Autonomia e sustentabilidade indígena: entraves e desafios das políticas públicas indigenistas no estado do Pará entre 1988 e 2008

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between State and indian people in the Amazonia, focusing specifically designed indigenous public policies projected in the national level since 1988 and executed in the state of Pará. The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 provides a legal framework for the new interface established between the State and indian people, characterized by respect and recognition of several ethnic, linguistic, historical and sociocultural as well as the rights to their lands and resources within it. This study had aimed to examine how (and if) the indigenous publics policies developed and implemented since 1988 in Pará state guarantee (or not) the autonomy and economic sustainability, environmental and socio-cultural of indian peoples involved in them, has been developed building on the theoretical and methodological principles of anthropology, from an interdisciplinary perspective, with a temporal cut from 1988 to 2008, for indigenous publics policies analysis. Was held, also, field research to collect indian experiences and indigenous involving the ethnicities Tembé, Asurini of Trocará and Gavião Parkatêjê and Kyikatêjê, in the state of Pará. The study showed that indigenous public policies are "sprayed" in several agencies of the federal, state and municipal levels, revealing a complex network of actors and services, which, sometimes, overlap without providing the necessary integration. There is a strong tendency towards outsourcing of indigenous services, with the introduction of companies and NGO in their implementation. This has led it in a certain confusion to the indians when trigger the need for public services and have the satisfaction of their rights. The discourse of the construction of indian autonomy and sustainability has increased both among government sectors, as in the indian, which have, even appropriate to design their perspective of environment. The Indians people also have increased their participation in decision making processes involving the construction and operation of public policies. However, the effectiveness of such policies is still very tenuous. The indians´s realities studied show that much still needs to be done to ensure a sustainable and autonomous development for indian people.