Navegando por Assunto "Extrativismo"
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Agroextrativismo: sustentabilidade e estratégias produtivas na Reserva Extrativista do Rio Cajari, sul do Amapá(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004) BENJAMIM, Aldrin Mário da Silva; SIMONIAN, Ligia Terezinha Lopes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6620574987436911; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6690-7244The creation of the Extractive Reserves, in the beginning of the decade that started in 1990, arises as an alternative of administration of forest resources in the Units of Conservation (UC). Centered as a principle of the coadministration between the State and the resident traditional populations, these Reserves defense, economic and social viability depends in a large part on the local organization of the agroextractivists. However, in spite of the enormous potential of economical exploration of forest products, as the Amazon nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) and the açai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.), of the strong agricultural tradition and of the hunting and fishing's many possibilities, multiple difficulties persist inside the Extractive Reserves Cajari River (Amapa). The conception of the Sustainable Development and the little production regarding the traditional populations in areas of such Reserves constituted the decisive factors to the beginning of this research. In this way, the study the about the Agroextractivism: sustainability and strategies in the Extractive Reserves Cajari River, south of Amapa tries to identify the evolution and the strategies of the productive base of the population who live in this UC, in the areas of high and low Cajari, in an attempt of revealing the rationality of the local agroextractivism. Therefore, it is expected to evidence the dimension of the change process resulting from the Reserve policies associated with the social movements, with implications in the environmental, social and economic fields.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise multitemporal da sustentabilidade de uma comunidade extrativista no estuário amazônico(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-08) NASCIMENTO, Thaylana Pires do; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593Among the existing ecosystems in the Amazon biome, there are the floodplains (dense alluvial ombrophilous forest known as the estuary floodplain forest), where traditional communities, such as indigenous peoples, quilombo community, rubber tappers, chestnut trees, babassu coconut breakers and the riverside. The main economic activities carried out in these floodplain forests are extractivism, mainly the collection of açaí fruits, the extraction of palm hearts and wood, artisanal fishing, and shrimp capture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the changes in relation to the sustainable use of the Environmental Protection Area of Ilha do Combú (APA Ilha do Combú), relating the current economy from non-timber forest products, with the economic strategies used by the riverside people in a time frame of 30 years. The methodology used was field research based on interviews with the application of semi-structured questionnaires in 10 key families. The benefits and disadvantages of creating the APA Ilha do Combú were raised, where the increase in the number of bars and restaurants seems to be going against the wishes of the local population. It was confirmed the hypothesis that the intensification of açaí management on the properties resulted increase in the profitability of the inhabitants of the Island in relation to what was achieved in 1990. However, this factor results in a greater dependence on this product to the detriment of other NTFPs listed in 1990.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Beneficiamento local da produção extrativista e agroflorestal: o caso da Cooperativa Agroextrativista de Xapuri – CAEX(2000-12) MICHELOTTI, FernandoThe main purpose of this paper is to elucidate the difficulties faced by Cooperativa Agroextrativista de Xapuri (Xapuri Agroextrativist Cooperative) to achieve its economical viability. Created in 1988 by the rubber tapers from Xapuri (Acre/Brazil), its case study provides an interesting example of an attempt to establish a local agro-extrativist production processing project. This project aimed to aggregate value by processing its members´ Brazil nuts production. The economical return of this iniciative, however, turned out to be less than the expected. Most of the studies dealing with the evaluation of these poor economical results identified as the main causes isolated socioeconomical factors happening in the production and comercialization process. Using conceptual framework of the evolutionary economy,this study pursues the identification of others structural problems as the primary causes leading to this bad economical return.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) As Catadoras de mangaba no Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos – PAA: um estudo de caso em Sergipe(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-09) MOTA, Dalva Maria da; SCHMITZ, Heribert; SILVA JÚNIOR, Josué Francisco da; PORRO, Noemi Sakiara Miyasaka; OLIVEIRA, Tania Carolina Viana deThis article is about the experience of a group of women in the commercialization of gathered wild fruits through the governmental Food Purchase Program (PAA) in the Brazilian State of Sergipe. The analytical framework is associated to the debate on poverty and specific public policies for traditional communities in rural areas. The women hold a collective identity as the mangaba gatherers, based on their use of common pool resources with low environmental impact. They mobilize themselves through the MCM – Movimento das Catadoras de Mangaba, Mangaba Gatherer Women´s Movement. Although they have recently been recognized as having specific legal rights, they are experiencing the dwindling of the resources they gather, as well as difficulties in commercialization of the fruits due to their seasonality and the unpredictability of access. The research was carried out between 2008 and 2011 and involved direct and participant observations and open-ended interviews. The main results show that the PAA has contributed to increased income, consumption and self-esteem. There was a re-arrangement in their way of participating in the program, meanwhile some of their traditional practices were relegated. The program rules were re-signified and adapted locally. While growing solidarity has been observed among the gatherers, competition for the fruits has also increased.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Conflitos sociais pelo acesso aos recursos: o extrativismo da mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) no povoado Pontal/Sergipe(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-12-17) ROCHA, Maria Margarette Lisboa; MOTA, Dalva Maria da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4129724001987611Conflicts over access to resources for the practice of extractivism of mangaba in Sergipe are the object of analysis in this study. The survey was conducted through a case study in Pontal Village, in Indiaroba municipality in the state of Sergipe. The main procedures were observations, interviews and participation in the mobilization activities of gatherers. The findings show that among the various actors involved in the conflicts there are the women gatherers, self-styled 'mangaba gatherers ', threatened with losing access to the plants, which engage in the extraction of which depend on to survive. We found different types of conflicts that involve the mangaba gatherers, home owners and caretakers, as well as conflicts even among gatherers themselves. The dispute and competition are strong elements experienced by these women gatherers, in defending their rights, access to natural resources (mangabeiras where they collect fruits and mangroves where they collect shellfish), and also in defense of biodiversity conservation which is so important to the survival of man in harmony with nature.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Divisão sexual do trabalho e relações de gênero em contexto estuarino-costeiro amazônico(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06) COSTA, Norma Cristina Vieira; SIQUEIRA, Deis Elucy; ALMEIDA, Marcella Cristina Ever de; GOMES, MariaThe article discusses the results of research conducted by the SocioEnvironmental Studies Coastal Group of the Federal University of Pará, Brazil – UFPA in various communities of traditional populations in the region of the Marine Extractive Reserve Caeté Taperaçu-Bragança-PA. It highlights how the sexual division of labor and access to paid work, in particular the treatment of crabs, works to update the socio-historical persistence of gender inequalities. Interesting enough, the reflection of this stability is based on the changes that have operated on the relations between men and women: the construction of strategic flexibilities in the sense of rebuilding of practices and values that, simultaneously, maintain the gender system. The inflexibility of the hierarchical and socially asymmetrical representations are anchored in the reproductive capacity of women.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Do avortado ao comprado: práticas alimentares e a segurança alimentar da comunidade quilombola do baixo Acaraqui, Abaetetuba, Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-04) NASCIMENTO, Elcio Costa do; GUERRA, Gutemberg Armando DinizThis research presents the analysis of different strategies of Food and Nutritional Security (SAN) developed by the families of the Quilombola Community of baixo Acaraqui, Abaetetuba, Pará. The community is facing changes in their eating habits due the reduction of natural resources (hunting animals, fish and shrimps), decrease of the area for agricultural production and increase of the commercial value of production. Using a qualitative approach and the following procedures: participant observation, semi-structured interviews, photographic record, itemized lists and workshops on eating habits, we investigated the community and their production and food practices. We observed a higher specialization of production, decreasing the diversity of local production and of the families’ self-sufficiency; increasing in the importance of extraction of açaí as an income generator; substitution of natural products (natural juices, teas) for industrial products (coffee, soda); increase in purchasing power, stimulated both by market trades and the social benefits received (bolsa família, pension and seguro defeso). This reality has significantly influenced the production practices and eating habits of the local families, interfering with production decisions and food acquisition, making families dependent on trade and income generation in order to ensure the SAN of the quilombola families.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Entre o extrativismo e a catação: utilização das sementes de andiroba (Carapa Guianensis Aublet.) no Município de Marapanim (Pará, Brasil)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-04-26) FURTADO, Diego Corrêa; SILVA, Luís Mauro Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7285459738695923; SABLAYROLLES, Maria das Graças Pires; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0250972497887101Andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aublet) is a plant species typical of semi-flooded or non-flooded forests, but, in Pará state (Brazil), its seeds disperse through water courses, reaching beaches. From such fact, the present study issued to investigate how the productive and symbolic appropriation of this species is performed by human populations who live in the mentioned beaches, also comparing the collected data with the information described in the scientific literature, which, so far, has been concentrating its efforts on the forest context. Field research was at Marapanim municipality, and as study method, it was chosen the case study, associated to participatory observation, interviews with semi-structured scripts, guided visits and thematic debates. The study concluded that the extraction of the andiroba seeds oil in Marapanim is based on technical knowledge and symbolic constructions introduced by people came from areas where andiroba tree is typical. Such work increases familiar income during the months that follow the species period, but the absence of andiroba trees at the local beaches brings doubts on the way how the research subjects express their identification as extractivists.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Extrativismo do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Martius) na Ilha das Cinzas, várzea estuarina do Rio Amazonas, Pará: socioeconomia, manejo e cadeia produtiva(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-09-29) SANTOS, Erick Silva dos; GUEDES, Marcelino Carneiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9005172978014230; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619Essential for the extractivist mode of several Amazon families, the economic activity of açaí has been changing over the past few decades, increasingly associating itself with national and international markets. However, concomitant with the globalization of the activity, which increased the profit of companies and the income of extractive families, the interventions of riverside dwellers in the environmental landscape of the floodplains have been accentuated, putting their social, economic, environmental and food sustainability in check. Combining the economic desires of families together with maintaining the plant diversity of the productive units in the floodplains, a fundamental characteristic for gains in competitiveness in the global “green market”, is one of the main challenges of the activity today. This study evaluated the socioeconomic and environmental dynamics of the açaí extractive activity by the riverside population of the Ilha das Cinzas Agroextractive Settlement Project, municipality of Gurupá, State of Pará, in the Eastern Amazon. Our general assumption was that the empirical models of management of the açaizeiro practiced by extractive families and the organizational level of the local açaí productive supply chain affect the productivity, consumption and income generation of riverside population of Ilha das Cinzas. The study was developed from: i) the determination of the seasonal production of açaí fruit and its relationship with the socioeconomics of the producing families; ii) the evaluation of the level of food security and the associated causes in extractive families; iii) the analysis of the impacts of the different empirical models of açaizeiro management practiced by extractivists for the production of açaí fruit; and iv) the determination of the actors, factors and characteristics that interfere in the production supply chain of the açaí fruit from the extractivist point of view. The total study period was from June 2015 to February 2020, consisting of five harvests and six off-seasons, with some time cuts for specific issues. The methodology included document analysis, local interviews, application of food security standards and collection of production, income, environmental and forestry data. The results showed that the harvest and off-season periods on Ilha das Cinzas were from June to October and November to May, respectively. Self-consumption did not vary with the sale price in the harvest and off-season, comprising 23% of total production. Notwithstanding, the effects of seasonality were substantial for the variation of the local rasa price and for significant decreases in fruit production and average gross income/family in the off-season. About 65% of the interviewed families had food security. However, moderate to severe insecurity (FI) already occurs in 16% of them. The variables “gender” and “consumption of family agricultural production” explained 87% of the variation in FI. In this sense, families that have women as a provider and that produce and consume food from family farming were 60% and 50% less likely to have food insecurity, respectively. The practices of extractivists on Ilha das Cinzas were based on three types of empirical management models, namely: (i) productivist, (ii) intermediate and (iii) conservationist. The productivist type showed fruit production (kg) on average 109.5% and 281.4% higher than those of the intermediate and conservationist types, respectively, however they presented 52.6% and 35.7% lower floristic richness. Productivity of the açaizeiro was negatively correlated with shading and the size of surrounding trees. The trade-off between production and sustainability of the floodplain ecosystem must be considered when choosing the appropriate management. Public protection policies can provide a guideline for the limits considered acceptable in management practices for the economic and environmental sustainability of açaizais in the Amazon, although there is still a lack of technical standardization. The supply chain of the island's açaí fruit proved to be incomplete and formed by producers, intermediaries and suppliers. Four factors, represented by 75% of the variables used, explained 48% of the total variance of the variables, being named: (i) productive aspects, (ii) technological insertion, (iii) associative management and economic incentives and (iv) commercialization and promotion. Only factors (i) and (iv) were well evaluated by extractivists. Low mechanization, incipient use of technology and low training, combined with the absence of participation by the main community association, were the main obstacles for extractivists to increase production, productivity and phytosanitary safety in açaí. It is concluded that the general hypothesis of this study was confirmed, since the level of social, economic, environmental and food sustainability of the productive activity of the açaí of Ilha das Cinzas was the result of the way that extractive families empirically managed the açaí, the financial and food contributions resulting from the activity and the organizational level of the local açaí fruit production chain, which directly or indirectly interferes in the local development of their communities. Some factors would be essential to overcome the obstacles in the production chain of the açaí fruit from Ilha das Cinzas, such as the promotion of public policies that include actions aimed at continuous and quality technical training and capacity building, strengthening of local associations, economic incentives, technology transfer and interaction among intersectoral policies.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) (In) Segurança alimentar em comunidades quilombola do Município de Abaetetuba, Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013) NASCIMENTO, Elcio Costa do; GUERRA, Gutemberg Armando Diniz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4262726973211880This research presents the analysis and understanding of the different strategies of Food and Nutritional Security - SAN developed by the families of the Quilombola Community of Baixo Acaraqui, city of Abaetetuba, Pará. The community is facing changes in their eating habits due of the reduction of natural resources (hunting animals, fishes and shrimps), decreasing of the area for agricultural production, increase of the commercial value of production and increase on spending at manufactured goods. From a qualitative approach and using the following procedures: participant observation, semi-structured interviews and photographic record, free list and workshops on eating habits. We sought, through the integration between the researcher and the social group in question, to appropriate of some information to enable an understanding about the community and their production and food practices. Among the practices developed by families, we observed: a) increase of the production for the marketing, reducing the diversity of local production, reducing the self-sufficiency of families and making production unstable in the face of fluctuations of the local market; b) increasing in the importance of extraction of açaí as an economic factor of income generator; c) increasing the hardship in acquiring locally produced foods (fishes, shrimps, hunting animals); d) Substitution of natural products (natural juices, teas) for industrial products (coffee, soda) by raising spending on food and the need to generate income; e) the increase in purchasing power, stimulated both by the increase of the marketing and the social benefits received (bolsa família, aposentadoria and seguro defeso), encouraged the replacement of local production of some products (rice and beans) for your purchase on local businesses. This reality has significantly influenced the production practices and eating habits of the families of the Quilombola Community of Baixo Acaraqui, influencing in production decisions and in the acquisition of food, making families increasingly dependent on trade and income generation to ensuring the food and nutritional security of the quilombola families.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) “ Roçado vira capoeira! ”: dinâmica das práticas agrícolas de tiradores de açaí no município de Afuá – Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014) ARANHA, Heldiane Alves; SÁ, Tatiana Deane de Abreu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2118741911414853; PORRO, Noemi Sakiara Miyasaka; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3982338546545478This dissertation describes and analyzes, through a case study, agricultural and extractive practices performed by riverine communities in the Queimada Island, in the municipality of Afuá, State of Pará, Brazil. The objective is to understand and highlight the articulation of riverine family farming and management of natural resources, through which they seek their physical and social reproduction as Amazonian autonomous peasant communities. We studied three family units of production, whose practices on their small agricultural fields and extractive activities on açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), express local economic rules, which co- exist within hegemonic market economy. Participant and direct observation and open-ended interviews during their daily activities allowed us to record the history of the areas and gave us details about their productive decision-making processes. We also examined the historical and geographical contexts and the social relationships within and among the studied households. The intensification of market demands for açaí promoted not only interference on families’ relations to land, but also on the natural resource management. Despite these interferences, the articulation of farming and extractive activities promoted the diversification of their agricultural slash-and-burn fields, with varied combination of species throughout the seasons. Above all, the results show that, although extraction of açaí became more visible due to regional, national and international market demands, many less visible agricultural practices also ensure the autonomy of this Amazonian peasants community.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) “Saiu o dinheiro do coco?”: Avaliação de processo da Política de Garantia de Preços Mínimos para os Produtos da Sociobiodiversidade (PGPM-Bio) para a amêndoa do babaçu no Médio Mearim, Maranhão(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-10-29) OLIVEIRA, Letícia Sales da Costa; PORRO, Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2282097420081043The main objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the Minimum Price Guarantee Policy for Sociobiodiversity Products (PGPM-Bio) and its effects on the social organization of babassu coconut breakers in the Médio Mearim, Maranhão, where about one third of the national production of almonds occur. A decade after the public policy’s creation, social actors engaged in extractivism demand studies on the effectiveness of its implementation. In the 2009-2018 period, 48% of PGPM-Bio's resources were channeled for babassu almonds. The action research methodology provided the involvement of representation and advisory institutions and the manifestation of local social subjects on the implementation scenarios of PGPM-Bio. The need for the involvement of direct beneficiaries and those who make the access to PGPM-Bio viable for babassu-nut breakers (mediating agents) led to the adoption of participatory tools that are easy to understand and implement. The results obtained include the identification and analysis of the performance of eight mediating agents’ categories, either linked to formal organizations (union, association, cooperative, Miqcb, government agencies) or not (informal group, independent dispatcher, trader), with 14 initiatives selected in 10 municipalities. Qualitative information from the experiences expressed by mediating agents received quantitative treatment through competence radar charts. More than 240 beneficiary babassu-nut breakers participated in collective activities and narrated their perceptions about the effect of the access to the economic subsidy, in the 2016 to 2018 period. Quantitative information was analyzed using community radar charts. The triangulation of information highlighted the potential and limitations of the policy, mediating agents, and social organizations involved. Results highlight the breadth of access to the resource and the heterogeneity of the forms of appropriation, decision-making autonomy and management strategies. The evaluation showed that initiatives carried out by Rural Workers' Unions were more effective, in contrast to those of informal groups, the cooperative and independent dispatcher, which were less effective and demand additional efforts. The research contributed to the groups’ organizational strategy, as they started to think and act through support and partnership networks, and formed the PGPM-Bio Commission in the Médio Mearim.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Territórios e territorialidades no extrativismo de caranguejos em Pontinha de Bacuriteua, Bragança, Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-04) OLIVEIRA, Marcelo do Vale; MANESCHY, Maria Cristina AlvesWithin mangroves along the Northern Brazilian coast, the extraction of crabs is a major activity, both economically and culturally. Mangroves are public domain areas, but the surrounding communities develop forms of appropriation that control access, in response to the growing markets for crabs in the region and beyond. The article analyses these institutions of property and the resulting conflicts, focusing the village Pontinha de Bacuriteua, in the municipality of Bragança, State of Pará. It is based upon qualitative research with ten skilled professionals. After observations and interviews conducted between 2011 and 2012, the study found the existence of temporary territories of work, at the same time the communities share concepts about free access to mangroves. We suggest more research and public debate with the active participation of the workers on the relationship between local territorialities and the sustainable harvesting of crabs. This is an important issue considering that the area is located within a protected area, the Reserva Extrativista Marinha Caeté-Taperaçu.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Trabalho familiar extrativista sob a influência de políticas públicas(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014) MOTA, Dalva Maria da; SCHMITZ, Heribert; SILVA JÚNIOR, Josué Francisco da; RODRIGUES, Raquel Fernandes de AraújoThis paper assesses the relationship between the family labor organization in the extractive activity and the involvement in public policy programs in Sergipe State. The research was predominantly carried out through a qualitative approach with women self-appointed as mangaba gatherers and “marisqueiras”. This is a relevant segment to the “traditional people and communities” affiliated to the closed season insurance of artisanal fishermen (SDPA), the family grant program (PBF), and the Brazilian food acquisition program (PAA). The research approach included observations and interviews with different social actors involved in the extractive activity and public policy programs. The main findings show that public policies programs: i) influence the reorganization of everyday work in the extractive activity, especially concerning the reduction of the participation of young people and children in the activity and the intensity of working hours; ii) strengthen the traditional roles of men and women in the PBF and dilute the frontiers between these roles through the PAA program; iii) decreases the workload through the SDPA program and increases it in the PAA; and iv) affect the different significances attributed to labor.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Uso de recursos naturais por seis comunidades ribeirinhas da Volta Grande do Xingu(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-09-29) SOUZA, Thais Santos; SERRA , Anderson Borges; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9878285735905103; SANTOS, Graciliano Galdino Alves dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8085271321555747; HERNÁNDEZ-RUZ, Emil José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9304799439158425The Amazon basin has a potential for harnessing its water resources, which has been explored by building hydroelectric plants to meet the growing demand for energy generation. However, hydroelectric plants cause great transformations in the use of natural resources, such as fishing and the use of forest resources. This is the case of the construction of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant (UHE) on the Xingu River, west of Pará. In the research, we studied what changes occurred in the use of medicinal plants, fishing, and hunting after the construction of the Belo Monte UHE, in six communities in region of Volta Grande do Xingu. 45 semi-structured interviews were carried out, with the application of tests with families who live next to the river after the construction of the Belo Monte HPP and who exercise or have already used flora, hunting and fishing activities, both for commercial purposes and for consumption. domestic. The frequency of use of each species for hunting, medicinal plants and fishing was observed. There was a reduction in species appreciated for consumption of fish and wild animals (game). In the use of medicinal plants, andiroba obtained the highest frequency of use. Thus, considering the results, that the use of medicinal plants in riverside families occurred after the construction of the Belo Monte HPP, for fishing and hunting there was a reduction of species appreciated for consumption, and consequently these factors provoke changes in the way of life of riverside families.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Vida e trabalho: um estudo sobre mulheres extrativistas de mangaba na Ilha do Marajó, Estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) LIMA, Bianca Ferreira; MOTA, Dalva Maria da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4129724001987611This study dedicates itself to the role women develop in the mangaba extraction in the northern region of Brazil. In this regard, the main objective of the present Master’s thesis is to identify and characterize the mangaba extraction by analyzing the women’s role in the activity. The case study was developed in Vila Paca, a small village in Marajó island, Pará. The methodology was structured by qualitative approaches focused on the following procedures: observation, meetings and interviews (semi-structured and questionnaires) with the women involved in mangaba extraction who live in Vila Paca and their domestic groups, as well as some persons from adjacent places who also work with mangaba. Two aspects where subject to the analysis: a) the role that women extractors play in their domestic groups; b) The importance of mangaba extraction in the midst of the other activities. The main results show that: i) the magaba extraction is a seasonal activity conducted exclusively by women, with the help of their children; ii) There are also four other places developing the mangaba extraction in that region, and there are variations in administration, access and management of the magaba trees, between them; iii)There’s no Government programs, technical aid, financial incentives or consultancy towards the native fruits extraction throughout the stages (from gathering to marketing); iv) the activity, as performed by this group of women, ensures the conservation of the local natural resources; v)the main share of the mangaba’s productive chain occurs in a domestic space (processing and sale), which favors the condition of social invisibility of those women through their jobs. The main conclusions shows that in that region the extraction activity is “naturalized”, and that in any stage of the work (gathering, processing, or marketing) it receives the status of work, however this don’t means the activity itself doesn’t have meaning in the eyes of the domestic groups and other actors but is relegated to second rank status when it comes to the jobs considered productive among them.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Violações de direitos humanos em contextos extrativistas na América Latina: a raça enquanto questão fundante(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-01-21) SANTOS, Mariana Lucena Sousa; MAGALHÃES, Breno Baía; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0126393188779750; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7183-2440The dissertation analyzes race as the first criterion capable of explaining the prevalence of human rights violations in the context of essentially extractive business activities in the Americas. In order to do so, it resorts to the historical landmarks of the foundation of capitalism, as this system is the essential element to understand another great point: the racial division of labor and the Global North-South relations, present until the present day. In the peripheries, the capital accumulation strategies of the large companies of the North (center) involve, in addition to the great exploitation of the workforce, the appropriation of territories, given their interest in extracting large volumes of natural resources, the basis of the economies of the countries in the region. These elements are key to explaining the immense pressure suffered in the territories, whose populations, mostly Afro-descendants and indigenous people, deal with persistent violence, dispossession and power disparities. The work studies the jurisprudence of the Inter- American Court of Human Rights to investigate how this court has considered the racial issue in cases related to extractive activities that violate human rights, and concludes that the current framework of corporate accountability in international systems for the protection of human rights, of a liberal nature, it does not offer adequate response capabilities for reparation and guarantees of non-repetition of violations, given the very essence of capitalism. However, a racial intervention in the critical discourse on liberalism tends to present exit routes for the search for racial justice in the Americas.