Teses em Geofísica (Doutorado) - CPGF/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2357

O Doutorado Acadêmico pertente a o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geofísica (CPGF) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Agora exibindo 1 - 8 de 8

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Espalhamento elástico em meios anisotrópicos estratificados
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1994-06-09) PROTÁZIO, João dos Santos; SCHOENBERG, Michael
AVO analysis is an importante tool for extracting lithological information from seismic data using the contrast in acoustic impedance at the lithological boundaries. The isotropic assumption behind this analysis does not hold in many cases. The advent of large offset surveys and multi-component data has revealed the presence of subsurface anisotropy. To interpret such data, the AVO analysis must include anisotropy. This work presents an AVO theory and numerical results for an anisotropic layered medium. This thesis contains three contributions. First, a new approach to the study of reflection-transmission at a plane interface between anisotropic media with a horizontal mirror plane is presented. The Zoeppritz equations are generalized to include anisotropy by the introduction of impedance matrices which greatly simplifies the previous formalisms. Second, the study of the P-wave reflection at an interface between an isotropic and a transversally isotropic medium is described and it is show that the reflected P-wave does not have information about the underlying anisotropic subspace for pre-critical incidence. Finally, the behavior of post-critical reflected and transmitted pulses through a stack of anisotropic layers is discussed. The post-critical pulses are show to carry valuable information on the anisotropy of the structure through which the waves propagate.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimativa de parâmetros elásticos em meios anisotrópicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-06-20) GOMES, Ellen de Nazaré Souza; PROTÁZIO, João dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4210442535067685
Amplitude, polarization and the slowness vector measurements carry information about the medium where wave propagation occurs. This thesis investigates these data aiming at the recovery of elastic properties in anisotropic media. Reflection coefficients can be estimated from amplitude data and depend nonlinearly on elastic and density contrasts across an interface. When the impedance contrast is weak, the linear approximations for the qP reflectivity are more convenient for inversion of density and elastic parameters using analysis of amplitude versus the angle of incidence (AVO) and amplitude versus the direction of the incidence plane (AVD). Partitioning the linear system defined by Zoepprittz equations allows one to write the solution of these equations in terms of impedance and polarization matrices. Using this solution, linear approximations for the qP reflectivity are derived for weak impedance contrasts and arbitrary symmetry classes of anisotropy. The linear approximations are evaluated for different acquisition geometries and choice of the reference medium. The approximations for the reflection coefficients of the reflected qP and the converted waves are in good agreement with the exact solution for incidence angles up to 30° for media that satisfy the weak impedance assumption. If a single oriented set of fractures is represented by a transversely isotropic effective medium, the linear approximations for qP reflectivity can be used to estimate the fractures orientation. Under these assumptions this problem is reframed as the estimation of the symmetry axis orientation from qP reflectivity data. This work shows the requirement of multiple components and multiple azimuthal data and quantifies the minimum amount of data for stable estimation. Also it is shown that the reflection coefficients of converted waves qS and qT only are sensitive to fractures dip. The inversion of polarization and slowness from multiazimutal VSP data are investigated for the estimation of local anisotropy. We use measurements of the vertical component of the slowness vector and the qP polarization data of direct and reflected waves. The inversion algorithm is validated in synthetic data sets for different choices of the wave front normal, reference medium and acquisition geometries. This analysis shows that only a subset of elastic parameters is recovered. An important application of this approach is its potential to determine the class of anisotropy. The application of this methodology to the Java Sea data set shows that isotropy and transversely isotropic models are inadequate to fit the data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estimativa de parâmetros em meios VTI usando aproximações de sobretempo não hiperbólicas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-09-30) PEREIRA, Rubenvaldo Monteiro; CRUZ, João Carlos Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8498743497664023
Transversely isotropic (TI) media is a more realistic model for processing seismic data, for example, fractured media with preferred fracture direction, or composite by periodic thin layers. In particular, TI media with vertical symmetry axis (VTI) are widely used as models for P-wave propagation in shales, abundant rock in hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, the P-wave propagation in homogeneous media VTI have as their main characteristics, depend on four parameters of rigidity and also to possess: complicated algebraically phase velocity equation, difficult group velocity equation to explain and moveout equation nonhyperbolic. Therefore, several authors have presented parameterization and obtained approximations to these equations depending on three parameters only. Among these, the moveout approximations have been widely used in inverse methods to estimate lithological parameters in homogeneous media VTI. Such methods have generally been successful in estimated stacking velocity vn and the anellipticity parameter η, since these are the only ones required for generating initial models for the steps of seismic processing in the time domain. One of the most used methods for estimating parameters is the basedsemblance velocity analysis, though, because this method is limited to sections with small offset-depth ratio, adaptations for anisotropic media, considering nonhyperbolic moveout approximatios are required. In this paper, based on anelliptical approximation shifted hyperbola, anelliptical rational approximations are presented for: phase velocity, group velocity and moveout nonhyperbolic in homogeneous VTI horizontally layered media. The validity of these approximations is made by calculating their relative errors by comparing with other known approximations in the literature. To semblance-based velocity analysis is performed to measure the accuracy of the rational moveout approximations to estimate parameters in VTI media. The results demonstrate the great potential of rational approximations in inverse problems. In order to adapt to VTI media, we modify two coherence measurements by semblance which are sensitive to amplitude and phase variations. The accuracy and robustness of the adapted coherence measurements are validated by estimation of in anisotropic parameters in VTI media.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Inversão vinculada de dados de EMAP e MT-1D anisotrópico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1999-11-26) RÉGIS, Cícero Roberto Teixeira; RIJO, Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3148365912720676
We present a technique to invert magnetotelluric data. Two kinds of MT data are treated: data generated by anisotropic one-dimensional models and two-dimensional data from EMAP (ElectroMagnetic Array Profiling) surveys. In both cases we perform the inversions using approximate equality constraints to stabilize the solutions. We show the advantages and the limitations of those constraints in the inversion process. Even when the inversion is constrained, it can still be unstable. To invert the two-dimensional EMAP data we present a process that consists of three steps: 1 – The interpretation model and the initial guess for each case are derived from the filtered apparent resistivity sections which are the result of the filtering process of the EMAP method; 2 – One layer formed by small outcropping bodies (termed static shift layer) is added to the interpretation model in order to resolve the sources of static distortions that contaminate the data; 3 – The inversion is constrained by approximate equality constraints. The first two steps enable us to extract the largest possible amount of information from the data, while the use of the approximate equality constraints allow us to incorporate a priori information which has true physical or geological meaning. With these steps we obtain solutions that are stable and meaningful. We study the method in two-dimensional models as well as in real data from an EMAP line surveyed at the Paraná Basin.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Migração por equação de onda em meios anisotrópicos com correção de amplitude
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) AMAZONAS, Daniela Rêgo; SCHLEICHER, Jörg; COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7294174204296739
Standard real-valued finite-difference (FD) and Fourier finite-difference (FFD) migrations cannot handle evanescent waves correctly, what can lead to numerical instabilities in the presence of strong velocity variations. A possible solution to these problems is the complex Padé approximation, that avoids problems with evanescent waves by a rotation of the branch cut of the complex square root, and we apply it to the acoustic wave equation for vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media to derive more stable FD and hybrid FD/FFD migrations. Our analysis of the dispersion relation of the new method indicates that they can provide stable migration results with less artifacts, and higher accuracy at steep dips. These conclusions are confirmed by the numerical impulse responses of the migration operator, and by the migration of synthetic data in strongly heterogeneous VTI media. Wave-equation migration in heterogeneous media, using standard one-way wave equations, can only describe correctly the kinematic of the propagation. For a correct description of amplitudes, we must use the so called true-amplitude one-way wave equations. In vertically inhomogeneous media, the resulting true-amplitude one-way wave equations can be solved analytically. In laterally inhomogeneous media, these equations are much harder to solve, and even numerical solutions tend to suffer from instabilities and other artifacts. We present an approach to circumvent these problems by implementing approximate solutions based on the one-dimensional analytic amplitude modifications. We use these approximations to modify split-step and Fourier finite-difference migrations in such a way that they take better care of migration amplitudes. Simple synthetic data examples demonstrate the recovery of true migration amplitudes. Applications to the SEG/EAGE Salt model, and to the Marmousi data, show that the method improves amplitude recovery in the migrated images. We also show that the method for amplitude correction can be applied to migration algorithm for VTI media, and the algorithm was applied to the HESS synthetic data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem 1D e 2,5D de dados do método CSEM marinho em meios com anisotropia transversal inclinada
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-02-28) SANTOS, Walleson Gomes dos; RÉGIS, Cícero Roberto Teixeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7340569532034401
In this work I present the solution to the electromagnetic field generated by a horizontal electric dipole in transversally isotropic media with vertical (TIV) as well as inclined (TII) symmetry axis. In one-dimensional models the electromagnetic field was obtained with two distinct methods: (1) For the TIV case, I have written a semi-analytical solution to the Maxwell’s equations, by using a vector potential formulation; (2) For the TII case, the field was represented as the composition of primary and secondary fields, where primary fields are those found in an underlying isotropic layered medium, and the secondary field is calculated numerically via the finite element method in the spatial Fourier transform domain (kx, ky, z). This last methodology was also used to calculate the fields in two-dimensional structures, including inclined anisotropy in any region of the models. In this 2,5D case, I have applied the finite element method in the (x, ky, z) do main. Here I have used unstructured meshes to discretise the media, and parallel programming to solve the linear systems of equations. The responses were used to study the effects of electrical anisotropy in marine CSEM data.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem e imageamento 2.5D no domínio do tempo através de diferenças finitas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) SILVA NETO, Francisco de Assis; SCHLEICHER, Maria Amélia Novais; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4767998352165705; COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7294174204296739
This thesis discuss modeling and imaging of seismic wavefields in 2.5D using finite-differences to solve numerically the wave equation. Modeling in 2.5D is extended to anisotropic elastic media with an arbitrary class of symmetry. The sources of the wavefield are generalized to simulate of explosive, dipole and double-couple distributions. The acquisition geometry is not required to coincide with a symmetry plane. Reverse time migration in 2.5D is implemented in conjunction with a new imaging condition based on the asymptotic analysis of the classical correlation imaging condition. The new imaging condition is designed to improve the amplitudes in reverse time migration (RTM) images, and to reduce back-scattering artifacts. Numerical experiments indicate that 2.5D RTM improves the resolution of the migrated images when compared to its 2D counterpart, and that the proposed imaging condition was effective improving the amplitudes and reducing back-scattering artifacts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Modelagem sísmica e inversão na presença de anisotropia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1993-11-04) COSTA, Jessé Carvalho; SCHOENBERG, Michael
The assumption of anisotropic elastic models, in the context of exploration seismology, has been increasing since the advent of new aquisition tecniques: VSP, walkway VSP, crosshole tomography and large offset seismic surveys. Effective anisotropic elastic models can account for patterns of inhomogeneities at a scale much lower than the wavelength of the propagating seismic energy. Particularly, effective media can account for the most robust seismic data, i.e., traveltime measurements. This work investigates some aspects of wave propagation, raytracing and traveltime inversion in anisotropic media. The propagation of SH waves in a layered anisotropic medium in the most general case where these waves can occur, i.e., propagation in the mirror symmetry plane of a monoclinic medium, is studied. It is shown that SH reflected field from a stratified half-space is 'blind' to the possible anisotropy below. Fast ray tracing procedures for stratified anisotropic media in 3D are presented. Such ray tracing codes are a first step towards the development of traveltime inversion algorithms for non-flat anisotropic layers in 3D. Traveltime inversion of VSP and walkway VSP is a promissing approach to 3D velocity model building, starting from a well location. These velocity models are necessary for the migration of seismic data in the presence of anisotropy. The analysis of the nonlinear tomographic inversion, for a vertically inhomogeneous transversally isotropic medium with vertical axis of symmetry (TIV), is presented. The limitations of qP traveltime data are pointed as well as the consequences of the lack of full angular ray coverage for tomographic inversion. An algorithm for tomographic inversion is presented and evaluated in synthetic data seis. Application to real data is presented. This approach is attractive for cases where the formations are known a priori to be relatively flat, and where crosswell data itself shows a high degree of left-right symmetry. It also may be of use for preliminary surveys, where the layered estimate can be used as a background model to carry out more detailed analysis, e.g., as an anisotropic velocity model for migration, or as a calibration model for AVO analysis.

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Navegando Teses em Geofísica (Doutorado) - CPGF/IG por Assunto "Anisotropia"