Dissertações em Ecologia (Mestrado) - PPGECO/ICB
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/8938
O Mestrado Acadêmico foi criado em 2015 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia (PPGECO) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em parceria com a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA).
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeitos de perturbações antrópicas sobre os fatores ambientais e espaciais na estruturação de metacomunidades de insetos aquáticos na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-07) OLIVEIRA, Stéfany Vitória Santos; FARIA, Ana Paula Justino de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6041546003155327; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-5358; SANTOS, Raphael Ligeiro Barroso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7227882802366966; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-5461Anthropogenic pressures resulting from changes in land use have great potential to impact the dynamics of aquatic insect metacommunities, once they alter the environmental quality of streams, and may impose barriers to dispersal. The objective of this study is to evaluate the structuring of aquatic insect assemblages (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera orders - EPT) in Amazonian streams under natural conditions (control streams) and under disturbance by human activities (altered streams) is influenced by characteristics of fluvial habitats and by the spatial structure. Our hypotheses is that in control streams, habitat characteristics are the main structuring factor of EPT assemblages, and that in altered streams, habitat characteristics related to human disturbances and spatial structure are the main assemblage structuring factors. A total of 74 streams were sampled in the Capim River basin, Pará, Brazil, wich 38 are control streams and 36 are altered streams. In each of them, environmental variables associated with water chemistry, channel hydromorphology, sediment types, riparian vegetation and insect shelter were measured, in addition to the proportion of land uses and EPT assemblages. Our results showed that several environmental characteristics of the streams were affected by human activities. Environmental factors had a greater influence on the structuring of EPT assemblages than the other factors evaluated, both in the control and altered streams. The influence of the spatial factor was weak. The assemblages of altered streams were structured both by environmental variables affected by disturbances and by variables subject to natural variation, demonstrating that the assemblages in these environments are not governed only by environmental changes. Our study demonstrates the importance of the species sorting process in metacommunities of Amazonian streams, and the role of disturbance in this process.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Fatores determinantes do uso de habitats por mamíferos ungulados (Artiodactyla e Perissodactyla) na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04) ALVES, Michel Jacoby Pereira; OLIVEIRA, Ana Cristina Mendes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1199691414821581; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-9678Land use by human activities in landscapes of the eastern Amazon has been modifying and suppressing the native habitats of this region, altering the dynamics of ecosystems and negatively affecting biodiversity. Herbivorous-frugivorous ungulate mammals are among the groups of mammals most affected by these changes in ecosystems. Through the use of camera traps, we recorded ungulates and measured hunting pressure. Using satellite images, we evaluated the environmental characteristics and human pressures that may be influencing the abundance of tapirs (Tapirus terrestris), deer (Mazama americana and Mazama nemorivaga) and wild pigs (Pecari tajacu and Tayassu pecari) in habitats with different levels of disturbance. The species showed different responses to landscape and land use variables. Our result demonstrates that all species studied showed some degree of tolerance to disturbed habitats, except for abandoned pasture and oil palm plantation habitats. We also demonstrate that although the species use degraded habitats, they have a high dependence on forested habitats.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas da água de consumo humano no Brasil: análise cienciométrica de produção científica(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04) PEREIRA, Jorge Luiz da Silva; BRASIL, Danielle Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1079820233532683; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-1731; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6188-4386; SILVA, Karina Dias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2271768102150398; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5548-4995Water is an essential and fundamental substance for life, whose quality is directly related to the appearance of various diseases. The water quality supplied to the population can be evaluated by physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the increase in knowledge water quality for human consumption in Brazil using the scientometric method. A systematic search for information was carried out in the Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science and Google academic databases. We seek to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological water quality for human consumption in Brazil through a systematic literature review. We obtained 843 concatenated articles, of which 62 articles met inclusion criteria. There was an investigation of the water quality in 10 sources of water abstraction, 20 numbers of species of microorganisms were classified, being 15 species of bacteria and 6 of protozoa, were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and for protozoa Giardia spp. were the most frequent. The variables that most favor the environment for the emergence of pathogenic microorganisms found in the studies were: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), hydrogenic potential (pH), Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (UNT), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Temperature (T) and Demand Oxygen Biochemistry (BOD). The Northeast region presented variables with higher values than expected, as well as the highest number of publications. Although we have detected an increase in the number of studies, some questions such as demographic aspects, socioeconomic conditions and environmental health still remain unanswered and are important questions to be considered in future studies.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeitos de atividades de subsistência de ribeirinhos sobre a heterogeneidade ambiental e a diversidade de insetos aquáticos em diferentes níveis espaciais de riachos amazônicos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-09) COSENZA, Jorge Felipe Abreu; FARIA, Ana Paula Justino de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6041546003155327; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-5358; SANTOS, Raphael Ligeiro Barroso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7227882802366966; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9717-5461The deleterious effects of large-scale impact activities such as agriculture, intensive ranching, dam construction and mining on Amazonian biodiversity have been constantly studied. On the other hand, the effects of smaller-scale impact activities are neglected. An example is the activities practiced by traditional populations, such as riverside populations, who have lived for generations on the banks of rivers and streams in the Amazon basin. There are still few studies that evaluate the effects of anthropic activities considered to have less impact on the diversity patterns of aquatic insects at different spatial scales using taxonomic and functional approaches concurrently. Thus, we evaluated how subsistence activities practiced by riverside populations affect the taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity of aquatic insects of the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera - (EPT), at different spatial levels (between sampling units within streams and between streams). We tested the hypotheses that (H1) the altered streams have less environmental heterogeneity among themselves and the composition of environmental characteristics different from the control streams; (H2) altered streams have lower alpha taxonomic and functional diversity than control streams; (H3) the taxonomic and functional beta diversity between sampling units and between altered streams is lower than between sampling units and control streams; (H4) the beta diversity observed between sampling units and between altered streams is generated primarily by richness difference, while between sampling units and control streams, the replacement of species/functional groups predominates. We conclude that the disturbance caused by the riverside populations subsistence activities, specially navigation, altered the characteristics of the habitats and, in certain aspects, the EPT assemblages of the streams of the Caxiuanã region. Beta diversity patterns did not change, but there was a loss and increase in abundance of some genera as a result of the changes. Thus, the maintenance of beta diversity is not necessarily a sign of high diversity and ecological integrity, as the increased variation in the composition of these assemblages may be a result of the loss of sensitive species and the increase of more generalist species. The functional approach responded similarly to the taxonomic one in all environments and spatial levels, which suggests that this effect is dependent on the biological group analyzed and on the type and intensity of change in the environment. The activities practiced by the riverside populations altered the local community of aquatic insects in a less impactful way compared to other activities commonly practiced in the Amazon, such as logging, agriculture, palm plantation, grazing and mining. To reduce a possible loss of species in the streams in the region, it is necessary to maintain the natural conditions of the habitats, such as a high density of vegetation cover on the banks, a large number of leaf banks in the riverbed and a high frequency of slow flows.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Variação temporal de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (EPT) com base em sua especificidade ambiental em riachos impactados pela mineração na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-03) PÉREZ, Juan Mateo Rivera; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6188-4386; FEITOZA, Yulie Shimano; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7380463661182614; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-4719Knowing aquatic diversity and understanding how different species are distributed in time and space has become one of the main focuses of research in ecology in recent decades. This is mainly due to the rapid environmental changes caused by human activities. In this scenario, aquatic insects of the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) are used to monitor environmental conditions because they are sensitive to these changes. The intensity of the response depends directly on the breadth of the niche of each taxon given the variability and changes in the habitat. With the general objective of investigating the effects of iron mining based on the environmental specificity of EPT in streams of the Carajás National Forest in Pará, over six years, this dissertation is divided into two chapters. In the first, we classified EPT taxa into generalists and specialists and evaluated whether the estimated abundance and richness of these groups vary according to the level of alteration of the streams impacted by mining activities. In the second, we evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of the beta diversity of generalist and specialist EPT. In both studies, EPT data sampled annually in 24 streams over six years were used in streams conserved and impacted by mining in the Carajás Flona. A total of 49,922 individuals distributed in 59 genera were collected, of which 31 were classified as specialists and 28 as habitat generalists. In the first chapter, we verified that there was a negative effect of mining on the estimated wealth and a positive effect on the abundance of specialist genera. On the other hand, the abundance and estimated wealth of generalists were negatively influenced by the mining effect. In the second chapter, no differences were found in gender composition or heterogeneity between treatments. However, over time, both generalists and specialists changed their composition. Mining affects the communities of EPT generalists and specialists, in particular, specialists from sites impacted by mining that showed an increase in their abundances, possibly due to the expansion of habitat made available by the process of habitat homogenization. For generalists, gender loss was the main component in temporal beta diversity, while specialists showed gender gains and losses. Therefore, mining has affected communities of both generalist and specialist groups over the years, despite their habitat specificity, presenting different patterns of environmental changes.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) A heterogeneidade de bancos de macrófitas aquáticas e a diversidade de peixes em uma ria fluvial amazônica(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-03) NONATO, Flávia Alessandra da Silva; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-6747; MICHELAN, Thaísa Sala; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4609629132683283; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-0758In freshwater ecosystems, macrophyte species can provide habitat heterogeneity with different structural forms, ranging from free submerged species to rooted species, which serve as a substrate for spawning, food and refuge against predation to fish and other organism. In the 49 present work we tested the effect of the heterogeneity of aquatic macrophyte banks on the richness and abundance and functional traits of the fish in flooded rivers of the Amazon. To investigate the relationship between the heterogeneity of the macrophyte banks and the richness, abundance, and functional characteristics of the fish, we used them CWM analysis and simple linear regressions. We identified 16 species of aquatic macrophytes and 21 species of fish in the 34 sampling points. The macrophyte banks were dominated by the species Eichhornia azurea and. E. crassipes. The most abundant fish species were Hemigrammus ocellifer and Laimosemion strigatus. The linear regression result was only significant between the heterogeneity of the macrophyte banks on two functional attributes, both linked to the locomotion of the fish. Our results show that the association between the heterogeneity provided by the macrophyte banks is an environmental filter for fish species that have high maneuverability, since these species can swim between macrophyte structures. Thus, we can observe that the heterogeneity provided by aquatic macrophytes, although not affecting the richness and abundance of fish, is important for different species of fish, but for those that use and depend on these banks as a refuge.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Influência da perturbação ambiental na assembleia de pequenos mamíferos nãovoadores na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-06) SOTOMAYOR, Omar Santiago Erazo; OLIVEIRA, Ana Cristina Mendes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1199691414821581; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-9678Anthropogenic environmental disturbance results in different structural modifications of the forest, which can lead to changes in species composition patterns, taxonomic and functional diversity. We evaluated the influence of environmental disturbance on the structure and diversity of assemblies of non-flying small mammals in the eastern Amazon. We analyzed species composition, richness and abundance and their functional characters as assemblage descriptors, considering their environmental variations, in three levels of environmental disturbance: (i) forest interior; (ii) edge of the forest; and (iii) rural space. The diversity α (taxonomic and functional) remained relatively constant through the levels of anthropogenic environmental disturbance. However, in the taxonomic diversity β, the assemblage of the forest-edge community presents abundance gradients, where they share most of their species, but some individuals of the edge are lost in the forest. On the other hand, the rural forest and rural edge assemblages present a balanced variation of abundance, in which individuals of some species of forest and border areas are replaced by individuals of different species in rural space. Among the morphological attributes we observed subtler responses of the community, small mammals characterized by a larger tail predominate in forest areas and those characterized by a larger foot predominate in rural areas. We conclude that the morphological attributes (tail and foot length) are determining factors in the assemblage composition patterns of the small non-flying mammals and their habitat selection in environments facing anthropic impacts. The changes and patterns identified in our study are of crucial importance for biodiversity management and conservation plans.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ecologia populacional de Ocypode quadrata (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) em uma praia arenosa exposta de macromaré da costa amazônica do Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03) SOUZA, Diego Garcia Cordeiro; POMBO, Maíra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0599201977466564; PETRACCO, Marcelo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6834814201680920; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6501-0099The present study analyzes the population ecology of Ocypode quadrata (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) on an exposed, macrotidal, dissipative sandy beach located on the Amazon coast, during one year. Indirect (burrow counting and measurement) and direct (burrow excavation and assessment of individuals) methods were used on population assessments. Burrow abundance variation was analyzed over time and as a function of environmental variables (sediment properties, precipitation, air and seawater temperature, salinity). Zonation was described through burrow distribution by distance from the high tide mark. Burrow diameter was used to estimate individual growth parameters of the population. Burrow occupation rate, sex ratio and relation between burrow diameter and crab measures (carapace length, width and depth) were also estimated. Abundance was higher on the rainy season (0.78 ± 0.24 burrow.m-1, against 0.37 ± 0.13 burrow.m- 1 on the dry season) and related positively to precipitation and negatively to sediment grain size. The population was practically restricted to the supralittoral zone. The estimated individual growth parameters (L∞=53.36 mm, K=0.76 yr-1, t0=0.014 yr, Φ=3.34) describe a well-adjusted curve to cohort progression over time. Burrow occupation rate varied between 12.5% and 28.7%. There was sex equilibrium during the rainy season, however, changing to male predominance on the dry season. Burrow diameter was related mainly to carapace width. These are the first data of ghost crab population behavior on Amazon macrotidal environments. These, compared to available data on other regions, also gives insight on latitudinal tendencies of population parameters.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ecologia populacional de Clibanarius symmetricus (Anomura: Diogenidae) em uma praia exposta da Costa Amazônica Brasileira(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-06) DANIN, Ana Paula Ferreira; SANTOS, Cleverson Ranieri; PETRACCO, Marcelo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6834814201680920; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6501-0099The hermit crab Clibanarius symmetricus has a wide geographical distribution along the Western Atlantic where is a conspicuous species in intertidal and shallow waters of several ecosystems as sandy beaches, tidal flats, mangroves and rocky shores. However, information on the life history traits of this species is in general limited to the subtropical regions. Here, we access the population structure and dynamics, and the shell occupation pattern of a C. symmetricus population inhabiting a rocky outcroup of an exposed sandy beach on the Amazon coast. For this purpose, monthly samplings were carried out from October 2015 to September 2016. Higher density of C. symmetricus occurred in the drier season and the frequent presence of ovigerous females suggests continuous reproduction. The overall sex-ratio was skewed toward females (0.6:1, M:F) and sexual dimorphism was recorded. Males and females had similar curvature, but smaller growth performance index than others subtropical populations. The turnover rate (P/B) was also similar between sexes as a consequence of similar growth constant. Thaisella coronata was the most occupied (97.1%) gastropod shell and the overlap in shell utilization by hermit crabs of same size may reflect competitive interactions. Also, some difference in occupation between sexes was documented, suggesting that males can occupy larger and more suitable shells.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeito da perda de cobertura florestal sobre a diversidade de peixes de riachos em uma zona de transição Cerrado-Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-28) FREITAS, Pâmela Virgolino; JIQUIRIÇÁ, Paulo Ricardo Ilha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3392388693636935; SILVA, Karina Dias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2271768102150398Currently, the expansion of the agricultural frontier in the Amazon represents a profound change in the world’s vegetation cover. This expansion causes decrease of forest cover, affecting the environmental integrity of streams, as well as the richness of associated communities. We aimed to evaluate the effects of loss of forest cover on the physical integrity of streams, and on the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish assemblages in a Cerrado-Amazon transitional zone. We sampled nine streams in the Alto Xingu river basin. The streams possess microbasins covered by different percentages of transitional Cerrado-Amazon forest and croplands. We did not detect the effect of loss of forest cover on the physical integrity of streams, and neither on fish taxonomic diversity. However, we found a negative effect on the functional diversity. The physical integrity of streams was not associated with taxonomic and functional diversity of fish assemblages. The conversion of forest areas to croplands, on the riparian zone, affects negatively the functional richness of fish assemblages, acting as an environmental filter, leading to the disappearance of species that could have performed important ecosystem functions. Furthermore, the establishment of restoring and conservation strategies of areas affected by deforestation must be a priority on all streams drainage systems, especially on the riparian zone scale, to minimize impacts on species. To understand which factors can better structure fish assemblages in streams, it is necessary to do research, that can give basis to formulate strategies for the preservation of those organisms.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeito dos ambientes estuário e reservatório na fecundidade de Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) (Heller, 1862)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-02-27) SILVA, Breno Richard Monteiro; FERREIRA, Maria Auxiliadora Pantoja; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1832728101486131Studies reveal that the Amazon region is suffering a strong anthropogenic and climatic influence which interferes in the environmental conditions. In crustaceans, climate change can influence growth and reproduction, and as life history patterns is influenced by environmental factors, the fertility is an important factor to estimate the reproductive potential and natural population stock. The specie Macrobrachium amazonicum has a wide geographical distribution and ecological and morphological plasticity. Based on the hypothesis that the physical and chemical conditions different of the environment influence on populations of M. amazonicum, we have the following question: What are the main environmental factors that will influence M. Amazonicum fecundity between populations of different places? Thus, the aim of present study is to determine the influence of physical and chemical factors on the relative fecundity of populations of M. amazonicum in estuary and reservoir. In the period of study, temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen concentration in the water were obtained in situ. Precipitation was obtained from INMET, 2018 with establishment of four seasonal periods: dry, transitional dry-rainy, rainy, transitional rainy-dry. A total of 255ovigerous females, 181 from the estuary environment and 75 from the reservoir were collected for analysis of biometrics, number and size of eggs throughout the year. Embryonated eggs were measured according to the developmental stages. In the relationship effect of the environmental variables on the ovigerous females, turbidity and precipitation were the main factor on estuary. The mass-length relationship of females was represented by the following equations, Mt = 0.017xCt2.630 (R² = 0.880) for the estuary and Mt = 0.021xCt2.441 (R² = 0.810) for the reservoir, where ovigerous females in the estuary were larger and larger mass in comparison to the reservoir. In the relationship between fecundity and biometry of the animal, from both sites, there was a high positive correlation, between the length (r = 0.788) and the weight (r = 0.843) of the ovigerous females, as well as the relation with the morphometry of the eggs. The estuarine environment presented females with the highest amount of eggs in the dry-rainy and rainy periods in relation to the females from the reservoir that presented the highest fecundity in the rainy-dry and dry season. In our results observed four stages of development considering the presence and the appearance of the eye, and the eggs of the females reservoir, although in smaller numbers, presented larger sizes in relation to the estuary. The correlation observed if the physical and chemical factors influence the fecundity of M. amazonicum from the estuary was confirmed, with precipitation and turbidity being the factors that contributed the best reproductive performance of the species in the estuary. When it comes to the reservoir, we believe that there is a combination of all the environmental factors involved promoting the tolerance of the animal to maintain its life cycle.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeitos do manejo do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) sobre a avifauna em florestas de várzea estuarina na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-05-30) NUNES, Raphael de Vasconcelos; LEES, Alexander Charles; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8887958109144699; LOPES, Maria Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3377799793942627Human actions and use of natural resources, by removing plant species, food resources or altering the environment’s structure, may have indirect effects on animal communities. The expansion of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) production has been altering floodplain forests through its management actions, resulting in environmental degradation and even substitution of forest for plantation areas, thus causing floristic empoverishment. In this paper we investigate the effects of this species management on the structure of bird community in an insular system of the Amazon River delta. Our hypothesis was that we would find less bird species diversity on managed areas (low and high intensity management) compared to non-managed forest fragments due to the environmental degradation caused by this practice. To assess the diversity and abundance of bird species we conducted point counts with auditory recordings and observations in three sites per treatment. We found a decrease tendency in bird species richness in intensively managed areas; but didn’t detect any changes on bird abundance and diversity in areas managed for açaí fruit production. We found alterations on bird community composition, being this more homogenous in managed areas. The effects of açaí management upon the fauna are still hard to detect but may arise in the future and our results point to the homogenization and species loss in areas subjected to intense management, causing birdlife empoverishment.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Clima, solo e água: importância de variáveis ambientais na determinação da distribuição potencial de peixes de rios e riachos amazônicos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-10-19) ALVAREZ, Facundo; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; GERHARD, Pedro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5621269098705408Estimating the spatial distributions of species is one of the main objectives of macroecology, especially when sampling efforts fail to reach the demographic knowledge of the target species. In this sense, the species distribution models (SDM) allow us to approach the fundamental niche of the species from the extrapolation of predictor variables. The Amazonas-Tocantins basin is characterized by a strong environmental and physical dynamics that act differently in the regional ichthyofauna at different spatial scales. Due to the differential perception of hábitats by the species, four species of rivers were included, Ageneiosus inermis, Acestrorhynchus falcatus, Pygocentrus nattereri and Plagioscion squamosissimus, and four species of streams, Crenuchus spilurus, Helogenes marmoratus, Helogenes marmoratus and Trichomycterus hasemani. The objectives of the study were: (i) To determine which set of predictor variables allows better spatial representations for the species of rivers and streams using SDM; and (ii) To evaluate the predictive power of MaxEnt to generate SDM of rivers and streams using different sets of Predictor variables. The spatial records that presented spatial autocorrelation were processed from the spThin package. To characterize the environmental dynamics, 78 predictors were divided into three treatments: PCA1 (climatic variables), PCA2 (climatic variables, slope and accumulated flow) and PCA3 (climatic variables, slope, accumulated flow, topographic and edaphic variables). MaxEnt software was used and configured from the ENMeval package. Two aspects can be observed in the results: the use of hydrological, topographic and edaphic variables allows to obtain more precise and spatially restricted representations than only climatic variables. In the second place, it is evident that, regardless of the dimensional complexity of the system, MaxEnt allows to obtain MDEs with high predictive power for both river species and species of streams. In the case of river species, the macroscopic predictors (climatic variables - PCA1) allowed to represent their environmental requirements and their wide spatial distributions. Meanwhile, climatic, hydrological, topographic and edaphic variables (PCA3) acted as environmental filters restricting the spatial distributions of both species of rivers and streams. The dimensional complexity of the system does not affect the spatial representation capacity of Maxent, observing that, in the case of species of streams MaxEnt showed greater capacity of spatial representation.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Filtros ambientais determinando caracteres funcionais de assembleias de Odonata(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-24) PEREIRA, Diego Fernandes Gomes; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029Species distribution is affected by availability of habitas that fit within the limits of variation of their niche and by interaction with other species. Environmental modifications, especially those of anthropic origin, are increasingly common, and are considered major causes of species extinction during the Anthropocene. Aquatic ecosystems are considered among the most vulnerable on the planet because of its dependence on the surroundings and the drainage system. However, species responses to these changes are not random, and can follow patterns that are caused by the specific functionality or morphology of each taxon. This work’s goal was to evaluate if environmental factors work as ecological filters for the establishment of Odonata species through selection of their functional and morphological characters, testing the hypotheses that a) the environment works as a filter over species, by facilitating or hindering characters and b) that due to their thermoregulatory and reproductive requirements, indispensable for colonization and population maintenance, thorax width and oviposition type will be the most affected biological variables. Considering that, we sampled 97 streams in the oriental side of the Brazilian Amazon Forest, distributed over an environmental gradient which covers areas ranging from untouched primary forest to areas extremely modified by agriculture and livestock. We used six functional traits (total body length, fore wing length, fore wing width, thorax width, abdominal length and oviposition type) and seven environmental variables (habitat integrity index, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, canopy cover, macrophytes cover, pH and condutivity). To evaluate if the environmental variables affected the odonate communities, we used the combination of the RLQ and Fourth Corner analysis, with which we assessed the relation between each of the selected traits with each of the habitat descriptors. Among the studied environmental variables, habitat integrity index presented the largest effect over the community of Odonata, having a negative relation with fore wing width, thorax width and exophytic oviposition, and a positive relation with endophytic oviposition. Macrophytes cover showed a negative relation with abdominal length and a positive relation with thorax width and exophytic oviposition. No other environmental descriptor presented significant relations. The results show that poorly preserved habitats facilitate the occurrence of organisms with larger thorax and the substitution of the endophytic by the exophytic type of oviposition. Since environmental impacts usually do not change Odonata species richness, only community composition, these results point that there is favouritism towards groups of species with those characters, like the Libellulidae family, with detriment to other families or groups (specially of the Zygoptera suborder), what might result in community homogeneity and loss of functional and phylogenetic diversity. Thus, the preservation of primary forest is indispensable for the maintenance of Odonata, being the best way to conserve the different ecophysiological and behavioural groups in the order. The dragonfly communities’ responses, directed by morphological and behavioural traits, enlightens ecological response patterns, and the addition of oviposition categories to conservation policies for the Odonata is critical in making them more effective, as they are absolutely necessary for population stability and colonizing new sites.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Aspectos ecoepidemiológico associados à fauna flebotomínica de um fragmento florestal urbano(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-31) ROSÁRIO, Ingrid Nazaré Garcia; MÁLAGA, Sérgio Marcelo Rodríguez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4348571126707708; SILVA, Ivoneide Maria da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5206284058104362Sand flies are insects vectors of several disease-causing pathogens, responsible for the transmission to animals and humans of numerous diseases, the main being leishmaniasis. The present study evaluated the ecoepidemiological aspects of the phlebotominal fauna in a forest fragment in the urban area of Belém (PA). From December 2015 to November 2016, monthly collections of sand flies were carried out in the forest fragment and in the peridomicile of nearby residences, with the aid of a CDC type light trap. A total of 4070 phlebotomines were collected, with identification of two genera and 24 species. The predominant species was Lutzomyia (Trichopygomyia) longispina (32.16%), followed by Lutzomyia (Evandromyia) infraspinosa (21.72%). The wealth estimators indicated that the sampling effort was satifastory for the studied area. There was no significant relationship between accumulated precipitation, temperature and relative humidity when analyzed with sandfly abundance. When related to climatic variables with species richness, only the accumulated monthly rainfall presented a negative relation on the richness of captured species. In the analysis of the vertical distribution the number of sandfly specimens captured at ground level was significantly higher than in the canopy, where 21 species were found in the soil, four of them exclusive to this stratum and 20 species in the canopy, with three occurring exclusively in the canopy. Four species with epidemiological importance were found: Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata, Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) ayrozai, Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) paraensis and Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) antunesi. The females evaluated by PCR were negative for Leishmania spp. And most of the engorged females analyzed were fed on mammals. The knowledge of the fauna in an area of preservation under intense anthropic influence, can help in the understanding of the relation between the species and the degree of preservation of an area, and also in the knowledge of species that may play an effective role in the transmission of pathogens to man and animals.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação da população de Botos-do-Araguaia (cetacea: iniidae: inia araguaiaensis hrbek et al., 2014) no Baixo Rio Tocantins, Amazônia oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-05-17) MOREIRA JUNIOR, Reginaldo Haroldo Medeiros; LIMA, Neusa Renata Emin de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9249838863447997; LOPES, Maria Aparecida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3377799793942627The aims of this study were to estimate the abundance and home range size of Araguaian river dolphin’s (Inia araguaiaensis), to characterize their habitat, and to describe their habitat use in lower Tocantins River, Eastern Amazonia. Data were collected in November 2015 and March 2016. When encountered, the dolphins were counted and photographed, their location was recorded and environmental parameters (depth and turbidity) and landscape parameters (distance from sightings to the Cametá market) were measured. Abundance was estimated by marking and recapture method allied to photo identification, and home range was measured by minimum convex polygon method and by Kernel density estimator. Generalized Linear Models were used to evaluate dolphins’ habitat use patterns. Solitary animals and assemblies of up to eight individuals were observed (X ̅ = 6,43 ± 1,13 individuals). Thirteen individuals were identified and a total of 18 dolphins were estimated in the area. Estimated home range and core area were up to 14.55 km² and 5.25 km², respectively. A high frequency of records occurred in front of Cametá market. The distance from sightings to this market was the only metric with a significant effect on habitat use (GLM, z = 2.79, p <0.01). This high frequency is associated with food provision to dolphins in the market.