Caracterização de material compósito incorporado com fibras de bambu (Bambusa Vulgaris) e resíduos sólidos industriais para utilizacao como componente estrutural para a construcao civil

Abstract

In the industry, the production of materials that bring less environmental impacts and that have high sustainability has been growing, mainly with regard to vegetable fibers and industrial waste. In this work, full isophthalic unsaturated polyester matrix, composites with bamboo vegetable fiber, composites with industrial residues (red mud, kaolin and copper) and hybrid composites with variation in the proportion of residues and fibers were made. The residues were used with granulometry of 100 MESH and the fibers in the lengths of 15mm and 30 mm, randomly arranged within the matrix. These fibers were used in natura and treated with 5% NaOH during the period of 2 (two) hours. The fibers were characterized in terms of their physical, mechanical and morphological properties. The composites were made by hand (hand lay-up) in the form of rectangular plates in metallic mold and pressed. The proportions of the mass fractions of the residues varied by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, whereas the mass fraction of fibers was varied by 1%, 2% and 3%. For the production of hybrid composites, the variation occurred up to the maximum saturation level of the matrix, with the proportion of residues / fibers of 10% / 3%, 20% / 3%, 30% / 3% and 40% / 3%, respectively. Bamboo fibers were chemically characterized by analyzing the levels of extractives, lignin and holocellulose. The residues were characterized mineralogically by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The composites were characterized physically (apparent porosity, water absorption and apparent specific mass), mechanically (traction, flexion and impact), flame retardancy and morphologically through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. For physical characterization analyzes, 10 specimens (CP’s) were produced for each series. In the mechanical tests, 10 CP's were manufactured for the tensile tests, while for the flexion and impact tests, there were 8 CP's for each series. This same amount was used for the flame retardancy tests. After the physical tests, a small variation was observed with the addition of fibers and an increase in the Apparent Specific Mass with the addition of residues and fibers in the matrix. In the analysis by means of mechanical traction characterization, the best results of resistance limits in the values of 33.05 MPa were obtained for composites with 3% bamboo fibers treated with 15 mm in length and 33.11 MPa with bamboo fibers 30mm long without treatment. With the incorporation of waste, it reached a value of 40.25 MPa. In hybrid fractions the value reached 41.07 MPa with the addition of 20% kaolin residue / 3% bamboo fibers in the 15mm lengths with treatment. In flexion tests, the results were 150.94 MPa for the addition of treated 30mm fibers, 140.34 MPa for the addition of 20% kaolin residue and in the hybrids of 137.27 MPa for the addition of 30% kaolin residue / 3% bamboo fibers with 30mm treated. In the impact tests, the best results were 23.02 kJ / m² for the addition of 10% copper residue and 38.56 kJ / m² for the addition of 20% copper residue / 3% bamboo fibers with 30 mm long treated.