Ondas de calor e riscos climáticos na Amazônia: análise espaço-temporal em Santarém-PA por meio de geotecnologias

Abstract

This study examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of heatwaves and climate risks in Santarém, Pará, Brazil using geotechnological tools. The Amazon region has experienced significant climate changes, including rising temperatures, alterations in rainfall patterns, and an intensification of extreme events such as severe droughts and heatwaves. The analysis focuses on the years 1998, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2023, which were marked by climate extremes. The methodology employed satellite data and climate modeling to calculate temperature and precipitation anomalies. Data sources such as CHIRPS (precipitation), ERA5 and WorldClim (air temperature), and MapBiomas (land cover analysis) were used. Heatwaves were analyzed based on the World Meteorological Organization's definition, considering consecutive periods of maximum temperatures above average. Additionally, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was applied to assess drought intensity in the region. Results indicate an increase in the frequency and duration of heatwaves over the last decades, along with a trend of intensified droughts. The year 2023 stood out as one of the most critical, with the longest drought periods and most prolonged heatwaves recorded. The study highlights that the interaction between extreme climatic events and land use changes contributes to the region's vulnerability to climate risks, directly impacting the population, biodiversity, and socioeconomic activities. The research emphasizes the need for mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the impacts of climate change on Amazon, considering public policies focused on environmental conservation and climate resilience for local communities.