Práticas parentais em famílias pobres de uma metrópole da Amazônia

Abstract

Families that live in poverty present greater difficulties to exert parenting practices in healthy manner. These difficulties might be related to several dimensions, which make up both the poverty and parenting phenomena. Besides intrinsic factors, the characteristics of the environment in which the families live influence the choice of practices. To glimpse how the dimensions that compose the phenomenon interfere with each other, this study was constituted, which has as aim to analyze the relations existing between the dimensions of parenting practices and multidimensional poverty in poor families from the city of Belém, State of Pará. For such, four studies were performed, being three quantitative and one qualitative. The first study had as objective to describe characteristics of poor families residing in the continental area of the city of Belém (PA), presenting the sociodemographic measures and of multidimensional poverty, measured through the Family Poverty Status (FPS). For such, 448 families residing in the continental portion of the city of Belém were interviewed in order to understand their sociodemographic and poverty characteristics. The results demonstrated that the women are fundamental in the family operation, which, in general, occurs in network manner. Besides that, the dimensions of Work and Vulnerability, measured by the FPS were the ones that presented the highest level of poverty, and the dimensions of Income and Development presented great concentration of participants with zero level of poverty. In this study, it was also possible to see that, in Belém, the quantity of poor families living in certain neighborhood does not define the level of poverty of these families. In Study 2, which had as objective to analyze the relation between multidimensional poverty and parenting in families residing in the city of Belém, State of Pará, the calculation of correspondence between the dimensions of poverty and the parenting in the 448 families participating in the Study 1 was performed. It was observed that the dimensions Vulnerability, Knowledge and Development, besides the general FPS were associated with parenting, in a way that higher the poverty in these dimensions, higher the probability of the family presenting Risk parenting. In Study 3, which had as objective to investigate the relation between the dimensions of parenting and the multidimensional poverty in poor families residing in Belém, State of Pará, the calculation of correspondence was also performed, between the dimensions of parenting and poverty, in the 448 families participating in Study 1. The results demonstrated that in the dimension of Negligence the majority of participants presented a “Risk” level. In addition, all the dimensions were correlated in a manner that poorer the family, higher the probability of the parenting being of risk, except in the Moral Behavior dimension, in which the tendency was inverse. Finally, Study 4 had as objective to understand the perception of poor mothers and caretakers residing in the city of Belém (PA) about the parenting they exert. For such, two focal groups were performed, having more and less poor families. There were differences observed between the groups, being that Poorer Group presented exclusively the dimensions of Relaxed Discipline, Inconsistent Punishment and Physical Abuse, besides the higher incidence of Negative Monitoring. In the Less Poor Group there was higher incidence of Moral Behavior, according to the speech of the participants. In general, it is observed that the family poverty and parenting deserve to be investigated in their multiple dimensions, to be known in their nuances and interrelations.