the drainage net show best developed in the Juruá River — Madeira River Compartment; it is in development in the central zone formed by the Madeira River - Purus River, Negro River-Japurá River and Negro River- Solimões River Compartments; and show a initial stage of development in the Negro River- Branco River Compartment. In the northeast border of the Negro River Japurá River Transtensive Compartment, the development of the drainage net is composed, showing features of initial stage, as the amorphous and multibasinal pattern, with other typicals features of drainage net in development. The structures of the Juruá River Purus River Compartment are generated by inverse faults in the Upper Tertiary. In the the Madeira River - Purus River and Negro River — Japurá River compartments they are dextrals directional faults with component of oblique slip, probably of the reverse type in the Tertiary Superior and normal in the Pleistocene; in the Negro River - Solimões River Compartment they are mainly normal and oblique-dextrais types in the Upper Pleistocene. The Negro River- Branco River Compartment configures a wedge structure with oblique movement in the northwest and east borders, and extensional in its central zone, with evolution initiated in the Upper Pleistocene extending to the Holocene. Recent activity of some of these faults is marked by seismic events with intensities that arrive 5,5 mB.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Evolução geológica da porção centro-sul do Escudo Guianas com base no estudo geoquímico, geocronológico (evaporação de Pb e U-Pb ID-TIMS em zircão) e isótopo (Nd-Pb) dos granitóides paleoproterozóicos do sudeste de Roraima, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-11-17) ALMEIDA, Marcelo Esteves; MACAMBIRA, Moacir José Buenano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8489178778254136This study focuses the granitoids of center-southern portion of Guyana Shield, southeastern Roraima, Brazil. The region is characterized by two tectono-stratigraphic domains, named as Central Guyana (GCD) and Uatumã-Anauá (UAD) and located probably in the limits of geochronological provinces (e.g. Ventuari-Tapajós or Tapajós-Parima, Central Amazonian and Maroni-Itacaiúnas or Transamazon). The aim this doctoral thesis is to provide new petrological and lithostratigraphical constraints on the granitoids and contribute to a better understanding of the origin and geodynamic evolution of Guyana Shield. The GCD is only locally studied near to the UAD boundary, and new geological data and two single zircon Pb-evaporation ages in mylonitic biotite granodiorite (1.89 Ga) and foliated hastingsite-biotite granite (1.72 Ga) are presented. These ages of the protholiths contrast with the lithostratigraphic picture in the other areas of CGD (1.96-1.93 Ga). Regional mapping, petrography, geochemistry and zircon geochronology carried out in the UAD have showed widespread paleoproterozoic calc-alkaline granitic magmatism. These granitoids are distributed into several magmatic associations with different paleoproterozoic (1.97-1.89 Ga) ages, structural and geochemical affinities. Detailed mapping, petrographic and geochronological studies have distinguished two main subdomains in UAD. In the northern UAD, the high-K calc-alkaline Martins Pereira (1.97 Ga) and Serra Dourada S-type granites (1.96 Ga) are affected by NE-SW and E-W ductile dextral shear-zones, showing coexistence of magmatic and deformational fabrics related to heterogeneous deformation. Inliers of basement (2.03 Ga) crop out to northeastern part of this area, and are formed by metavolcano-sedimentary sequence (Cauarane Group) and TTG-like calc-alkaline association (Anauá Complex). Xenoliths of meta-diorites (Anauá Complex) and paragneisses (Cauarane Group) reinforce the intrusive character of Martins Pereira Granite. On the other hand, xenoliths of Martins Pereira and biotitebearing enclaves are founded in the younger, undeformed, and SiO2-rich Igarapé Azul Granite (1.89 Ga). This last and the high-K calc-alkaline Caroebe Granite (1.90-1.89 Ga, Água Branca Suite), including coeval volcanic rocks (1.89 Ga, Jatapu volcanics) and charnockitoids (1.89 Ga, e.g. Santa Maria Enderbite), crop out in the southern UAD. This subdomain is characterized only by local and slight NE-SW ductile-brittle dextral shear zones. A-type granites such as Moderna (ca. 1.81 Ga) and Mapuera (ca. 1.87 Ga) granites, cross cut both areas of UAD. Furthermore, the geological mapping also identified three main types of metalotects in this region. Gold mineralization is observed in Martins Pereira-Serra Dourada granitoids (northern UAD), alluvial columbite-tantalite is related to Igarapé Azul granitoids (southern UAD), and amethyst is associated to pegmatites from Moderna A-type granites. The Nd-Pb isotope data suggest that all granitoids of UAD are generated by reworking of older and pre-existence crustal sources (sialic Rhyacian-Archean and/or juvenile Transamazonian origin) and mantle input is not problably a viable model. Although the dominant process may be one subduction in the early stage of NUAD evolution, post-colisional magmatism may be a significant process in the production of new continental crust in the southern UAD. It is possible that, following oceanic closure in the Anauá arc system (2.03 Ga) and subsequent collisional orogeny (1.97-1.94 Ga?), underplated mantle melts (basalt liquids) were trapped below preexisting lower crustal rocks of various compositions (e.g. granulites, metatonalites, amphibolites). The basalt liquids and subsequently melted lower crust could produced the immense volumes of granite (and volcanics) observed at 1.90-1.87 Ga. This geological picture is similar to the Tapajós Domain (TD) in the southern Amazonian Craton and suggest that both belongs to the same province (Ventuari-Tapajós or Tapajós-Parima). Nevertheless, the scarcity of S-type granites and high-grade metamorphic rocks show that the collisional stage is not so evident in TD.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Evolução geotectônica do pré-cambriano da região meio norte do Brasil e sua correlação com a África Ocidental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1990-12-04) ABREU, Francisco de Assis Matos de; HASUI, Yociteru; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3392176511494801This study presente a proposal for the geotectonic evolution for the pre-Cambrian portion of mid north region of Brazil and its correlation with western Africa based on the Integration of multldisciplinary geologic Information. Two types of geotectonic units are recognized: estabilized areas at the lower Proterozoic/early mid-Proterozoic (cratonic nuclei) and adjacent areas whose tectonic instability continued until the Phanerozoic (mobile belts). In the first case, one finds the Amazonian craton, not analysed in this work, and the Western African Craton/São Luis. The second case, assesses the vast reglon known In Brazil as Araguaia Belt and northwest of the Borborema Province that along with the southwest portion of the Tentugai Belt provide south continuity to the Parnaíba basin emergence. On the African side, the easternmost part of the West African Craton corresponding to the Pharusian, Daomeinian and to the west side of the Rocklides and Mauritanides belts, this last one with configurated evolution until the Hercynian Orogeny. In the cratonic nuclei one finds preserved geometric aspects which are fundamental for the past relationship between the more ancient sialitic crust where one visualizes the presence of globular batholiths, incrusted in high degree gneiss highly deformed and its cover often represented by sequences of the "greenstone belt type". The formation of this continental crust would have ocurred initlally by underplating being increased horizontaliy afterwards by primary cratonic nuclei. In the areas where tectonic Instability continued, continental Ilthosphere was extremely modified providing conditions for the establishment of sedimentary basins by colapse of the superstructure, generating magma simultaneously with plastic deformation that established complex relationships between gneiss and the roots of these basins, generating high degree terrain, low dip follations and migmatization zones. In the studied region, mostly on the Brazilian portion, these areas, where the Instability continued, involves a NE-SW macro shear beit, extending Itself from Africa, crossing the northwest of Ceará and continuing south under the sediment of the Parnaiba basin. These directions modify to E-W as they approach the African border at Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast at the border of the Amazonian. Craton reaching a NW-SE direction In the Guiana Shield. Basically, they encompass the northwest of Ceará In the NE-SW direction and the NE-SW strong gravimetric references. The high and medium degree rocks of this region are replaced in the northwest direction by low to medium degree rocks of the São Luis Craton and by the birrimian complex of volcano-sedimentary basins: the NW-SE Tentugai Belt establishes itself discontinually in relation to the NE-SW structures of the northwest belt of Ceará. Area of less expressive width with these same directions are found west of the Amazonlan Craton. There, it would have occurred a wide range of phenomena In terms of deformation processes that reached an expressive granitogenesis and cratonization with Rb/Sr ages with range of 1900-2000 Ma determining, therefore, the period in which these pheneomena ocurred in the Arquean and eariy Proterozoic. Plane and linear elements define geometrically in the various segments analyzed the special positions of the main axis of the ellipsoid of deformation. The general movement along the NE-SW and E-W segmente was dextral, with NW-SE and ENW-SSE secondary sinistrai directions of shear. The prevalling metamorphlc conditions in this period mark the presence of stabilized groups of minerais with inciplent to medium degree in the cratonic domaln, while at the beit the conditions of high degree and anatexia might have occurred for large areas. Such geotectonic matrix has conditioned geologic phenomena occurred in the region. The tectonic stability occurred was followed by the emergent of conditions for the deposition of important platform sequences with start around 1600-1700 Ma (Tarkwaiano, Gorotire, Guelb at Hadid etc.). The unstable conditions reappearred around 800-1000 Ma on a more restricted fashion in terms of their area of influence, and it resulted In the formation of an extensive crusta) mobility zone contouring stabilized cratonic areas in the early Proterozoic responsible by the development of the Farausian, Daomenian, northwest of Ceará, Tentugal, Rockelian, Mauritian and Araguaia belts. The distention processes were more important In the Faruslan Beit with the formation of an ocean crust (Bou Azzer ofiolites - Marrocos) and a continental crust strongiy percolated at the Araguaia Belt. In other areas the distention processes were lesa important. Large scale crustal reworking with total or partial rehomonization of rocke occurs in this region as well as granitogenesis with age around 500-600 Ma. Tardl-kinematic effects expressed through tectonic movements among the narrow linear zones and restrict molasses may have followed all these processes and are represented by the Jalbaras Group, Piriá Formation, Rio das Barreiras Formation, among others, In the early Eon Phanerozoic.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Geocronologia em zircão, monazita e granada e isótopos de Nd das associações litológicas da porção oeste do domínio Bacajá: evolução crustal da porção meridional da província Maroni-Itacaiúnas - sudeste do Cráton Amazônico(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-11-16) VASQUEZ, Marcelo Lacerda; MACAMBIRA, Moacir José Buenano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8489178778254136The Bacajá domain is located in the southeastern Amazonian craton and represents the southern part of the Maroni-Itacaiúnas province, which comprises Paleoproterozoic orogens and Archean blocks reworked during the Transamazonian cycle (2.2–1.95 Ga). This domain is composed of granitoids, charnockitic and supracrustal rocks, orthogneisses, migmatites, metaigneous granulites and high-grade metasedimentary rocks. The previous geochronological data denote reworking of Archean crust and formation of juvenile crust during the Transamazonian cycle. The present study was based on field work, petrography, isotope geochemistry and geochronology in order to identify the igneous and high-grade metamorphic events in the western part of the Bacajá domain and to discuss its crustal evolution. The previous geochronological data, plus new data on zircon (U-Pb SHRIMP and Pbevaporation) and Nd isotope data for the igneous and meta-igneous rocks of the lithologic associations from the study area allowed the identification and dating of magmatic events from Neoarchean to Orosirian times, with a climax of crust formation during the Rhyacian. The 2.67- 2.44 Ga orthogneisses and 2.45 Ga metavolcanoclastic rock remnants are related to the first event of crust formation in the western Bacajá domain marked by an accretion at ca. 2.7 Ga and contamination by Mesoarchean crust (ca. 3.0 Ga). A second event of accretion at ca. 2.5 Ga and reworking of Mesoarchean crust were identified in 2.36 Ga metavolcanic rocks and associated 2.34 Ga granitoids, respectively. They are probably related to the amalgamation of a late Siderian island arc to an Archean microcontinent. The 2.21-2.18 Ga granitoids with Neoarchean crustal sources (ca. 2.8 Ga) and 2.16-2.13 Ga granitoids formed by mixture of a 2.3 Ga juvenile component with Archean crustal sources are related to Rhyacian magmatic arcs that collided against an Archean-Siderian continent. This collision was marked by the formation of 2.10 Ga granitoids (syncollisional rocks ?), probably originated from sources related to late magmatic arc rocks, and of charnockitic rocks and granitoids of 2.09-2.07 Ga (post-collisional rocks) formed respectively by mixture of Ryacian crustal sources and the 2.3 Ga juvenile component and by melting of Archean crust (3.0-2.7 Ga). There are Orosirian magmatic events identified in 1.99 Ga granitoids, whose correlation with the Transamazonian cycle is controversial, and by the extensional magmatism of ca. 1.88 Ga. Both events have Neoarchean crustal sources (ca. 2.8 Ga), probably derived from the Bacajá domain. The high-grade metamorphic events and associated anatexis were identified in the metaigneous and metasedimentary rocks from the western Bacajá domain. However, the petrologic and geochronological studies focused only on the high-grade metasedimentary rocks. These rocks have dominantly Archean detrital sources (3.1-2.5 Ga) and were affected by Rhyacian metamorphic events preliminary constrained by Sm-Nd whole rock-garnet isochrones (2208- 2025 Ma), but there is little evidence suggesting the existence of a high-grade metamorphic event at 2.3 Ga, that could be related to the collage of the late Siderian island arc. High-grade Transamazonian metamorphism commenced with a 2147-2123 Ma migmatization event that took place under upper amphibolite facies P-T conditions and was preserved in zircon overgrowths and in the cores of monazite grains. This event could be related to the collision of the early Rhyacian magmatic arc against to a Neoarchean-late Siderian continent. An anatectic event at 2109 Ma was recorded on unzoned rims of zircon crystals, which is probably it related to the continental collision at 2.1 Ga that has been identified in the Transamazonian orogens of the French Guiana shield. Despite the formation of synchronous granitoids and charnockitic rocks during this collision, in the studied metapelites it was a modest anatexis. After that, a low pressure granulite facies metamorphism (4-6 kbar / 700-800 ºC) at ca. 2070 Ma was registered on monazite and zircon grains, followed by a possible Pb-loss event at 2057 Ma. The existence of coeval quartz diorite and charnockitic intrusions suggests underplating of mafic magma and crustal thinning during the post-collisional period. The igneous and metamorphic events of the western Bacajá domain are analogue to those identified in other Transamazonian domains of the Amazonian craton and South America. In global scale, the 2.1 Ga collage has been correlated to the collision of the paleoplates of eastern South America and western Africa that triggered the formation of a Paleoproterozoic supercontinent.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Geologia e petrogênese do “Greenstone Belt” identidade: implicações sobre a evolução geodinâmica do terreno granito - “Greenstone” de Rio Maria, SE do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1994-10-07) SOUZA, Zorano Sérgio de; DALL'AGNOL, Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2158196443144675This thesis deals to the geology and petrogenesis of the Identidade greenstone belt, located between Xinguara and Rio Maria towns, SE of Pará state. The data of this area permitted the discussion of the tectonic evolution of the gravite greenstone terrain of the Rio Maria region in the context of the Província Mineral de Carajás, SE of the Amazonian craton. The greenstone studied compose a synformal belt in the WNW-ESE direction, corresponding to one metavolcanic pile, formed predominantly by ultramafic schists (UM), basalts (BAS) and gabbros (GB) at the base, and hypabyssal dacitic rocks (DAC - ca. 2.94 Ga, Pb/Pb) at the top. The whole was intruded by metaplutonic rocks of Mesoarchean ages, the older one being quartz diorites, followed successively by granodiorites, trondhjemites / tonalites and leucogranites. The gneissic basement (GN - outcroping toward north and recognized for having an older fabric Sn-1/D1), the greenstone and the metagranitoids were intruded by hypabyssal rhyolitic (ca. 1.60 Ga, Rb/Sr) and basic dykes at the end of the Paleoproterozoic. The greenstone presents igneous structures and textures still recognized, although obliterated near the contacts with the metagranitoids and shear zones. The ultramafics occur as tremolitites, tremolite - talc schists and talc schists; the amphibole is very elongated and thin, commonly in parallel arrays, interpreted as ghosts of spinifex textures. The basalts are massive or pillowed and frequently variolitic. They show different degrees of recrystallization, with some relicts of hyalophitic, pilotaxitic and traquitoid textures. Clinoamphibole (actinolitic hornblende), epidotes and plagioclase (albite - andesine) are the most abundant minerais. The gabbros may be massives to porphyritics (plagioclase phenocrysts), still with some relicts of subophitic and granophyric textures. The dacites are porphyritic, with phenocrysts of quartz and plagioclase (oligoclase), besides hornblende and mafic clots (biotite, chlorite, opaque minerais, epidotes, sphene, apatite) in the less evolved samples. Concerning the metagranitoids, the leucogranites and trondhjemites have chloritized biotite, whereas the granodiorites and some tonalites comprise biotite or biotite + hornblende (also in quartz diorites). The greenstone and the metagranitoids were affected by one event of heterogeneous, ductile deformation, that evolved to mylonitic zones. The structural framework of the area is marked by a planar fabric (Sn//Sm/D2) in the WNW-ESE to E-W direction, with moderate to strong dips in a divergent fan. E-W, WNW-ESE or NW-SE stretching lineations, meso and asymmetric S-C microstructures, mica and clinoamphibole fishes, and rotation of o and i porphyroclasts indicated one megastructure resulting from a binary system with NW-SE shortening direction. The actual geometry of the greenstone would be derived from a dextral transpression, with the greenstone forming a positive flower structure. The transpressional regime favored the grow of transtensional cites and subsequent emplacement of granitic plutons on the NW contact, and extensional crenulation cleavage (Sn+1/D2) on the SW of the greenstone. Strain measurements displayed a ca. 60% shortening, subhorizontal extension of ca. 60 to 500% parallel to the greenstone trend, and vertical extension of ca. 101 to 280%. The strain ellipsoid may be oblate to prolate, with changes in density and rotation of the axis of maximum stretching (X) toward the mylonitic zones. The inversion of the deformation permitted the reconstruction of the original shape of the greenstone, that would be also elongated WNW-ESE, but with lesser eccentricity than today. These data, together with the quartz petrofabric, suggested that the deformation has been accommodated by pure and simple shear mechanisms, the final framework resulting essentially from the later. The last event (D3) are represented by faults and fractures which also affected the felsic and basic dykes. The paragenesis of the main metamorphic event (Mn/M2) is represented by static recrystallization, which modified some textures and almost ali minerais within the greenstone. The minerais formed phases were bluish green amphibole (actinolitic hornblende), epidotes, sphene and quartz in BAS and GB; tremolite, talc and chlorite in UM. The metagranitoids show transformations of plagioclase (saussurite, fine white mica), amphibole (to biotite and/or sphene) and biotite (to chlorite). The coexistence of hornblende + plagioclase (An>17) and/or actinolitic hornblende + chlorite in metabasic rocks shows that this event was of low pressures and temperatures in the transitional field of the greenschist and amphibolite facies. This episode should reflect a regional crustal heating produced by the plutonism at the end of the Mesoarchean, that obliterated the previous associations of ocean floor metamorphism. Slightly coeval to subsequently, it occurred one event of extensive dynamic recrystallization (Mm/M2) in the greenschist facies, specially within shear zones and lithological contacts. In these places, there are evidences of fluid incoming (schistose blastomylonites and abundant quartz veins) and remobilization of chemical elements (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Na, Rb, Sr, Zr). Finally, under lower PT conditions, it occurred a less expressive event related to crenulation cleavages and forming chlorite, epidotes and quartz (Mn+1/M2). The M2 event, as well as the one detected only in GN (M1 under amphibolite facies), was of ductile nature and cleary distinguished from the last one (D3/M3). The later was placed at the end of the Paleoproterozoic, being of hydrothermal character and associated to high crustal structures. The progressive evolution of the M2 metamorphism with its thermal peak predating the deformation suggested a counterclockwise P-T-t path, corresponding to the metamorphic evolution of Phanerozoic marginal basins. Some chemical analysis of the metavolcanic rocks permitted the definition of magmatic series and a discussion of petrogenetical modeling. It was possible to recognize three geochemical series, that is, from the older to the younger, komatiitic (UM), tholeiitic (BAS and GB) and calc-alkaline (DAC). The first one corresponds to peridotitic komatiites with MgO>18 weight % (volatile-free basis), with an enrichment trend in Al, such as in Geluk and Munro, and less calcic than the Barberton one. The light rare earth element patterns are irregular with (La/Sm)N ratios between 0.42 and 4.2 and negative Eu anomalies. The heavy rare earth elements seem less affected by post-eruptive processes, being plate or slightly fractionated (1.0<(Gd/Yb)N<2.3). The quantitative models were of hard execution due to the remobilization of several elements. It was possible estimate cumulates rich in olivine and orthopyroxene. With regarding to tholeiites, the BAS and GB showed very similar geochemical signatures, both being low potassium tholeiites comparable to depleted Archean tholeiites. The rare earth elements are almost plate, with values 10X the chondrite, and slight or no Eu anomaly. Preliminary modeling suggested similar cumulates for BAS and GB, composed essentially by clinopyroxene and plagioclase. The magma sources that originated the komatiites and tholeiites would be a garnet lherzolite. The DAC presented geochemical characteristics of modern and Archean metavolcanics and metaplutonics of trondhjemitic nature. The magmatic differentiation would be achieved by fractionation of plagioclase>quartz>hornblende>K-feldspar, with subordinated amount of biotite, magnetite, sphene, allanite and zircon. The source of the dacitic magma would be a tholeiite metamorphosed to the garnet amphibolite facies and somewhat enriched in light rare earth elements. The geodynamical model proposed admit the existence of a gneissic basement prior to 2.96 Ga. Between 2.96 and 2.90 Ga, the interplay of high geothermal gradients and lithospheric extension was responsible for extensive rifting, forming marginal basin systems, where extruded the komatiitic and tholeiitic rocks. At 2.94(?)-2.90 Ga, the DAC were generated from partia' melting of oceanic crust in subduction zone settings, and evolved by low pressure fractional crystallization. The same mechanisms that generated the DAC are extended also to the calc-alkaline plutonism, this one being responsible for the structural inversion of the greenstone, crustal thickening and final shape of the granite - greenstone terrain (dextral transpression ca. 2.88-2.86 Ga). The region still suffered a late episode (end of Eoarchean, 2.69-2.50 Ga) of (re)heating, registered only in sorne mineral, without any evidente of deformation and/or metamorphism. Finally, it occurred the intrusion of felsic (1.60 Ga, Rb/r) and basic dykes at the end of the Paleoproterozoic. The correlation with the actual understanding of the Província Mineral de Carajás permitted envisage that the Rio Maria granite - greenstone terrain was then configured at the moment of implantation of the Itacaiúnas Supergroup (ca. 2.76 Ga) and alkaline granitic plutonism at the Serra dos Carajás. So the sinistrai transpression that inverted that supergroup would correspond to a newer event, very distinct as regards as the dextral transpression of the Rio Maria region.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Geoquímica dos sedimentos de manguezais do nordeste do estado do Pará: um exemplo do estuário do rio Marapanim(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-01-20) SILVA, José Francisco Berrêdo Reis da; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302The northeast coast of Pará state was geologically built on fluvial valleys partially submersed during the Holocene, where the mangroves of Marapanim estuary were developed. Adjacent to the mangroves, iron sediments and Latosol of Barreiras Formation (Tertiary) are the main source of silt, clays and sands. Despite the ecological, social and economic mangrove significance, there is a lack of geologic information focusing the processes and the magnitude of mineralogical and geochemical transformations occurring in these ecosystems on the Brazilian north coast, which is the main goal of this research. To reach the purposed objectives topographic studies were run, as soon as a short description about the mangroves. Sediments were sampled in the end of both rainy and dry seasons and submitted to in situ interstitial salinity, Eh and pH measurements. To these samples were also run chemical analysis to determine SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5, Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, L.I. (lost on ignition) and granulometric analysis. Trace elements were determined by using ICPM-MS; minerals were determined by using X-ray diffraction and SEM techniques. Surface and interstitial water were sampled during neap and spring tides, in periods with both higher (March, June and July) and lower (September, November and December) pluvial precipitation. These samples were submitted to chemical analysis to determine H4SiO4, SO4 2-, ΣH2S, NH4 +, Cl-, PO4 3-, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, total alkalinity and dissolved iron. Salinity, Eh and pH were also measured. The mangroves are typically from intertidal zones and are represented by a mixture of Rhyzophora mangle and Avicennia germinans developed under semidiurnal macro tides, totally submersed during the ebb-tides and weekly exposed during the spring-tides, under a rainy tropical weather, hot and humid with remarkable climatic seasonality. The mangrove sediments are predominantly silt-clayed, rich in organic matter (C: 1 to 4% grade). Those sediments were originally deposited over sand bars, which smooth morphology and sedimentological aspects promote vegetal colonization, drainage network evolution and sediments development, increasing its consistency. The tropical chemical weathering acts over the source areas producing quartz, low crystal kaolinite grains, iron oxides and other dissolved chemical substances like silica, aluminum and heavy metals which are incorporated to the mangrove sediments, with diatoms and Na+, K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ ions from marine contributions. At the mangrove, the original material is reworked throughout intensive biological activity and geochemical processes developed in the presence of different organic matter grades and the reactive surface of biogenic silica (diatoms), originating minerals in total or partial equilibrium within the new conditions. The autigenic minerals are pyrite, smectite, K-feldspars, halite, gypsum, jarosite beyond quartz and remobilized iron oxy-hydroxides. Mangrove sediments present high grades of dissolved sulfide ions (6 to 40 mmol/L) while in depth, sulfate ions are consumed. Dissolved sulfide is formed from organic matter mineralization under bacteriological sulfate-reduction, which final product is the pyrite. In depth, total dissolved iron grades are reduced close to zero due to the reaction with part of the dissolved sulfide to form solid sulfide (pyrite). This reaction occurs in an extremely reductor chemical environment (-200Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Mineralogia e geoquímica de gossans e lateritos auríferos na região de Carajás: depósitos de Igarapé Bahia e Águas Claras(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-03-20) ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; POLLMANN, Herbert Josef; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1639498384851302The Igarapé Bahia mine and the Águas Claras prospect are examples of supergene gold mineralization in gossans and latentes. They are located in the Carajás mining district, Pará state, Northern Brazil. These areas belong to Vale do Rio Doce Company and all the exploration programs were conducted by DOCEGEO. In this work, mineralogical and geochemical studies were performed in the weathering profiles of both areas focussing on the behaviour and distribution of gold and associated elements. The two areas exhibit similar primary geological context, with gold-bearing sulphide zones associated with shear zones and intense hydrothermal alteration, related to Archaean to Proterozoic metavolcano-sedimentary sequences. The supergene products are divided in two main groups: The gossan system and the lateritic system with evidences of superimposition of the latter on the former. The profiles were studied after different surface and subsurface sampling. The following horizons and zones were described, from base to top: (1) in the gossan system: primary sulphide zone, secondary sulphide zone and a thick oxidation zone; (2) in the latente system: a brecciated lateritic iron crust, a dismantled iron crust or stone-lines and latossols. The lateritic iron crust developed over the pre-existing gossans, resulting in a complete obliteration of the primary textures and structures and promoting a new remobilization of gold and other elements. This structuration can be observed today in the Igarapé Bahia area while at Águas Claras the latente profile over the mineralized bodies was truncated and exposing the gossans. The mineralogical composition of gossans and latentes is mainly represented by hematite, and variable amounts of goethite, Al-goethite, maghemite, gibbsite, kaolinite and quartz. Hematite predominates in the gossans and goethite becomes progressively enriched toward the latentes. In the deepest parts of the gossans the following minerais were identified: malachite, cuprite and native copper, mainly associated with hematite, besides azurite, chrysocolla and quartz; the Aguas Claras area presents a broader paragenesis in the primary sulphide zone, that includes: chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, cobaltite, quartz, magnetite, wolframite and tourmaline. Primary gold occur as diminute particles finelly disseminated in the sulphides and with different compositions in the Au-Ag alloy. In the Águas Claras area it occurs associated with a wide range of Bi-, Ag- and Pb-tellurides, besides native bismut. Tourmaline (dravite) and wolframite (ferberite) also occur as important accessory minerais, both in the primary and secondary environment. In the gossans they occur as centimetric cumulates, acting as important guides for gossans identification. Major element geochemistry of the profiles is mainly characterized by very high iron contents in the gossans, that progressively diminish toward the latossols. On the oder hand, the contents of Si, Al, Ti and LOI increase toward the top of the profiles. Calcium, Mg, Na e K are completely depleted in the gossans and laterites. Geochemical associations of trace elements are variable for the two areas and reflect mainly the chemical and mineralogical variations from the primary zones. In the mineralized bodies (gossans + iron crust) the following geochemical signatures were characterized: Au, Cu and Mo, for the Igarapé Bahia area; and Au, Cu, As, B, W, Sn and Bi, for the Águas Claras area. From the various horizons and zones of the profiles, different gold particles were separated and analised by Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive System. Strong variations were described in terms of morphology and chemical compositions in the Au-Ag alloy. Silver, Pt, Pd, Fe e Cu were frequently detected, where Ag contents range from less than 1% to more than 25%. The studied grains were divided in two groups: (1) Primary particles associated with primary sulphides; and (2) Secondary or supergene particies, associated with gossans, latentes and latosols. These were further divided in two groups: (2.1) residuais particles, generally with more than 30 grn of mean diameter and exhibiting a primary core with Ag-depleted rims; and (2.2) authigenic or neoformed particles, which are extremely fine (< 5 1.un) and of very high fineness, frequently associated to the coarser and residual grains. The results obtained allowed us to interpret the supergene evolution of the area in four main phases, each one associated with or related to a major period of gold remobilization: Phase I - Gossan formation: related to the development of gossanic bodies in tropical climatic conditions which ranged from semi-arid to seasonally humid (savannas). In this work this is considered as prior to Lower Tertiary. During this phase, gold was remobilized from lower primary zones through thiosulphates complexes and reprecipited in the upper oxidized zones associated with iron oxy-hydroxides. The reprecipitated gold is fine-grained and of medium fineness. Phase Mature Lateritization: related to the broad lateritic weathering processes that took place in the whole Amazon region during Early Tertiary times. Mature lateritic profiles were formed above the gossans and their wall-rocks, with the development of a brecciated lateritic iron crust that includes gossans fragmenta. The gossan system was obviously oppened during this phase resulting in physical and chemical dispersion of gold. The role of organic matter related to biological activity was very important in the chemical remobilization of gold. Phase 111 - Post-Mature lateritization: related to all weathering processes that took place in the region after the establishment of the lateritic profiles during the trànsition Upper Oligocene-Middle Miocene. The main supergene products of this phase are the upper latosols of the Igarapé Bahia area. After the weathering of gold-bearing lateritic crusts, this element is once again remobilized following the same chemical mechanisms of phase II, but under increasing biological activity. This resulted in an intensive physical dispersion, broadening of geochemical haloes and weakening of gold signals. This new lateritic cycle was less intensive as compared to the previous one. It took place in the transition to more and conditions during the Plio-Pleistocene, resulting in an intense denudation of the landscape with erosion, truncation and exposure of the Aguas Claras gossans. Widespread gold-bearing coluvium (in the Águas Claras arca) and Placer deposits are inportant supergene products regionally related to this phase. Ali the weathering processes that took place after the establisment of the landscape in the end of phase III are considered in this work as phase IV. These are related to prevailing humid conditions that become dominant after the end of Pleistocene and during the Holocene, giving rise to new latosols, stone-lines, coluvium and aluviums.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Petrologia dos granitóides brasilianos da região de Caraúbas-Umarizal, oeste do Rio Grande do Norte(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1993-05-07) GALINDO, Antonio Carlos; MCREATH, Ian; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5299851252167587; DALL'AGNOL, Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2158196443144675Six major granitoid plutons were mapped in the Caraúbas-Umarizal area, in the West of Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeast Brazil. These are the Umarizal, Tourão, Caraúbas, Prado , Complexo Serra do Lima e Quixaba plutons. Excepting the Umarizal granitoid, all plutons were deformed during the Brasiliano Cycle, displaying a NE-trending foliation dipping mostly to SE. This fabric is related to the main Brasiliano tectonic episode. Brittle-ductile deformation is represented by fractures, faults and shear zones, which are common features of the area. The Portalegre shear zone (ZCP) is an prominent structure with more than 200 km long and up to 2 km wide. The emplacement of most of these granitoids was largely controlled by shear zones. The common occurrence of magmatic breccia structures in the Umarizal granitoid suggest its intrusion into relatively cool crust. Regarding the Tourão granitoid and similar plutons, it is envisaged an emplacement by diapirism followed by ballooning. The Umarizal granitoid is dominated by rocks with quartz monzonite and quartz syenite composition and coarse-grained textures, with biotite, amphibole, and clinopyroxene ± fayalite in variable proportions, and rare orthopyroxene. The Quixaba granitoid has a coarse to very coarse texture and quartz monzodiorite to quartz monzonite compositions. The Tourão, Caraúbas and Prado granitoids and the Serra do Lima complex closely resemble each other. They are dominantly represented by porphyritic monzogranites with subordinate occurrences of leuco-microgranites. The Prado granitoid has an associated diorite facies, which occurs mainly as enclaves in the granites. From the geochemical point of view these granites fali into four families: the Quixaba granitoid, the Prado diorite association, the Umarizal granitoid and the whole group of the Tourão, Caraúbas, Prado (grafite facies) and Serra do Lima complex granitoids. The first two present low silica and a geochemical signature of shoshonitic plutonic rocks, though they are more alkaline than is usual in this kind of association. The latter (Umarizal, Tourão, Caraúbas, Prado e Complexo Serra do Lima) display intermediate to high silica. The Umarizal granitoid has alkaline affnnities and several characteristics of A-type gravites. The remaining type display geochemical signature of subalkaline acid associations. Rb-Sr whole-rock dating show that the Caraúbas and Prado granitoid (630 23 Ma) are the oldest in the area, being followed by the Tourão granitoid and Serra do Lima complex (600 + 7 - 575 ± 15 Ma), and finally by the Umarizal granitoid (the youngest at 545 ± 7 Ma). Initial 87Sr/86Sr rations above 0,708 point to a dominantly crustal source for these magmas. The Quixaba granitoid and the Prado diorite association display geochemical features of a mantle source. Considering the presence of pyroxene and fayalite in the Umarizal granitoid and of clino-and orthopyroxene in the Quixaba granitoid, it is estimated that crystallization of these granitoids began at temperatures around 900 °C and pressures between 8 to 9 kbars. During crystallization, conditions of low oxygen fugacities prevailed in the near FMQ buffer. In the case of Umarizal granitoid the oxygen fugacites was controlled by the FMQ buffer and possibly also for the Quixaba one. Concerning the Umarizal granitoid, melting of rocks with mangeritic composition is assumed to generate its parent magma, while the magmas which formed the Tourão, Caraúbas, Prado (gravite facies) and Serra do Lima complex granitoids probably originated by melting of a monzonitic source. Fractional crystallization was the dominant process in the evolution of the magmas of these granitoids. The Meruoca gravite in Ceará State also displays a fayalite-bearing facies and is the only granitoid described up to now in the Borborema Province that lias analogies wíth the Umarizal grafite. Nevertheless they differ in some petrographical and geochemical aspects. Plutonic shoshonitic associations have been frequently described in this province, but they are compositionally distinct from the Quixaba granitoid. The Tourão, Caraúbas, Prado (gravite facies) and Serra do Lima complex granitoids are similar to a large number of plutons throughout the Borborema Province, representing the most common types of Brasiliano-age granitoids.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Petrologia e evolução crustal das rochas de alto grau de Porto Nacional - TO(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-03-03) GORAYEB, Paulo Sérgio de Sousa; OLIVEIRA, Marcos Aurélio Farias de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6704755061378988The Porto Nacional region, located at central-southern portion of the Tocantins State, is part of Structural Tocantins Province. That region forms a crustal segment mainly composed by granulitic and gneissic terraines, with a wide variety of lithotypes due to the effects of successive magmatic, sedimentary, tectonic and metamorphic processes during the Precambrian Eon. In the oldest units, from the Lower Proterozoic, have been recognized orthoderived rocks, as tholeiitic basalts type TH-1, calc-alkaline basalts and tonalites as well as paraderived rocks as graywackes, pelites, graphitic and silicic-iron-manganesiferous, submited to high grade metamorphism (Porto Nacional Complex, Morro do Aquiles Formation). Another set of rocks includes tonalites associated with minor granodiorites and granites, occurring along with a supracrustal sequence made up of calc-silicate gnaisses, pelites, psamites and gondites, metamorphosed in the amphibolite facies (Rio dos Mangues Complex). Meta-igneous bodies of anorthositic (Carreira Comprida Anorthosite), nepheline-sienitic (Estrela Suite) and K-rich granitic rock compositions (Matança and Serrote Suite), metamorphosed in the amphibolite facies, constitutes batholites and stocks enclosed by the former units. They represent magmatic events of different origins and ages. Other units from the end of Lower Proterozoic are represented by the Monte do Carmo Formation, composed by conglomerates, arkoses, graywackes and acid to intermediary volcanic rocks, and the Lajeado Suite, which encloses a set of granites. These unites represent intra-continental volcanic and plutonic magmatic processes related to extensional tectonic environment. The Upper Proterozoic and the Phanerozoic are represented, respectivelly, by psamo-pelites low grade metassediments (Natividade Group) and by sedimentary rocks of the Parnaiba Basin (Serra Grande and Pimenteiras Formations). The tectono-structural framework is here designed by the Tocantins Shear Belt, which trends NE-SW between the Amazônico and Paramiririm Archean cratons. This belt defines a regional imbricated system wide about 300 km, where mixed segments of different crustal level. The evolution of the belt is related to the oblique colision of Porangatu and Araguacema crustal blocks during the Lower Proterozoic, and to late transcurrent shears. The metamorphic studies developed in the Tocantins Shear Belt allowed characterize rocks of high grade metamorphism (Domine 1), with maximum temperature of 850°C and pressure of 8 kbar, which indicate that the rocks reached the granulite facies in a depth of about 30-35 km. The second terrain (Domine 2) includes rocks of high amphibolite facies with temperatures of 680°C and pressures of 6-5 kbar, indicating depths of about 20 km. The Domine 3 includes a migmatized gnaissic terrain, that underwent a middle to high amphibolite facies metamorphism, above the hornblende isograde and the curve of granite melt in high H2O activity. The petrogenetic records suggest a anticlockwise P-T-t path for the high grade metamorphism. This path is initially progressive with an increase of temperature, and crosses muscovite, biotite, andaluzite, garnet and sillimanite isogrades in the aluminous sequences, and hornblende, clivo and orthopyroxene in mafic compositions. The metamorphic path cross cuts the curve of granite melt in low H2O activity and generates S-type granites, and charnockites. The thermal peak is reached near 880°C and is followed by a significative increasing in pressure, with the stabilization of kyanite and garnet. Later, there was stablished retrograde pattern whose records suggest an overprinting in amphibolite and greenschist facies conditions at temperatures lower than 600°C and pressures about 5 kbar. The geochronologic data obtained by whole-rock Rb-Sr and single zircon Pb evaporation analysis suggests a minimum ages 2,1 - 2,2 Ga for the high grade metamorphism, indicating effects of the Transamazonian thermo-tectonic event. The petrogenetic interpretations based on lithochemical and tectonic data, suggest that the evolution of the high grade rocks may be related to the rupture of the pre-existent Archean crust. In this crust affected by extensional tectonism, and strongly controled by magmatic underplating, restricted oceans were installed. The crustal evolution was followed by A subduction, delamination and crustal-stacking wedge, which end up with the transportation of infracrustal segments to upper leveis of the crust.