Conhecimentos e metas de socialização da emoção de mães e pais em contextos rural e urbano

Abstract

This research investigated the knowledge and goals of socialization of mothers and fathers about the emotional development of children, up to 36 months, and its variations in the different contexts surveyed (rural and urban). For this purpose, the research comprised four studies with their respective objectives: 1) Described the knowledge and expectations of mothers about the child's ability to express emotions and discuss its importance in the development of children living in a rural context in the state of Pará; 2) Analyzed the goals and socialization strategies of mothers and fathers in relation to the emotional development of their children living in a rural context in the state of Pará; 3) Compared the goals of emotional socialization between mothers and fathers living in agricultural villages located in the district of Apeú (Castanhal - PA) and those who live in the capital of the state of Pará (Belém - PA); 4) Compared the socialization goals between mothers and fathers living in three Brazilian contexts - non-urban (Apeú-PA) and urban (Belém-PA), both in the North region of the country, and urban in the Southeast region (Rio de Janeiro-RJ ). Among the results obtained, the following stand out: 1) In the first study, 60 dyads comprised of mothers aged between 13 and 39 years participated, and their children, regardless of sex, with a mean age of 16,18 months (sd = 8). It was found that most mothers defined joy, sadness, anger and fear in a way consistent with the category 'Psychological or motivational state with projection for the other'. The result of the Friedman test indicated a significant difference between the importance attributed by mothers to different emotions (χ²5=159,28; p<0,05), with joy being the emotion more valued than the others. Additionally, the Mann Whitney U test was applied to assess the association between variables. Only for the manifestation of joy, an association with maternal education was found (U = 314,00; p <0,05), where mothers with less than high school education considered it more important that children at the age of their children could manifest this emotion, compared to mothers of higher education or above; 2) In the second study, 32 fathers participated, being 17 mothers (M = 25.5 years; SD = 7) and 15 fathers (M = 33.4; SD = 7.4). When crossing the sociodemographic data and the goals of socializing the emotion, it was found that the goals related to 'Automaximization' and 'Emotivity' were most cited by mothers and fathers in the age range 'up to 18 years', from '20 to 29 years 'and '40 to 48 years old', as well as those who had a medium level. Qualitative data indicate that the child's happiness was emphasized and linked by parents to self-confidence in the manifestation and experience of their emotions and feelings, in addition to highlighting the ability to develop their emotional capacities in a healthy way as an autonomous individual. With regard to the conditions necessary for the development of the desired emotional characteristics, a greater number of responses were noted related to the category ‘Centered on the caregiver (mother and / or father)’. The prevalent parental role was to 'Educate / guide' for the development of the emotional goals that they established. 3) 68 fathers and mothers participated in the third study, 32 of whom lived in rural context (agricultural villages in Apeú-PA) and 36 in urban (in the state capital of Pará, Belém-PA). As for the goals of socializing the emotion, the results of the Chi-square test of Independence revealed that the category 'Automaximization' (p = 0,0061, gl = 1) has a statistically significant relationship with the contexts studied, suggesting that the emphasis on goals 'Automation' depends on the context in which the parents reside. As for the result of calculating the odds ratio using the Mantel-Haenszel test (p = 0,0143), it was found that the goals emphasized by fathers and mothers, who refer to the 'Automaximization' category, have 4,822 times more chances of being mentioned by participants living in Belém than by those living in agricultural villages, with a 95% confidence interval between 1,490 and 15,611. Another point that deserves to be highlighted is that most mothers and fathers, both in Belém and in agricultural villages, also cited goals related to the category: ‘Emotivity’. Regarding the necessary conditions for the development of the desired emotional characteristics, it was found that regardless of the context, rural or urban, the participants, in the same proportion, emphasize that care practices must be 'Centered on the caregiver (mother and / or father)' with the aim that your goals of socializing the emotion are fulfilled, based on discipline, counseling and / or daily examples. 4) Finally, in the fourth study, 188 fathers and mothers participated, of which 36 were residents in an urban context (Belém-PA), 32 in agricultural villages in the rural area (Apeú-PA), both located in the northern region of the country, and more 120 residents in the urban context of the Southeast of the country (Rio de Janeiro-RJ). The results on the maternal and paternal emotional socialization goals, from the application of the Chi-square test of Independence, it was found that the category 'Automaximization' has a statistically significant relationship (p = 0,0210, gl = 2) with the contexts analyzed. Thus, the result suggests that the emphasis on the ‘Automaximization’ category depends on the context in which the parents reside. With regard to the calculation of the odds ratios for mentioning the categories of socialization goals of emotion between the urban context (Belém - northern region of the country) versus urban context (Rio de Janeiro - southeast region), it was observed through the test Mantel-Haenszel (p = 0,0336), that the category 'Automaximization' is 3,218 times more likely to be cited by fathers and mothers living in Belém than by participants in Rio de Janeiro, with a 95% confidence interval between 1,164 and 8,898 times. As for the 'Emotivity' goal, there was a statistically significant result (p = 0,0067, gl = 2) indicating that there is a relationship between this goal and the researched contexts. In addition to this result, the odds ratios were calculated for the participants to mention the categories of emotion socialization goals for the non-urban (Apeú-PA) and urban (Rio de Janeiro RJ) context. Thus, it was verified, by the descriptive level of the Mantel-Haenszel test (p = 0,0045), that the category 'Emotivity' is 3,444 times more likely to be mentioned by the mothers and fathers of the agricultural villages than among those residents in Rio de Janeiro, with a 95% confidence interval between 1,525 and 7,779 times. Regarding the necessary conditions for the development of the desired emotional characteristics, it was found that regardless of the context, rural or urban, the participants proportionally emphasize that the care practices must be 'Centered on the caregiver (mother and / or father) 'with the aim that your goals of socializing the emotion are fulfilled. Regarding the parental role for the development of desired emotional characteristics, it was found that regardless of the context, mothers and fathers emphasize the importance of serving as a model or offering models with the aim of disciplining, advising, talking, teaching by demonstration, participation, verbal explanations or disciplinary measures. The four studies together made it possible to conclude that emotional development is associated with the particular characteristics of ecosystem contexts (rural and urban). Thus, such contributions can assist in the development of culturally adapted interventions, designed, for example, to increase parents' understanding of emotions and their emotional awareness.