Navegando por Assunto "Conflicts"

Agora exibindo 1 - 5 de 5

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A Amazônia e o desenvolvimento: aspectos da trajetória das políticas públicas na região
(Universidad de Salamanca, 2020) SILVA, Maria Dolores Lima da
This article makes an assessment of public development policies that were planned for the Amazon since the 1950s and materialized, especially from the 1970s onwards. Encouraged economic exploitation did not result in a significant increase in the social well-being of the population. As the foundation for this argument, bibliographic studies and research on the websites of public institutions and non-governmental organizations are used. The records of researchers and entities working in the region show that traditional populations suffer from the disruption of their ways of life and that the conflicts generated extend over decades, remaining unsolved.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Bem viver vivido, conquistado e almejado: um estudo sobre comunidades tradicionais que lutam por reconhecimento territorial na Baixada Maranhense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-29) BRITO, Ciro de Souza; SHIRAISHI NETO, Joaquim; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1945327707689415; PORRO, Noemi Sakiara Miyasaka; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3982338546545478
The notion of buen vivir emerges inspired by the knowledge emanating from the ways of life of indigenous peoples of Latin America, being presented by academics and militants as an alternative to the models of achievement of the State based on the hegemonic proposals of development. Since its incorporation into the constitutional order of Bolivia and Ecuador, on the basis of this notion, nature has been elevated to the position of subject of rights, historically occupied only by human beings. In this notion, there is an intrinsic relation between human beings and nature, and a strong linkage of traditional peoples and communities to their territories. In this sense, this dissertation sought to analyze the notion of buen vivir in the light of a land regularization case for traditional peoples and communities in Brazil. It is a claim for regularization as a quilombo by traditional communities of the Sesmaria do Jardim Territory, in the Baixada Maranhense, an area of natural fields that are composed of dry lands and wetlands inserted in the Environmental Protection Area of Baixada Maranhense, which is considered a site under the Ramsar Convention. The research was carried out based on a critical review of the literature in the light of observed and participated empirical processes and by means of action research with the communities involved and with the land agency that formalizes the process of land regularization. The work has a juridical and anthropological approach, has a qualitative character and was carried out from July 2016 to January 2018, with field work in the villages and in the Institute of Colonization and Lands of Maranhão. It was identified a complex link between the process and the form of land regularization with the notion of buen vivir, given the diversity of traditional groups in situation of conflict in common territory. It was learned that, on the same territory, there are groups with different conceptions on how to live on shared lands and water bodies: while self-identified Quilombolas conceive the notion of buen vivir based on commons, while others reject this notion and its consequences. These antagonists, even those with shared ancestrality, do not share the notion of buen vivir based on common use of certain components of nature, because their practices and forms of private appropriation of nature disqualify and are incompatible with this notion. This creates conflicts that have forced traditional communities to mobilize in the face of violations of rights and to find solutions that will allow them to recover the so called time of buen vivir and to guarantee their right to land - dry and flooded lands - that allows their physical and social reproduction. The case investigated showed that buen vivir is constructed from the articulation of specific territorialities, in which distinct conceptions and forms of appropriation of nature can be responsible for breaking the cohesion of community and territory, although the traditional communities can cope with certain degree of dissent based on the right to difference. The study also shows that buen vivir has being built at daily basis, through social and juridical practices that embrace resistance as current practice and freedom as a desired stage. However, buen vivir, in the discourse, is viewed as a potential better future. The research aims to problematize and better qualify who and in what situation subjects have rights to have which rights and the effectiveness of that issue. This dissertation is, therefore, a reading and a reflection about social and localized processes as emerging alternatives for the attainment of lived, participated and conquered buen vivir.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Cooperação e conflitos na gestão da Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Maracanã, Estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-03-02) SANTOS, Luiz Carlos Bastos; SCHMITZ, Heribert; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2294519993210835
Extractive reserves are areas of common use devoted to the conservation of natural resources, and intended for traditional populations. The management model performed in this type of Conservation Unit must take place through the establishment of formal rules which enable regulating the exploitation of natural resources in the area, in addition to allowing participation of the local community. The objective of this study is to examine the cooperation and conflicts among users in the management process of the Maracana Extractive Marine Reserve, State of Pará. This study used a qualitative approach, through which techniques such as observation and interviews were used to collect a variety of data otherwise accessible only by establishing a direct contact with the individuals participating in the action. Primary and secondary data were surveyed. Therefore, five field surveys were carried out. In the field surveys, it was possible to monitor the implementation of different activities related to collective management of the area, and twenty-five semi-structured interviews were applied. Literatures with approaches related to the issues being considered were accessed. The main collective space for decision-making, the Deliberative Council of the Maracana Extractive Marine Reserve (MEMR) comprises several authors, in addition to the users which participate representatively. However, the meetings have not been held regularly. The Committees, which are organizational structures composed solely of users who propose to collaborate with the management of MEXMR are highlighted in the process. Finally, the Committees are considered differential in the management process of this conservation unit, and an initiative intended to increase the participation of traditional populations in the management of that space, as to ensure the conservation of natural resources as stated in the official management tools of the area. However, the simple creation of organizational structures, if, for example, devoid of support material and coercive power, will not be consolidated as the solution to remedy the existing weaknesses in the management of natural resources of that space intended for common use.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Governo, interesse público e práticas burocráticas: tessituras políticas no processo decisório do licenciamento ambiental do Projeto Volta Grande no Xingu - Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-04-26) SANTOS, Selma Solange Monteiro; MATHIS, Armin; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8365078023155571; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7831-9391
The environmental licensing is the political instrument founded under the juridic positivity that applies the environmental control function of economic activities. This process, which has been brought up by the knowledge of the techno sciences stablishes a rule with principles that support the idea that all the damage, impact and negative effects can be rationalized by tools and technical methods (evaluation of environmental impacts, impact mitigation, compensation, constraints and the end of conflicts through negotiation). These methods and tools would produce technical resolutions to the territorial conflicts. This thesis questions the neutral, technical and operational natures of the rational ways of licensing intervention. Therefore, an analysis has been made about the decision-making process of a big project of gold mining and its macro and micro political relations. The bureaucracy behind the project will be investigated considering two main theoretical aspects: the concept of governmentality supported by studies originated in Foucault (2008a, 2008b) and the anthropology of bureaucracy according to the explanatory table “Studying up” (NADER, 1972). The historic processes of governmentalization of the State grounded on the domain of power and knowledge of the political economy allow us to analyze that the public interest mobilizes the procedure aligned with the economic order, the practice of the State financial activities and the business strategies. This way, the environmental control interferes in the governmental planning and its tactics, where the environmental licensing is the main instrument to attract big mining projects. The licensing is planned within the public policies for regional development. The political interests get into the internal practices of the licensing organizations and they can get attached to the subjective interests of the employees depending on the contingency. The result of the macro and micro political relations will produce a composite reality where the environmental licensing is a complex and uncertain political process that is driven by the environmental institution. It represents the different interests of the government which orientations are materialized by arguments that derived from the technical knowledge of the discretionary practices. These practices are strategically selected in order to bring harmony between the sides in conflict as well as changing criteria, documents and appointments for the following stages of the whole process.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Povoações indígenas e roças do comum na fronteira entre o Pará e o Maranhão (1790- 1833)
(Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 2021-06) SOUZA, Sueny Diana Oliveira de
This article intends to discuss the faces of the organization, agricultural production and conflicts occurred inside native settlements located near the Turiaçu river, on the border between Pará and Maranhão, and the motives and interests that led the governor of captain of Pará Francisco de Souza Coutinho to propose a new project of civilization of the indigenous populations that lived in the settlements and the measures taken since the publication of the Régia Charter enacted in 1798 that foresaw the self government of the indigenous populations and put an end to the spaces and goods by the Directory. As well as realizing the ramifications of the application of the Royal Charter at the beginning of the 19th that led to new ways and meanings to the native settlements and its common goods.