Dissertações em Ciências Ambientais (Mestrado) - PPGCA/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2855

O Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências Ambientais teve início em 2005 e funciona no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em parceria com o Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA/Amazônia Oriental).

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Diversidade no uso e manejo de fogo por agricultores na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-08) SANTOS, Ian Paulo Monteiro; SILVA, Fernando Elias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7374917289764220; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-1733; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-2341
The indiscriminate use of fire has become a global problem due to the increase of the incidence and severity of fires, mainly related to climate change. The Brazilian Amazon was a fire-free biome, but it has experienced more frequent and intense fires. The use and management of fire is historical and quite variable, especially in the practice of agriculture. Therefore, it is proposed in this dissertation to evaluate the use and management of fire by different farmers (smallholders and large farmers) in two different regions in the Eastern Amazon. Data collection was carried out in 2010 by the Sustainable Amazon Network (RAS) and in 500 rural properties in the region, distributed in 18 watersheds in each region. To compare the diversity of fire use and management practices among producers and regions, the PERMANOVA analysis was used. In both regions, the use of fire predominated, and family farmers were those who had greater use. However, the use of fire was also carried out by larger farmers. The two main purposes were to prepare the land before implementing agriculture and to manage degraded pastures. Secondary forests or Capoeiras (<20 years) were the most commonly used vegetation type, although primary forests and older capoeiras were also used. Most farmers built firebreaks and burnt against the wind, but also used fire in the hottest period of the day (between 12h-15h) and before the first rains in the region. At the time of the burning, farmers in both regions received human assistance, which occurs predominantly by people from the property itself. This dominant use of fire in the Amazon reflects the pattern observed in different tropical regions, mainly related to shifting agriculture. There was also an incompatibility between the management carried out by the farmers and that recommended by specialists or by the law. The need to adapt Brazilian law regarding local burning practices is emerging, as it can make this practice unfeasible. This study is expected to contribute to the development of norms for the use and management of fire that are better adapted to the specific realities of each region and each producer.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diversidade no uso e manejo de fogo por agricultores na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-08) SANTOS, Ian Paulo Monteiro; SILVA, Fernando Elias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7374917289764220; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-1733; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
The indiscriminate use of fire has become a global problem due to the increase of the incidence and severity of fires, mainly related to climate change. The Brazilian Amazon was a fire-free biome, but it has experienced more frequent and intense fires. The use and management of fire is historical and quite variable, especially in the practice of agriculture. Therefore, it is proposed in this dissertation to evaluate the use and management of fire by different farmers (smallholders and large farmers) in two different regions in the Eastern Amazon. Data collection was carried out in 2010 by the Sustainable Amazon Network (RAS) and in 500 rural properties in the region, distributed in 18 watersheds in each region. To compare the diversity of fire use and management practices among producers and regions, the PERMANOVA analysis was used. In both regions, the use of fire predominated, and family farmers were those who had greater use. However, the use of fire was also carried out by larger farmers. The two main purposes were to prepare the land before implementing agriculture and to manage degraded pastures. Secondary forests or Capoeiras (<20 years) were the most commonly used vegetation type, although primary forests and older capoeiras were also used. Most farmers built firebreaks and burnt against the wind, but also used fire in the hottest period of the day (between 12h-15h) and before the first rains in the region. At the time of the burning, farmers in both regions received human assistance, which occurs predominantly by people from the property itself. This dominant use of fire in the Amazon reflects the pattern observed in different tropical regions, mainly related to shifting agriculture. There was also an incompatibility between the management carried out by the farmers and that recommended by specialists or by the law. The need to adapt Brazilian law regarding local burning practices is emerging, as it can make this practice unfeasible. This study is expected to contribute to the development of norms for the use and management of fire that are better adapted to the specific realities of each region and each producer.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Extração de recursos florestais por agricultores na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-05-27) COSTA, Josinara Silva; SILVA, Fernando Elias da; ttp://lattes.cnpq.br/7374917289764220; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-1733; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
The Amazon is recognized as synonymous with biological and social diversity. It shelters several social groups with direct or indirect relationships with forest resources. However, little is known about how these relationships occur in different landscapes, as well as their main predictors. In this study, we sought to characterize the extraction of timber (TFP) and non-timber (NTFP) forest products from 460 landowners (with representation of small, medium and large farmers) from two distinct regions of the Eastern Amazon. In this research, information about the socioeconomic characteristics, environmental aspects of the property and information on TFP and NTFP extraction was compiled through questionnaires. In addition, the relationships of TFP extraction, and extraction, collection intensity, and NTFP extraction richness were modeled with forest cover, region of location, property size, type of agricultural land use, number of people in the household. and annual income. The results obtained indicate a low extraction of TFP, mainly from wood, to the detriment of charcoal production. Most of the NTFPs presented extractions below 50% and low intensity of collection between regions, especially among small producers, which shows a tendency of lower dependence on forest resources by families.A higher percentage of extraction of forest products was observed in medium and large properties, which may be related to the presence of larger legal reserves in these areas. The positive relationship of forest cover and property size with the extraction of most TFP and NTFP reinforces this argument. The richness of extraction and intensity was higher in the Santarém region, which may be related to the greater cultural diversity in the use of forest products in this region. Given the above, it is possible to conclude that medium and large producers in the Eastern Amazon also have ties to the forests, and the exploitation of NTFPs in small properties in the region can be intensified according to market demand. Finally, it is understood that the strong relationship between the extraction of NTFPs and the increase in the size of the property can be configured as a barrier to better opportunities for poor farmers, thus harming sustainable development from a perspective of sustainable exploitation of the non-timber forest products.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fixação biológica de nitrogênio em florestas secundárias e florestas primárias queimadas na Amazônia Centro-Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-02-28) NASCIMENTO, Rodrigo Oliveira do; BARLOW, Jos; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
Understanding the mechanisms that influence the regeneration capacity of tropical forests is highly relevant in the current context of great loss and degradation of ecosystems. Species of Fabaceae family present resilience after disturbances through the symbiotic mechanism of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF), important for the maintenance of biogeochemical cycles of the ecosystems. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of biological nitrogen fixation in the natural regeneration of secondary forests and burned primary forests in the eastern-central Amazon region. For this, 15 transects (0,25ha each one) were studied, covering three forest classes: secondary forests (> 17.5 years), recently burned primary forests (17 months) and undisturbed primary forests. All individuals of the Fabaceae family (DAP> 10cm) with nodulation potential indicated in the literature occurring in the transects were selected and evaluated. Soil samples were collected to check the presence of active nodules, and nodulation was estimated at individual, species, forest class and ecosystem levels. The total carbon and nitrogen in the soil were evaluated. A GLM model was used to test the main predictor variables that explain the nodular mass increment, including carbon and nitrogen content in soils and dendometric variables (diameter at breast height, canopy area and root mass). Of the 133 individuals studied, 43 (32%) were detected with active nodules. This represented 18 species and 9 genera of Fabaceae family. The genus Inga presented the highest nodulation frequency, with the species Inga pilosula showing the largest nodule mass (6,14 g.m-2). A large intraspecific variation of nodular mass was found in the study. Secondary forests showed a probability of nodulation three to fivefold higher than the other forest classes. Moreover, the total nodule mass was higher in secondary forests (9.37 g.m2) in comparison to burned forests (6.54 g.m2) and undisturbed forests (3.05 g.m2). No strong evidences were found for an important contribution of the biological fixation of nitrogen in burned forests. The main explanatory variable for nodule mass was soil total carbon. Along with carbon, other variables were also selected as predictors of nodule mass: soil total nitrogen, diameter at breast height (DBH) and canopy area. The results suggested an important contribution of biological nitrogen fixation in the regeneration of forests in the Santarém region, mainly in secondary forests and the potential of nitrogen inputs into the ecosystem through biological fixation. The results of the present study are important to increase the understanding of the mechanisms that drive the Amazon forest recovery to disturbances.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Motivações de agricultores familiares para recuperação florestal em duas comunidades ribeirinhas em Paragominas - PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-29) BESSA, Mayara Suellen Costa; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
With increasing environmental degradation, forest restoration initiatives have seen increased adoption globally, with particularly high numbers of new policies and programs in Brazil. The Brazilian Forest Code was revised in 2012 and the National Policy for the Recovery of Native Vegetation was published in 2017. Additionally, Pará state has launched its Environmental Regularization Program (PRA). Environmental restoration actions depend on the active participation of local communities. It is therefore essential to understand what factors motivate farmers to engage in ecosystem restoration. Here, we analyze motives for, and barriers against family farmers engaging in forest restoration on their properties. We conducted a field survey, consisting of a semi-open questionnaire, in Paragominas, a municipality that resides in the southeastern Amazonian state of Pará. We assessed the understanding and acceptance of the rules contained within the Brazilian National Policy for Protection of Native Vegetation (known as Forest Code), along with the participants' perceptions of natural resources and motivations for forest restoration. Two riverine communities, Nazaré and São Sebastião, located in the Capim River region, in the north of Paragominas were surveyed. Governmental forest restoration initiatives, including forest nurseries, have previously been implemented in these communities through the restoration program called “Pará Florestal” (PF) coordinated by the state institute IDEFLOR-Bio. To contextualize the restoration initiatives being developed in the studied region, we conducted interviews with employees of IDEFLOR-BIO and EMATER, the two institutions involved in the Pará Florestal Program. We used a Multiple Correspondence Analysis to identify factors which motivate smallholders to engage in forest restoration. Willingness to participate in forest restoration was not limited to those who were formally participating in the PF. However, PF participants appeared to be more connected with local biodiversity, as they cited more species to be potentially useful in restoration initiatives they also saw fewer obstacles to forest restoration. Contrary to expectations, the lowest interest in forest restoration was associated with younger people (<45 years) that had elementary education and smaller families (<4 people), indicating the need for greater incentives for this group. This study highlights a lack of confidence in restoration programs mainly due to failure of past initiatives in the region. The importance of continuity in the technical assistance provided to farmers was emphasized, along with the importance of promoting capacity building for forestry and increasing the potential for economic revenues from agroforestry systems. The results of this research indicate the need to consider the profile of smallholder families to guide programs and ensure success in forest restoration. Additionally, more incentives are necessary for ecological restoration to have a better balance between agricultural production and ecosystem services provision.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O papel relativo da configuração da paisagem, fatores naturais e manejo da terra na estrutura e diversidade de florestas secundárias no leste da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-04-29) LIZON ROMANO, Leon Pastor; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
Secondary forests cover about 23% of deforested areas of the Brazilian Amazon. Although they have clear differences with primary forests, forests in succession have undeniably ecological, social and economic importance. The eastern region of the Amazon, specifically the area known as arc of deforestation, presents a fragmented landscape, characterized by several land uses and large extent of secondary forests. This study aimed to evaluate the relative role of landscape variables, natural variables and use and soil management on the structure and floristic diversity of secondary forests in the southeast of Pará. We surveyed 20 secondary forests along an age gradient from 5 to 20 years. In each fragment, were established: i) transects of 10 x 250m (0.25 ha) to study the plants with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10cm (DBH ≥10cm) in plots of 10 x 10m (total 25 ) ii) 5 subplots of 5 x 20m nested within the transects to study the plants (DBH) <10cm and ≥2cm. (DBH <10cm). Structural variables were measured (plant density, height, basal area, number of stems) and species diversity variables (richness, and Shannon and Simpson diversity index) considering trees, palm trees and lianas. A set of landscape configuration variables for each fragment were considered (eg. Size, perimeter, distance and proportion of primary forest and total forest in a radius of 500 m, 1 km and 3 km); natural variables (altitude and slope) and the historical use of each transect: land use intensity index (LUI) and number of agricultural cycles. The history of land use was assessed by a combination of satellite images time series and interviews with landowners. We undertook analyses with RandomForest package in the R software environment. Structural and diversity parameters had great variation among the 20 secondary forests studied. Variables such as height and basal area have not grown consistently over the age gradient. The percentage of variation of the response variable explained by the models ranged from 0 to 38.75%. In general, all categories of variables (age, landscape, natural factors, land management) contributed to explain the variation in the data, but the landscape variables were those that contributed the most (20.44 to 66.92%) . Age was not the most important factor to explain structural parameters except the liana density (54.17%) which reduced in forests from 15 years. In contrast, age was a major factor explaining the diversity of species of plants DAP≥10cm (Simpson index). Along with the lanscape, age explained the total variation in diversity (57.60% and 42.49, respectively). The land use management variables were important to explain the basal area of the individuals DAP≥10cm and DBH <10cm (25.22% and 36.19%, respectively). All landscape variables investigated helped to explain the structural parameters and diversity, most explaining over 50% of the variation. The area, perimeter and perimeter-area ratio of the fragments best explained the structural parameters and species richness. On the other hand, the diversity of Simpson was mainly explained by the cover of primary forest; distance to the primary forest (1 km) and distance to forests (primary and secondary). The natural variables (slope and altitude), as well as the municipality, which includes natural variations between sites were more important in explaining the variation in density and basal area in DBH <10cm plants. Overall, while a combination of prior land use, landscape and natural environmental changes were important for the regeneration of the structure of forests, coverage of primary forests and the distance remaining forests (primary and secondary) were important to the initial recovery in species diversity. The patterns reported in the present study are important to understanding the drivers of regeneration and for informing decisions regarding restoration strategies in this most deforested region of the Brazilian Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Percepção de serviços ecossistêmicos por agricultores familiares na Amazônia Oriental: subsídios para a restauração florestal.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-04-30) ALMEIDA, Áurea Silva; COUDEL, Emilie Suzanne; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3299840369978601; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
The agroforest systems are commonly recommended to family farmers who seeks to recover degraded areas. The use of this agriculture production system is relevant not only because it offers a proved diversity in ecosystem services, but also because it already is a traditional alternative to itinerant agriculture. Due to the lack of studies about de sociocultural dimension of ecosystem services and the benefits of agroforest system areas, we seek to evaluate in this work the perception and comprehension of northeast Pará family farmers about these. Pursuing this target, we realize the categorization of forest recovery strategies from a primary data collection – interviews, semi structured questionnaire, illustrated questionnaire anf Likert Scale – within the Irituia (PA) residents. Through the relative perception based on the Likert scale application, we noticed that the agricultures recognize the benefits accruing from agroforest systems and natural landscapes. Not only, had the studied group demonstrated high perception of ecosystem services in all proposed categories in the Millennium ecosystem evaluation. Furthermore, the group of agricultures with a smaller area of forest reserve and bigger area of agroforest systems is related to higher perceptions about the ecosystem services. The result suggest that a lost in forest area, in the individual level, probably drives to a higher sense about the benefits of natural systems and then, for those, the increment in agroforest system areas constitutes an attempt to return to functions and benefits lost through environmental degradation over time. The biggest motivations to forest recovery through agroforest systems, named by the farmers, were food security and commodities trade. Was also possible to identify that the agricultures of northeast Pará have an understanding that agroforest systems use contributes to recover degraded areas. Otherwise, the high perception about ecosystem services did not reflect in the plants diversity. In general, we can say that support programs are necessary to strengthen the agroforest systems capacity of provide ecosystem services and increase the biodiversity conservation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Recuperação natural da diversidade de espécies de plantas em florestas secundárias na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-03-30) TAURINO, Tássia Cristina da Conceição Barros; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
Secondary forests are increasing in area in the tropics, and in the Amazon alone they occupy 23% of deforested areas. These forests are repositories of biodiversity, playing an important role in ecosystem services, and contributing to the livelihoods of local populations. Natural regeneration is an important strategy for the recovery of native Brazilian vegetation, for example, the Forest Code, the National Plan for the Recovery of Native Vegetation (PLANAVEG in portuguese) and the international commitments of forest restoration undertaken by the country. This study describes the natural recovery of plant species diversity in secondary forests of different ages in the Southeast of Pará, Eastern Amazonia. A database of structural and floristic characteristics, collected in 2014 and 2015, was used for 20 fragments of secondary forest in the municipalities of Marabá, Parauapebas, Eldorado dos Carajás and Canaã dos Carajás. The vegetation sampling followed the methodology applied by the Sustainable Amazon Network. In each forest fragment, a transect of 10 x 250 m or 20 x 125 m (0.25 ha) was delimited, subdivided into 25 plots of 10 x 10 m, where the upper stratum (DAP ≥ 10 cm) was sampled. The lower stratum (DAP <10 cm) was sampled in five 5 x 20 m subplots nested in the transect. The phytosociological parameters were calculated using the Fitopac 2.1 software. The dominance pattern was evaluated through species ranking. The similarity among transects was evaluated using non-metric multidimensional scaling in the PCORd 5.15. The phytosociological parameters between two age classes were compared using Anova. Indicator Species Analysis (IndVal) was performed for each class using the R Program. We found 282 species, 61 families and 5509 individuals in the 20 study transects. The natural recovery of species diversity occurs rapidly in the first 10 years of ecological succession. But the recovery trajectory was not linear and was marked by a stabilization of the parameters of structure and diversity between 10 and 20 years. Species diversity was correlated with basal area, although the relationship was not linear. Regeneration was not accompanied by convergence of floristic composition between sites of similar age. However, the similarity in species composition was higher among the nearest sites, suggesting spatial autocorrelation resulting from biotic or environmental processes. The studied forests were separated into two age classes with some species, mainly of the family Fabaceae, indicating the sites in more advanced stages of regeneration. The recovery of plant diversity in the first 20 years of succession provides evidence of high forest resilience in the study region. The findings of this study on the natural regeneration potential of the forests in Southeastern Pará is important to guide the management and conservation strategies underway in the Amazon.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Sustentabilidade da produção madeireira de Goupia glabra Aubl. (cupiúba) na Amazônia brasileira.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-03-08) VIEIRA, Sabrina Benmuyal; RUSCHEL, Ademir Roberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6636714035510120; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904
The sustainability of the production of timber in natural forests is a subject matter of great discussion. The concern to have perpetuity in the forest production, mainly of species of value in the market, is a challenge for the management of natural forests. This research was developed with the objective of analyzing the dynamics of growth in six experimental areas of forest management monitored in the Brazilian Amazon and discuss the ability of the species to recover in 35 years, in order to subsidize strategies for sustainable forest management. To compose this study, we used data from a continuous forest inventory of six experimental areas of the Network of Monitoring of the Dynamics of Forest in the Amazon. – Redeflor, monitored by Embrapa Amazônia Oriental and Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, located in three states of the Brazilian Amazon: State of Pará (n = 4), State of Amapá (n = 1) and State of Amazonas (n = 2). In the study, the parameters were analyzed: density of trees (arv.ha-1), basal area (m².ha-1), mortality (arv.ha-1 and %.year-1), recruitment (arv.ha-1 and %.year-1) and periodic annual increment in diameter (IPAd). With the parameters of dynamics analyzed, obtained the rate of recovery of the trees (%.arv) with DBH ≥ 20 cm capable of reaching the minimum diameter allowed by the current law (DBH ≥ 50 cm), in 35 years. The trees of G. glabra with DBH ≥ 20 cm presented a natural density distinct between the areas, with variation of 0,8 to 5,5 arv.ha-1, occupying a basal area of 0,343 to 1,814 m².ha-1. The dynamics of mortality and recruitment, after 31 years of monitoring, evidenced that the species did not recover the density and dominance after the harvest. The IPAd, between monitored sites, varied of 0,19±0,27 to 0,93±0,55 cm.ano-1, in which the smaller diameter trees (DBH 20-49,9 cm) presented the rates highest of growth. The recovery of the stock of trees with DBH ≥ 50 cm was on average 28%, although was observed a high variation among the managed areas. The estimate of a tree with a diameter of 20 cm to reach the cutting diameter (DBH ≥ 50 cm) needs approximately 83 years. The verification of the non-recovery of the original stock of trees of G. glabra, in 35 years, requires a different management of the pattern, with a longer interval between harvests, considering the dynamics of growth of the species in the managed area.

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