Navegando por Assunto "Environmental pollution"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos em Microplásticos de Praias do Litoral Brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-07-30) BRANCO, Felipe Ohade Lopes; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
When introduced on the environment, plastic materials might have many destinies, and one of them is the fragmentation. The continue degradation and fragmentation of the plastic materials originates the called microplastics (MP), particles with sizes between 5 mm and 1 μm of a great potential of dispersion. When in polluted environments microplastics tend to become adsorption superficies for hydrophobic pollutants more efficiently than natural solid particles, as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). PAH are organic pollutants that might have its origin from natural and anthropic processes. In the same way as microplastics, PAH are highly persistent in the environment, and for presenting mutagenic and potential carcinogenic properties when absorbed by human and aquatic organisms metabolisms they are extremely dangerous. Due to its toxic and harmful properties to environment and human health, sixteen PAH are defined as priorities in environmental studies by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Several studies have evaluated the occurrence of microplastics and PAH individually in environmental matrices, but still are few that investigated the association of these two pollutants. In this way, especially in Brazil, there is a need of expansion of research about this theme. The present study has the aim of investigate the occurrence and concentration of PAH in microplastics in beach sediments from eight Brazilian coastal states, to verify its composition and possible sources of the compounds to MP in the studied areas, to relate the accumulation of MP and PAH considering the land use and social-environment factors of each region, and to evaluate the toxic potential and of contamination of PAH from MP to aquatic organisms. Sediment samples were taken from the high tide mark from potentially polluted locals from the beaches of Ver-o-Rio and Farol (PA), Iracema (CE), Boa Viagem (PE), Porto da Barra (BA), Curva da Jurema (ES), Arpoador and Botafogo (RJ), Praia Grande, Santos and São Vicente (SP), and Praia Grande (RS). On the laboratory using a hypersaline solution and a filtration system, MP were separated from the sediments. PAH were extracted using three types of microplastics, 0,2-0,3 g of fragments and pellets, and 0,02 g of EPS (foam), and were analyzed in Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). It was possible to detect fourteen of the sixteen studied PAH, where the total concentration of PAH (Σ-PAH) varied between 0,25 to 71,60 ng g-1 on the samples and types of MP. On the North and Northeast regions, the low concentration (0,31 to 71,60 ng g-1) of PAH in MP appears to be related to the intense hydrodynamic processes. The concentration of Naphthalene on the foam samples were above the Threshold Effect Level (TEL > 35) on the samples from Pernambuco and Bahia, e near of TEL at Ceará (70,15, 36,97 and 33,28 ng g-1, respectively); so, effects in the organisms might occur due to this compound. The Southeast and South regions are the only that presented previous studies of PAH in MP, so it was possible to make a better comparison and discussion of the obtained data from the present study. The sources of PAH for the environment and consequently for MP were attributed to the anthropogenic contribution (petrogenic and pyrogenic). The highest concentration of PAH was found in the foam samples, suggesting that this type of MP might have a considerable contribution in the dispersion of these contaminants, especially in more polluted locals. Lastly, its concluded that PAH are present on all the Brazilian states studied and its occurrence were evidenced by its adsorption in MP sampled in beach environments. The organic contaminants originate both from petrogenic and pyrogenic processes, and the principal sources of these compounds to the evaluated locals were industrial and port activities, the inadequate disposal of effluents, and the urban runoff by pluvial waters.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Soluções baseadas na resiliência da natureza: modelo sustentável resiliente aplicado aos resíduos sólidos urbanos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-07-10) ROSALES MENDONZA, Ronaldo; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187
The final disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the world's major environmental pollution problems, growing as the world population grows exponentially related to access to public services. The inspiration is born from the resilient characteristic of nature, in this transformative power of materials in the state of decomposition into new ecosystem products and services, and considering the development of the policy, the normative and the will of the actors, the model of Use of Materials Contained in Solid Waste in Cities is proposed. The scenario of the application of the model was carried out in the Metropolitan Region of Belém do Pará/Brazil in the period 1990-2020 and projected until 2050, applying multivariate statistics to data and information from IBGE and IPEA. The results show that more than 95% of the materials destined for the dump, end up remaining on the streets, in the canals, in the rivers, in the sea and other illegal destinations, could recover to create a circularity of use and consumption, favorably impacting society, the economy and nature. The approach is made by the third method of scientific research (abductive) used by Aristotle, Plato and Hermogenes, consists in which the object of study is added to the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from all possible perspectives, or at least, by the most feasible of the positive, hard and social sciences, using inductive and deductive results in an operative way to generate a possible universal good that encourages new research and questions to solve . Given the premise that purchasing power is the main driver of waste production, the statement was tested through quantitative and qualitative analysis, the OECD numerical database of the management and treatment of ordinary waste in the period 1960-2050 and the World Bank, specifically, of the family of indicators of Sustainable Development in the period 1990-2020 was processed using the IBM-SPSS Statistics software, in the case of textual data, they correspond to 2074 abstracts of articles accessed by the SCOPUS database in the period 1996-2020, processed by the IRaMuTeQ software. The adjusted index of Ordinary Waste (RO) was determined with the value of 0.93 kg equivalent to cubic meters per person per day to produce garbage treated and managed by municipalities, it facilitates the immediacy in the calculation for any city, region, country and the world. In addition, access to cell phone service was identified as the numerical indicator that can explain the development of humanity and its relationship with waste production, agreeing with the result of the analysis of texts that present communication technology as the factor of human development and waste generation. Putting the results together, it is possible to read: what the communication technologies represented by the cell phone can explain the development of humanity because of the generation of waste and vice versa. The correlation between urban solid waste, waste pickers and the Sustainable Development Goals has a common indicator that can be used in the monitoring and follow-up of proposals, solutions and actions that add the possibilities and opportunities for continuous improvement of the population with a high degree of vulnerability and the proper management of the materials contained in the waste. Especially the solid ones, the indicator is green employment, the same, facilitates the control of the evaluation and valuation of the entire value chain. The model is built from the standard of adequate ARSU practices in the world, and the insertion of products in the market, thus impacting the social-economic-environmental dynamics, for the time being, recommend carrying out the political, legal, and administrative management for its financing and implementation to solve the transgenerational problem of waste in the Metropolitan Region of Belém and other municipalities serving as an example to the world.