Impactos socioambientais de produção de palma de dendê na Amazônia paraense: uso de agrotóxicos e poluição ambiental nas sub-bacias hidrográficas, Tailândia (PA)

Abstract

Palm oil palm cultivation is economically important in Brazil, both for the food market and for the energy market, because its oil is used as a raw material for biodiesel. The largest production of palm oil is found today in the Northeast of the Amazon, which puts the Amazon ecosystem at risk due to the devastation and the indiscriminate use of pesticides. This research is aimed to identify the socio-environmental impacts caused by the use of pesticides on palm oil cultivation in water resources, specifically in sub-basins of the municipality of Thailand, in the state of Pará. The theoretical approach that guided the analysis was the political ecology, to interpret the relations of family farmers and enterprises with regard to the production techniques to which their subordinate contracts. For the analysis and collection of water, partnerships were established with the environment laboratory at the Evandro Chagas Institute and with the Secretariat of Environment of the Prefecture of Thailand. For the detection of pesticides, the gas chromatography methodologies were applied. The collection of the macrophytes was also carried out along the banks of the sub-basins to determine the existence of aquatic bioindicators of water contamination by organic tailings. For the construction of the graphic representation of the hydrographic basins, matrix data (SRTM images) were obtained from the "Topodata" repository of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). As a result of the research, the farmers' dissatisfaction with the National Biodiesel Use Program was demonstrated, as there was a great socio-environmental impact to the water resources that cross the communities of the familiar farmers. In the toxicological analysis of the waters, traces of atrazine and glyphosate were observed in the Anuerá and Aui-Açu sub-basins sub-basins. The presence of floating, fixed, floating-fixed, floating submerged macrophytes was also detected, indicating a process of eutrophication in the rivers. The results of the research served as the basis for the preparation of a booklet, based on an ANVISA model, to assist family farmers on planting palm palm and using fertilizers and pesticides.