Navegando por Assunto "Comportamento humano"

Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 28

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Ambiente de desenvolvimento e início da vida reprodutiva em mulheres Brasileiras
(2011) LORDELO, Eulina da Rocha; MOURA, Maria Lucia Seidl de; VIEIRA, Mauro Luís; BUSSAB, Vera Sílvia Raad; OLIVA, Angela Donato; TOKUMARU, Rosana Suemi; BRITO, Regina Célia Souza
Several models inspired by the life history theory have assessed the patterns of human reproduction in developed countries with promising but inconclusive results. Considering the diversity of life conditions in Brazil, we investigated the relationship between the time of main events in female reproductive life, environmental conditions and psychosocial variables related to child-rearing. We interviewed 606 women in six different states in Brazil. Results corroborate the life history theory, showing associations among the investigated factors, especially between life conditions during childhood and the beginning of sexual life and reproduction, but not to sexual maturity. We suggest that landmarks in reproductive life, although related, can be under the influence of several phenomena. Diversity of life conditions in Brazil offers alternative contexts to hypotheses testing.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da formação de classes ordinais sob controle condicional
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-08-20) NUNES, Ana Letícia de Moraes; SOUZA, Carlos Barbosa Alves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1264063598919201; ASSIS, Grauben José Alves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0722706223558223
Studies have shown that the formation of ordinal classes emerge from separate sequence training. The reversal of ordinal functions becomes an important variable when a sequence is subjected to conditional control. The development of ordinal classes under conditional control has been verified when a chaining procedure was used to establish the original contingencies. The training of overlapping paired sequences (e.g. A1->A2, A2->A3, A3- >A4, and A4->A5) may lead to the true emergence of intra-sequential transitive relations. There have been no conclusive results when using an overlapping procedure with conditional control. This study investigated the emergence of ordinal relations in children when overlapping paired stimuli were employed in three experiments. The experimental sessions were conducted in a room located in an educational institution. An REL software program (Version 5.0 for windows) was utilized for stimulus presentation and response recording. The experimental task required sequential responses simultaneous stimuli displayed on the monitor, and correct responses received differential reinforcement during the training session. The purpose of the pilot study was to ascertain whether ordinal relations emerged when training involved overlapping two-stimulus sequences and functional reversals (e.g. when a green square elicited an A1->A2 response, or if a red square elicited an A2->A1 response). Three preschool children participated in the study, and the visual stimuli were cardinal numbers (Sequence “A”), written names of numbers (“B”), and quantities (“C”). The emergence of transitive relations was observed in two participants, and another exhibited ordinal class formation under conditional control. Subsequently, Experiment 1 analyzed the emergence of ordinal relations in eight additional children, following overlapping twostimulus sequence training (e.g. A1->A2, A2->A3 and so forth). Two sets of visual stimuli were used (numbers and quantities). All participants formed transitive relations and in most of them, ordinal class formation was observed as well as novel performance on a generalization test. Furthermore, five children from Experiment 1 participated in Experiment 2, and were exposed to overlapping two-stimulus sequence training on one set of stimuli (“A”) involving conditional control of color discrimination. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of conditional control on ordinal relations. In all of these participants the emergence of transitive relations and ordinal class formation was verified. Three children produced pairs of the second sequence (“B”) under conditional control without direct training. However, performance on the sequence probes varied, apparently as a result of unprogrammed stimulus control. Finally, the discussion focused on the prerequisites for sequential responding under conditional control and its implications for the development of number concepts in children.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise do controle por regras
(2010) ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
In Behavior Analysis there is a proposal in which rules do not alter the probability of behavior future occurrence and another one in which rules can exercise this effect. The present study has the objective of presenting such proposals. Before this, the distinction between rule-controlled behavior and the contingency-controlled behavior are presented, besides some procedures used to investigate rule control and some theoretical propositions concerning how rules function. Afterwards, some reasons why rules are followed are presented, highlighting the effects of delayed consequences. In conclusion, arguments stating that rules can alter the probability of future behavior are presented.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos comportamentos de aproximação e retraimento de pré-termos de risco evidenciados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-02-17) FARIAS, Gabriela Ribeiro Barros de; AGUIAR, Maria Socorro dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6149887780782216
Care taking in neonatology has been increased in the last years concerning the conditions of prematurity and low weight at birth, specially related to health, growth and development of children who are under such a condition of risk. One of the most relevant points of neonatology researches is about the behavioral observation of signs emitted by the premature organism work, which possibly reveal the level of organization or disorganization of the organism as a whole, making it possible to predict future harms. Since 1978, an American researcher , Heidelise Als, with a group of collaborators, has started several researches about the behavior and assistance to low weight premature babies which do emphasize a differential care practice to their development using as a base the Syncronic Active Theory of Development (SATD), which has enabled the registration and elaboration of individualized care in order to promote the development of premature babies, reflecting gains for an effective development of the different functions of the organism, mainly in the motor cognitive and behavioral areas. Hence, this paper has the aim to quantify those behaviors which are more evident in the context of a Neonatology Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and what the environmental mechanisms which favor their manifestations are, in order to track down the cares to development according to the reality present in the NICU. The research has been planned through a pre-project which has enabled the registration in 19 samples of children to 30 sections of observation, being developed in the period of April to June, 2005. Data collection has been performed in premature babies with low weight at birth and with fetus age between 26 to 37 weeks. Such collection has used a standard etogram based on behavioral observation of H.Als, marking the environmental events that had promoted some behaviors. The observation was performed in a period of 15 minutes per individual of such sample. The tabulated data resulted in general data through maternal and babies variables and through specific data of behaviors and environmental interferences. The general data have kept a similarity with other researches, pointing out unfavorable social conditions and maternal predisposition to infections as possible predisposition factors to a premature delivery as well as the prematurity situation as a worsening event of the babys health and welfare. Among the specific data, it was possible to register a prevalence of restraint behaviors which do reveal the babys disorganization facing the excess of environmental interferences, such as noises, manipulation and luminosity, much common in NICUs. Eventually, through such facts, we suggest into this research possible solutions to ease the excess of disorganizing behavioral manifestations, trying to make a priority to the cares of the development through practices already used by H.Als and her team.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos efeitos de um treino parental sobre comportamentos de crianças com TDAH: comparação entre setting terapêutico e ambiente domiciliar
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-08) NEVES, Maria Elizabete Coelho das; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
This study aims to contribute with the evaluation of the effects of behavioral intervention addressed to parents/guardians of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – ADHD, investigating the effects of this model on parental training under two conditions, therapeutic setting (Condition 1) and home environment (Condition 2), on the occurrence of hyperactivity behavior versus self-control. The participants were the parents of four children, between five and nine years of age. The following instruments were used: Free Informed Term of Consent - FITC, Parental Style Inventory – PSI, Child Behavior Checklist – Teachers Report Form CBCL/ TRF, teacher’s version of the ADHD rating scale, Initial Interview Guideline, Interview and Evaluation Guideline, Final Evaluation Guideline, Brazilian Economic Rating Criteria-BERC. The research process consisted in: (a) contacting a pediatric neurologist; (b) participants’ triage and invitation; (c) distribution of two participants for each condition of intervention; (d) initial evaluation, including interview with the guardians, application of FTIC, PSI and CBCL; (e) visit to school and application of FTIC, ADHD rating scale and teacher’s versions of TRF; (f) five intervention sessions, taped in audio and video, two baselines, one habituation to rules and two maintenance in behavior and installation of self-observation behavior, which involved situations of interaction in games with rules, with participation of therapist- researcher, the child’s mother, (g) an evaluation interview on the first phase; (h) reversion of context for the participants and (i) final evaluation, done through interviews with the guardians and a repetition of the previously used standard instruments with the parents and teachers, plus the BERC. The data obtained through such standardized instruments received treatment indicated in the manuals. Two systems of categories for behavior analysis were used, one to describe the mothers’ behavior and the other, the children’s behavior. The main results suggest that children in the consulting room environment had a greater occurrence of behavior emission of self-control than in the home environment, which, on the other hand, had prevalence of hyperactivity-impulsivity behavior. Likewise, mothers in the consulting room environment scored better than those in the home environment group. There was an increase in educative practices for most mothers. One discusses the consulting room context as an effective intervention environment, although it is recognized that the difficulties of control of inadequate behavior are greater for parents in the home environment, as a result, intervention in a natural environment must be considered during the therapeutic process. On the other hand, parental training has demonstrated to be effective in the acquisition, enhancement and maintenance of positive educative practices for all mothers, which may influence beneficially the behavior of children with ADHD.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação de um procedimento de aproximação sucessiva sobre a seleção de uma prática cultural complexa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09-23) PAVANELLI, Sergio; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
The investigation of cultural selection has become more consistent theoretically and empirically in the Behavior Analysis especially after Sigrid S. Glenn proposed and developes the concept of metacontingencies. At the level reached by empirical investigations, a challenging issue relates to the complexity that cultural phenomena usually present. Cavalcanti (2012) evaluated the possibility of increasing the probability of complex interlocked behavioral contingencies (IBCs) by means of a successive approximation procedure (analogous to modeling operant response) involving a task of choosing rows of a matrix by group members. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Social Behavior and Cultural Selection of this University (LACS / UFPA) and consisted of a replication with two microcultures, of Cavalcanti's first experiment with addition of the following changes in the procedure: a) introduction of generational change, b) steady order of choice by members of the lineages in the microculture and c) The use of two sets of criteria for the production of cultural consequence (one with each microculture). Study participants were undergraduate students from various courses, excluding psychology, distributed in two microcultures (A and B) consisting of 4 participants positioned in 4 different lines (L1, L2, L3 and L4). In each microculture 4 participants worked simultaneously sending individual responses (choice of lines in a 10x10 matrix) which produced individual consequences (exchangeable chips for money) every time the operant contingencies in place (choice of odd lines) were met. Regardless of operant contingencies was also the release of reinforcing cultural consequence in the form of figures stamped on a card which were exchanged for school items to make up a kit at the end of the experiment. The experimental session consisted of cycles of attempts (moves made by the microcultures) and generations of participants. Each generation corresponded equivalent to 20 cycles of trying. In each generation a new participant was inserted to replace the one with more time in the study. Substitutions made occurred within each specific strain. The general objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of the gradual increase in environmental complexity procedure (criteria required for the production of cultural consequences) on the "modeling" of cultural practices in the context of sucessive generations. For the two microcultures data suggest the efficacy of the procedure of gradual increase in environmental complexity in the production of complex IBCs and provide greater generality to the results found by Cavalcanti. However, the study provided no comparison of microcultures exposed of gradually increasing complexity with continued exposure of a microculture to the more complex environment. For this reason, it is clear that the procedure analogous to modeling was effective in producing complex IBCs, but not that it was more effective than the continuous exposure of a microculture, for the same number of cycles, to the more complex environment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comportamento suicida: sociedade, assistência e relações comportamentais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-12-14) BRANDÃO, Whashington Luiz de Oliveira; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
This work was built by means of three studies, a theoretical and two empirical ones. The first study aimed at relating the human development indicators (HDI) in the Northern capitals of Brazil, in particular the city of Macapá-AP, with conditioning aspects for suicidal behavior (CS). For that purpose, we accessed national and international publications that described epidemiological aspects of CS and evaluation of HDI. The data indicate that there is a relation between HDI dimensions - income, longevity and education - with suicide rates. The second study aimed at describing the knowledge that 28 psychologists working in assistance to public mental health have on the suicide phenomenon in the city of Macapá-AP, as well as identifying their procedures in the care of the people involved, through application of a self-administered questionnaire. The results indicate that, considering a perspective on CS knowledge, the professionals reported minimal knowledge, but individually incipient compared to what is described in the literature and, in particular, in manuals and public policies that emphasize on prevention and management of cases. In the third study, we aimed at describing the report about the life cycle (childhood, adolescence and current context) besides the suicide attempt episode lived by seven people (five women and two men). It was observed in the report of the life cycle that there are both events involving situations of cohesion and family conflict; sexual abuse situations, difficulty in dealing with the consequences of sexual orientation. Suicide attempt can be analyzed as a self-control strategy with escape and avoidance function. The study of suicidal behavior is a complex and dense area, which can motivate researchers to pursue further efforts in order to provide a better assistance to those involved.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comunicação dos conhecimentos produzidos em análise do comportamento: uma competência a ser aprendida?
(2003-12) CARMO, João dos Santos; BATISTA, Marcelo Quintino Galvão
Behavior analysts have some difficulties in communicating their knowledge to other scientific communities, mainly to those that could apply it, like teachers, parents, nurses, engineers and so on. This essay presents some reflections, as well as promotes discussions, on the reasons why those difficulties occur, and points out ways to overcome them. The adequate communication between behavior analysts and non-analysts is important on account of the social return it conveys.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Cuidados com os pés diabéticos: investigação de variáveis que determinam o seguimento de regras de tratamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-20) NOVAES, Vera Ribeiro; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5261537967195189
One of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) is neuropathy that affects the skin sensitivity, causing decreased or even absent, facilitating the development of diabetic foot. Such complications can be reduced with adherence to treatment rules of foot care for diabetic patients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of rules, justifications for tracking and social reinforcement, and also compare the effects of a questionnaire (Questionnaire 2 - Q2) specifying the behavior of foot care with effect from another questionnaire ( Questionnaire 1 - Q1) without specifying such behaviors in six diabetic adults through the following instruments: Interview Script Initial Script Initial Questions, Observation Protocol feet, Questionnaire 2 - List of Behaviors Care Feet, Quiz 1 - Protocol Questions about Behavior Care Feet, Rules and Foot Care Rules with Additional Justifications for Foot Care. Seven meetings were held weekly, in which participants were exposed to procedure A (Baseline [Q2] - Q1 - Q2) and procedure B (Baseline [Q1] - Q2 - Q1) in Conditions 1 (social reinforcement), 2 (justification) and 3 (without social reinforcement / without justification). The results showed that half of the participants reported receiving no guidance foot care, four of the six had anatomical deformities in the feet, all had some aspect circulatory and dermatological, and only one participant wearing proper footwear. Terms of reported behaviors of foot care, it was found that participants exposed to Q2 (P11a, P21a and P31a) had a larger number of reports than participants exposed to Q1 (P12b, P22b and P32b). However, there is clear evidence in this study, treatment adherence. One fact that supports this assertion is the fact that the number of reported behaviors of foot care, participants presented P11a, P21a and P31a have decreased when these participants were exposed to Q1.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito do ensino por resposta construída simultânea e com atraso sobre a produção e leitura de sentenças
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-02-27) BANDEIRA, Taynan Marques; ASSIS, Grauben José Alves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0722706223558223
Studies have used procedure constructed response matching to sample (CRMTS) to teach spelling of words. In this procedure the answer is constructed by selecting individual components presented as comparisons stimuli conditionally to the sample stimulus. It can be performed to the presence of the sample (simultaneous constructed response matching to sample ou SCRMTS) or after its removal (delayed constructed response matching to sample or DCRMTS). This study compared the effectiveness of training by SCRMTS and DCRMTS in the production and reading of sentences, as well as the maintenance of the repertoire after 20 days. Participants were seven children with a minimum repertoire of naming letters, syllables and some words. In Pre-tests none of the participants answered textually or correctly constructed sentences and only one score textual behavior of 73% of the words of the study. Each participant underwent the teaching of words that had errors using CRMTS. With a single-subject design of alternating treatment, all participants were submitted to both teaching procedures, with two different sets of sentences. The test results show that all learned to construct sentences and maintained the repertoire with the two procedures, and emitted a textual behavior and reading with comprehension on the teaching and recombined sentences. The two procedures can be used for teaching and maintenance of syntactic repertoire, although DCRMTS was more effective training. Important variables in using these procedures are discussed and directions for future studies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos da exposição a macrocontingências e metacontingências na produção e manutenção de respostas de autocontrole ético
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-01-24) VASCONCELOS NETO, Aécio de Borba; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
A particular case of self-control happens when the conflict between immediate and delayed consequences are associated with consequences more favorable to the individual, or more favorable to the group. In such cases, responding under control of delayed consequences more favorable to the group can be called Ethical Self-Control. Literature on Behavior Analysis points out that the selection of self-control and ethical self-control depends on contingencies delivered by members of the group, which permits us to say that these phenomena are cultural products. This work investigated the selection, maintenance, and transmission of ethical self-control in two settings analogous to cultural contingencies: macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. Six microcultures, two in each of the three studies, were exposed to a task in wich each participant had to choose a line in a colored 10x10 matrix. There were individual consequences according to which choices of odd lines produced three tokens that could be exchanged for money, and choices of even lines produced only one token. Cultural contingencies allowed the production of school items that would be donated to public schools. The production of such items depended up on the existence of macrocontingencies or metacontingencies. The first study evaluated the effect of the cumulative product of independent operant responses functionally over the behavior of participants in a laboratory microculture, when individual consequences that produce higher magnitude reinforcers are concurrent with the production of consequences more favorable to the culture, with individual consequences and cultural consequences different in nature. In this study, choices of even lines produced lower magnitude reinforcers and one school item. The results showed the effectiveness of the cumulative product in the installation and maintenance of self-control responses, but only after a long exposure to the macrocontingency. The changing in generations might have contributed as well to the necessity of a long exposure. The second analyzed if Interlocked Behavioral Contingencies (IBCs) and their associated Aggregate Products (AP) can be selected by cultural consequences different in nature from the individual consequences, in situations where the production of the cultural consequence is concurrent with the higher magnitude individual consequences. In this study, the production of school items was contingent to the occurrence of IBCs+APs that involved choices in three even lines with different colors. Results suggest that the cultural consequence was effective in the selection and maintenance of ethical selfcontrol responses. The data also suggests that the IBC’s+APs keep recurring for a large number of cycles even after suspending the metacontingency. Finally, the third study investigated the effect of cultural consequences and cumulative product on ethical self-control responses, in situations in wich the production of the cultural consequences and the cumulative product are concurrent with responses that produced a higher magnitude reinforcer, in alternate conditions of macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. In this study, two microcultures were exposed to alternate conditions of macrocontingencies (as in Study 1) and metacontingencies (as in Study 2). Results suggest that both the cultural consequence and the cumulative product were effective in the selection of ethical self-control. When exposed in alternating conditions, though, it was not possible to replicate the same frequency of selfcontrol responses as in the conditions of Study 2 where there was no exposure to macrocontingencies. The data also suggest that macrocontingencies were not effective in the selections of IBCs+APs, but were effective in the maintenance after they were selected in metacontingency conditions. In macrocontingency conditions a larger number of school items were produced, but the probability of producing items in metacontingency conditions were lower than in macrocontingencies conditions, suggesting that the former was more effective in the production of cultural consequences.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos das propriedades formais de regras em forma de pedido sobre o comportamento de escolha
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-21) LOPES, Danielly da Silva; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5261537967195189
The present study investigates the effects of the manipulation of justification about following rules. More specifically, tried to investigate the effects of a request to the occurrence of following the rules which describes that the emission of behavior should produce reinforcement immediately (rule nº 1) and the occurrence of following the rule which describes that the emission of behavior should produce reinforcement at the end of the research. thirty six undergraduate participated in the research, divided equally into six conditions. It was used a matching-to-sample procedure; the task consisted in pointing to each one of the comparison stimuli in a given sequence. The participant earned points, in continuous reinforcements to not follow the sequences of answers described in rules I and F. However, if after the last attempt (40th attempt) of the second phase of each condition the participant followed the rule, at least in seventy of eighty attempts of the study, he could earned a hundred points at the end of the research. The results suggest that manipulation of justifications to the following of rules, in other words, manipulation of found properties of rules, may determine the behavior of following the rules.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de atividades distrativas associadas à progressão do atraso sobre o responder autocontrolado de crianças
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) BATISTA, Jussara Rocha; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5960137946576592
Studies about self-control have reported two procedures as efficient to increase emission of the self-controlled responses: the progression of reinforcement delay and distractive activities during the delay. This study evaluated the effect of the two kinds of distractive activities (ludic and intelectual) associated with progression of reinforcement delay on self-controlled responses of children and the possible maintenance of the self-control responses reached in training sessions in later sessions, with delay to exchange up to 3 days. Nine participants between 5 and 7 years old were exposed to a choice situation between two stimuli presented on a computer screen, in order to obtain tokens exchangeable for items. Impulsive choices produced 1 token (smaller magnitude) and self-controled choices produced 3 tokens (larger magnitude). There were 6 experimental conditions: (a) Base Line Magnitude: larger magnitude/0 s and smaller magnitude/0s; (b) Base Line Delay: smaller magnitude/0s and smaller magnitude/60 s; (c) Progressive Delay: smaller magnitude was presented combined with smaller delay and larger magnitude was presented combined with larger delay, that increased 10 seconds in each of seven phases (0 s to 60 s) – Grupo A; (d) Progressive Delay Combined with Ludic Activity: the same fases as in previous condition, but it was possible to do a coloring activity during the delay – Group B; (e) Progressive Delay Combined with Intelectual Activity: the same phases as in previous condition, but it was possible to solve mathematical problems during the delay – Group C; and (f) Exchange- Delay: smaller and larger reinforcer magnitude (tokens) were delivered after the session, but the larger magnitude reinforcers were exchangeable for items after 1, 2 or 3 days. The data do not show consistent differences between the results of the traning (only delay progression, delay progression with ludic activity, and delay progression with intelectual activity). However, the data suggest that training using intelectual activity during the reinforcement delay can be less effective to maintain self-controlled responses in delays of three days to exchange tokens. Overall, the use of larger delays seems to have favored, more than smaller delays, the sensibility to external variables not controlled in the experiment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de diferentes histórias experimentais sobre o comportamento de seguir regras em participantes classificados de flexíveis e inflexíveis
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) SOUZA, Lívia Mello; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9018003546303132
The present study investigated wether the maintenance or not of the behavior of following discrepant rules of programmed contingencies of reinforcement in an experimental situation depends more on the listeners experimental history or his pre-experimental history, inferred by his answers to a questionnaire about unflexibility. Sixteen college students previously selected on the basis of their answers in a questionaire about unflexibility, were exposed to a procedure of choice according to sample. In each attempt, a model stimulus and three comparison stimuli were presented to the participant, which had to point to the three comparison ones, in a predetermined sequence. The participants were assigned to two conditions, and each condition had four phases. The conditions differed only by the schedule of reinforcement applied. In Condition 1, the schedule of reinforcement was continous (CRF) and in Condition 2 it was fixed-rate (FR4). In both conditions, Phase 1 began with the presentation of minimal instructions and a sequence of responses was established by diferential reinforcement; Phase 2 began with the presentation of a discrepant rule; Phase 3 began with the presentation of a correspondent rule; and Phase 4 began with the representation of the discrepant rule. Eight participants (four classified as flexible and four classified as unflexible) were exposed to Condition 1 (CRF) and eight participants (four classified as flexible and four classified as unflexible) were exposed to Condition 2 (FR4). Results show that apart from the classification, the eight participants in Condition 1 abandoned rule-following that was discrepant from the contingencies, pointing that the control exercised by the constructed experimental history prevented the observation of preexperimental variables upon the participants behavior of following discrepant rules. The results of Condition 2 showed that the four participants classified as flexible abandoned following the discrepant rule and the four participants classified as unflexible maintained the rule-following that was discrepant from the contingencies, ponting that under these conditions, control by different pre-experimental histories prevailed. Comparing the results in both conditions it can be summarized that the maintenance of the behavior of following discrepant rules does not depend only on the experimental or pre-experimental history of the listener, but depends on the combination of a number of conditions favorable or unfavorable to the maintence of the behavior of following a discrepant rule.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de dois tipos de pergunta sobre os comportamentos verbal e não-verbal
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007) PAZ, Mariana Vargas; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5261537967195189
The present study intent to evaluate if the sinalization of changing on programmed contingencies through the presentation of question should turn the following of rules more probable to change when the contingencies modified. Twelve pre-grade students were exposed to a matching-to-sample procedure. The respondents pointed, sequentially, to three comparison stimuli in the presence of a sample stimuli. The presentation of correct sequencies produce points exchangeable for money. The responses were reinforced in CRF. The participants were distributed in four experimental conditions, each one consisted of four sessions. The session 1 was the base line. The programmed contingencies in Session 2 were changed in Session 3 and remained unchanged in Session 4. In Conditions 1 and 2, the nonverbal behavior was established through differential reinforcement and in Conditions 3 and 4 it was established through instructions. Two types of question were asked during the experiment: question Type 1 consisted in asking the participant to describe the behavior that produce reinforcement; and question Type 2 consisted in asking the participant to evaluate the possibility of exist or not more than one behavior that is reinforced in experimental situation. Question Type 1 was presented each three trials during the Sessions 2, 3 and 4 for all conditions; while question Type 2 was presented alternately in the beginning of Session 3 or Session 4. The results showed that two of three participants of Condition 1 and all of Condition 2 modified their verbal and nonverbal behaviors when the contingencies were changed. In Condition 3, all participants changed their behaviors when the contingencies changed and two of three modified their behaviors when the contingencies changed in Condition 4. This indicate that the question Type 2, join to the question Type 1, contributed to the presentation of verbal and nonverbal behaviors more sensitivity to the changing in contingencies when the nonverbal behavior was established through instructions. The results may aid in clarifying the role of questions in sensitivity of verbal and nonverbal behaviors to changing in contingencies.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de histórias do comportamento alternativo ao especificado por regra sobre o seguimento de regra
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-11-24) LIMA, Fernanda Monteiro; ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5261537967195189
Investigating the effects of a long history of continuous reinforcement of an alternative behavior of the one specified by a rule on subsequent discrepant rule-following, 08 undergraduate students were exposed to a matching-to-sample procedure. The task consisted of pointing, in a sequence, to each of three comparison stimuli that had only one thing in common with the sample stimulus and differed in other characteristics. The experiment had four phases. Phase 1 was baseline. Phase 2 begun with a rule corresponding to the contingencies. Phase 3 had an un-signaled change in the reinforcement contingencies, and Phase 4 started with discrepant rule. The results showed that on Phase 1 most of participants had a variable performance. On Phase 2, all participants followed the corresponding rule. On Phase 3, six participants continued to follow the rule of the previous phase and two participants emitted the correct sequence. On Phase 4, four participants followed the discrepant rule; three abandoned rule-following and began to emit the correct sequence; and one abandoned the discrepant rule, but began to emit a sequence that wasn’t reinforced. The data suggests that the participants that presented behavior under rule control on Phases 3, tended to follow the discrepant rule on Phase 4; and, the participants that showed a behavior under control of immediate consequences on Phases 3, tended to abandon the discrepant rule-following on Phase 4. The role of the history of behavior alternative to the one specified by the rule is discussed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos do treino de cuidadores sobre comportamentos de apoio à adesão às orientações nutricionais por portadores de diabetes
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-05-13) MALCHER, Michele da Silva; FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6600933695027723
Health studies have pointed out that social support is one of the factors related to the adherence to diabetes patients treatment. Based on behavior analysis reference and especially on Goldiamonds constructional approach this study aimed to evaluate the effects of training procedure on caregivers support behavior offered to adult patients feeding behavior. Further, it was intended to analyze effects of this training on the patients adherence to dietary prescription. Taking part on this study were three women enrolled in a program for diabetes patients and one family member of each patient, amounting to three caregiver-patient dyads, two of which were allocated on a Training Condition (TC) and one, on a Non-Training Condition (NTC). As information sources, one used the verbal reports of the patients and of the caregivers, direct observation of behavioral interaction and clinical indicators. Using the subject as its own control, the intervention consisted on the training in contingency analysis and behavioral handling, accomplished in home visits by means of self monitoring records. The results showed that caregivers who took part on the Training Condition presented enlargement on the support behavior repertoire, which was not verified regarding the caregiver who took part on the Non-Training Condition. The glycemic levels reduction and the reports presented by the Training Condition patients suggest that the intervention has contributed to improvements on the adherence to nutritional orientations by theses patients.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Escolha explícita e implícita de pares de estímulos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-01-29) PIMENTA, Dióghenes Nobre; TONNEAU, François Jacques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2917023797307669
This study aimed to relate research on equivalence through stimulus pairings and research on increase of attractiveness. To this end, we examined the effects of stimulus pairings (AB, BC) on the behavior of 20 subjects facing direct (BA and CA) and indirect (CB and CB) pairs, using matching-to-sample choice tests (MTS) and a liking scale. The experiment had two conditions. In the M Condition, participants were exposed to blocks of pairings and MTS; a final test was made in the form of a liking scale. The second condition (condition L) was similar to the first, except that the tests in MTS format were not carried out. Our results corroborate the data of Leader, Barnes and Smeets (1996). We also showed that over successive exposures, stimulus pairings increase response accuracy and speed. In M condition, the differential scores of liking for the direct and indirect pairs were positive, showing a strong relationship between the previous cycles and a higher score on consistent pairs. But, in L condition the results showed a significant drop in the differential scores of indirect pairs. Future studies might investigate the effects of varying the number of pairs of exposures in MTS testing.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estresse e metas de socialização de pais de crianças com e sem transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-08-27) TAVERNARD, Edimeire Pastori de Magalhães; SILVA, Simone Souza da Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9044423720257634
The behaviors that a person with ADHD has can cause a tangle of feelings within the family and within social, wearing their relations which can lead to rejection of that individual or even exclusion from the social group to which they are ligados.Esta research aimed to investigate the presence of stress and socialization goals of parents of children with and without ADHD. For this purpose, two studies were conducted. At first it was assessed the presence of stress in parents of children with and without ADHD and checked if there was correlation of these levels with attentional impairments and hyperactivity patterns / impulsivity of their children. In the second investigated the socialization goals and strategies of parents of children with and without ADHD. Participated in both estudos78 parents, divided into two groups: experimental group formed by parents of children or adolescentescom the diagnosis of ADHD and control group formed by parents of children without the diagnosis. Data were collected in a University Hospital and duasescolasregulares the public network in the city of Belém / PA. The instruments used were: Socio-Demographic Questionnaire, MTA-SNAP IV, Parenting Stress Index (PSI) .The first study results showed that the stress level of parents of children without ADHD (GC) was higher than that of parents of children with ADHD (GE) and the second study showed that parents of both groups have their main goals related to self-improvement, differing as the action strategies used to achieve the goals.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Investigação do controle por regras e do controle por histórias de reforço sobre o comportamento humano
(2004) ALBUQUERQUE, Luiz Carlos de; MATOS, Maria Amélia; SOUZA, Deisy das Graças de; PARACAMPO, Carla Cristina Paiva
This study investigated the role of experimental history and of relative density of reinforcement on rule following behavior. Sixteen undergraduate students participated. Under a matching-to-sample procedure, with 3 comparison stimuli, the participants were asked to point the comparisons in sequence, according to their dimension, Color, Thickness or Form, in common to the sample. At the beginning of Phases 1, 2, 3 and 4, participants were exposed, respectively, to minimal instructions, a discrepant rule (specifying a non reinforced sequence), a corresponding rule (specifying a TFC sequence) and a repeated discrepant rule. Only the CTF sequence was reinforced in all phases. In Phase 3, two sequences, TFC and CTF, were concurrently reinforced (Concurrent FR 2 FR6 and FR2 FR6). Control by rules and by reinforcement history were both observed, under specific conditions. These findings have implications for drawing a distinction between behaviors controlled by rules and those shaped by contingencies.