Dissertações em Ciências Ambientais (Mestrado) - PPGCA/IG
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttp://10.7.2.76:4000/handle/2011/2855
O Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências Ambientais teve início em 2005 e funciona no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em parceria com o Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA/Amazônia Oriental).
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Benefícios ambientais e econômicos de sistemas agroflorestais de Tomé-Açu, Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-04-22) SUZUKI, Patrícia Mie; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-8822The global demand for food and the advance of climate change generate pressure for sustainable production systems that generate multiple benefits. Agroforestry systems (AFS) are productive models with the potential to meet the demands of society and the environment. In this sense, this research aimed to evaluate agroforestry systems' contribution to climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and income generation in the municipality of Tomé-Açu, Pará. Twelve areas of multi-stratified AFS were selected and a 30 x 30-meter plot was installed in each system. An agroforestry inventory and an interview with the producer about the socioeconomic profile and environmental perception of the AFSs were carried out. The data were used to evaluate the influence of plant richness and other variables on the benefits of "Mitigation of climate change", "Biodiversity conservation" and "Income generation", through the indicators aboveground biomass carbon stock, Shannon index (H') and gross income, respectively. For this, we used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to select the variables and linear regression to create the models. All data from the agroforestry inventory and the statistical analyses were performed in the R 4.2.2 computing environment. In general, 83% of the farmers reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the economic return on the AFSs, in addition to citing several environmental services. Richness (S) per system ranged from 3 to 11 species and Shannon diversity index (H') between 0.55 and 1.77. The average carbon stock of the aboveground biomass in the studied AFSs was 45.2 Mg ha-1, with a variation between 27.4 and 63.0 Mg ha-1. The values of carbon stock in the cocoa, cupuaçu, açaí, dendê, and other components were statistically similar, but differed significantly from the carbon stock found in the forest component (gl=2; χ2=71.7; p=1.834e-13). The average value of annual gross income from the sale of these producers was R$13,758, 53/ha and ranged between R$1,687.50 and R$26,250/ha. In the systems with oil palm (AFSs A1, A2 and A3), the palm tree considerably increased the gross income of the AFSs, contributing 58, 48 and 78% of the total income, respectively, despite the low density of individuals, with an average of 69 ind ha-1, in the areas, in comparison with the other main species. In this study, it was not possible to confirm the influence of plant richness on the generation of climate benefits, biodiversity conservation, and income generation. However, other variables influenced the benefits of the analyzed AFSs. "SAF type", "oil palm density" and "shade species density" performed best on carbon stock, Shannon diversity index and gross income, respectively. As for the benefit scores, in general, most of the AFSs showed unevenly distributed scores for each benefit. Therefore, we conclude that plant richness was not the variable that influenced the benefits evaluated, but rather a set of variables analyzed, ratifying the complexity of Tomé-Açu's AFSs. In general, the AFSs of Tomé-Açu meet the expectations of producers in terms of economic return, besides generating benefits related to climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. In particular, the AFSs with the oil palm component showed better performance in the scores of benefits generation.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Linhas de instabilidade e trocas turbulentas na interface floresta amazônica-atmosfera(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-05) GONÇALVES, Marcos Barradas; COHEN, Júlia Clarinda Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0293299378753887; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-8915; DIAS JÚNIOR, Cleo Quaresma; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9857237626091379; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-4689Squall lines (SLs) are convective phenomena that frequently occur in the tropical atmosphere and have been widely investigated by the scientific community. In this work, high-frequency experimental data were collected at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site during two years, one of which was considered “normal” (2014) and the other was a year of strong El Niño (2015), and the satellite images of the central region of the Amazonia. The objective was to investigate whether there is influence in El Niño years on the number of occurrence of SLs and consequently on the impact that these phenomena exert on precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, radiation and turbulent fluxes calculated by the turbulent eddies correlation method. For this, the average daily cycles of these magnitudes were used for different seasons and years. The results showed an increase in the occurrence of SLs in El Niño years. It was noted that during the presence of SLs, the following occurred: 1) high precipitation rates (on average 11.5 mm per event) being higher in El Niño years; 2) temperature decay of 2 and 2.5°C in 2014 and 2015, respectively; 2) temperature decay of 2 and 2.5 °C in 2014 and 2015, respectively; 3) increase in wind speed by 1.5 and 2 m s⁻², in 2014 and 2015; 4) decrease in shortwave radiation by more than 50% in 2014 and more than 70% in 2015, caused by cloud cover that reduced the passage of radiation; and 5) increase in relative humidity, being higher in the El Niño year. Regarding turbulent fluxes, there was a decrease of 35 W m⁻² in 2014 and 25 W m⁻² in 2015 in the sensible heat flux, and 90 W m⁻² in latent heat in the two years at the time of the SLs occurrence and the momentum flux presented values 3 times greater than the values registered hours before the occurrence of SL. The CO2 flux, on the other hand, had a increase of 13 and 22 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2014 and 2015, respectively, at the time of the occurrence of SLs due to the decrease in incident radiation, which impacted on the photosynthetic rates of plants. It is believed that these results are important, since the transport of water vapor and CO2 and consequently the hydrological and CO2 cycles can be altered by the presence of SLs and the occurrence of the El Niño. Consequently, in a scenario of climate change, where El Niños and SLs are expected to be more frequent, people's quality of life can be compromised.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Políticas de Estado e tecnologias sociais de água de chuva na Amazônia brasileira(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-04-27) BATISTA, Lucas Mota; SILVA, José Francisco Berrêdo Reis da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1338038101910673; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8590-2462; NAHUM, João Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9009465125001273The Brazilian Amazon is a region marked by the deficit in the drinking water supply, dispite of your vastness in water resources. This reality imposes itself mainly on the rural populations of the region. Indeed, the utilization of rainwater arise as an alternative to the public supply, safed and regular of water in territories not accessed by conventional services. Therefore, the present research aimed the construction of a investigative and reflective study, guided by the following question: in what extent the state has acted, through public policies instruments, in consideration of the potential of stormwater as a method of public supply in the Brazilian Amazon? The first chapter introduces the introductory aspects to the thematic. The second chapter presents the article 1, with the elaboration of a sizing of the quantitative potential of Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS), and is based on a representative case report of the state of Pará. The chapter three (article 2) uses as reference the case of a riverside community in the insular region of the capital of Pará, Belém, for a comparative approach, in an analysis of the economic viability of this method. In addition, the chapter four (article 3) essentially seeks to answer the guiding question. Conclusively, the results point to, factually, at least over the 20 years, diferentes initiatives to promote the use of rainwater have taken place, supported by governmental entities in the Brazilian Amazon. However, in concern to the non prioritization of this region in the main public programs of this segment in the country, the state’s performance towards the fulfillment of the sanitation universalization goals can still be seen as insufficient.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estimativas de biomassa e carbono em áreas de vegetação secundária no território paraense(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-06-29) OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, Luis Augusto Lima; KELLER, Michael Maier; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1869582564376606; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477Land use dynamics is a very intense process in the Amazon landscape because forest areas are constantly targets of deforestation, often illegal, which compromises the environmental balance of this ecosystem. In this context, a widespread element in the region's landscape is secondary vegetation (SV). The SV appears after a disturbance and can evolve and reach the characteristics close to a primary forest. This work aims to generate above-ground biomass and carbon estimates for the SV areas in the State of Pará for 2014. The methodology uses the variable GSDY (Growing-Season Degree-Years), calculated by SV age (TerraClass), temperature, and precipitation. The variable GSDY is part of a model proposed by Johnson et al. (2000) and Zarin et al. (2001), which generates above-ground biomass and carbon estimates. VS was classified into five classes according to its age. More than 6.9 million hectares of VS were mapped in the State of Para, representing more than two billion tons (t) of biomass (one million t of carbon) contained in VS. More than 2.8 million hectares of VS were vulnerable in 2014 because of SEMAS – PA Normative Instruction that enables cleaning these areas five years old or less (except those protected by law), with no environmental authorization needed. The SV loss could represent a considerable carbon emission to the atmosphere and massive damage to this region's balance.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Sustentabilidade hídrica como subsídio à gestão costeira da bacia hidrográfica do rio Maracanã, Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-03-28) RAIOL, Lucas Lima; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187Anthropogenic pressure on water resources has been increasing due to the lack of efficient management, demographic growth, and the intense exploitation of natural resources. In this sense, the Maracanã River Basin (BHRM), located in the coastal zone of the state of Pará, has particularities that involve the influence of river and tidal regimes; its potential use for tourism, extractivism, and agriculture, as well as the need to carry out research in this region, mainly through an integrated and systemic analysis. Therefore, the research aimed to analyze the water sustainability of BHRM, through the Water Sustainability Index (WSI), to support the integrated planning of the basin. The methodological procedures involved: I) construction of indicators of the Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy (HELP) dimension in the water units of the basin, II) Calculation of the WSI in the water units of the basin, III) Compartmentalization of the basin, and IV) analysis statistics of results. The results showed that environmental degradation in the basin's water units, especially in the middle and upper reaches regions, it is correlated with the percentage of vegetation cover. The low social and political indicators of the municipalities are reflected in the management of BHRM. The WSI presented an intermediate value of 0.63, with the Environmental and Political indicators showing the highest values, being 0.86 and 0.74 respectively. The lowest indicators were Hydrological (0.60) and Social (0.32), which were reflected in the average final value of the WSI. Thus, advances are needed in water governance in the BHRM, which mainly involves the instruments of water and coastal resource management policies, aiming for an integrated management of the BHRM. The results can contribute to listing the potentialities and weaknesses highlighted in the research, supporting the integrated planning of BHRM.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeitos do fogo recorrente no banco de sementes: implicações para a regeneração de florestas degradadas na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-02-09) OLIVEIRA, Vynicius Barbosa de; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-1248; VIEIRA, Ima Célia Guimarães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3761418169454490; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-318XForest fires are increasingly intense in the Amazon and the accentuated degradation of the forest is a consequence of repeated burnings, which generally occur in anomalous periods of drought. Soil seed banks can act as an important source in forest regeneration, and information on floristic composition is vital to determine the resilience of plant communities. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of recurrent fires on the soil seed bank of terra firme forests in the Amazon. The study was carried out in the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve, Santarém-PA, Brazil, in three types of forests: unburned forests (preserved reference forests), burned once (2015) and twice (2015 and 2017). All woody plants (over 2 cm DBH) and natural regeneration (under 1 m height) were monitored using permanent plots of 0.25 ha. The seed bank was collected in each habitat, using quadrants measuring 20 x 20 cm and 5 cm deep, and soil samples (N=2.8 m²) were placed to germinate in a greenhouse for seedling emergence for six months . Species were identified and classified according to life form, ecological succession and dispersal syndrome. 25 families, 33 genera and 39 species (12 trees, 11 shrubs, 13 herbs and 3 lianas) were identified in the seed bank of all sampled areas. Recurrent fire did not significantly affect seed bank density, with unburned forests presenting a density of 918 ± 329 seeds/m2 and forests burned once and twice reaching 681 ± 260 and 925 ± 315 seeds/m2, respectively. Floristic and functional composition, on the other hand, differed between habitats. In the seed bank of forests burned twice, there was a higher proportion of herbaceous plants (10.08%), including grass species, such as the Axonopus compressus species, which hinder forest regeneration. The seed bank is dissimilar to the aboveground plant community in all forest types analyzed. Therefore, the need for intervention is suggested, as the species found have little impact on the functionality of these ecosystems, causing a slow regeneration process.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Contaminação de canais urbanos por microplástico em uma capital da Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04-22) SANTOS, Luana Francy Oliveira; MARTINELLI FILHO, José Eduardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080628833884538The socio-environmental problems faced in several cities in the Amazon region are, in part the result of the precariousness or absence of basic sanitation services. The city of Macapá, state of Amapá, has the national indexes in the provision of set of services linked to basic sanitation, among such services the collection and treatment of sewage and the adequate disposal of solid waste such as plastic material. With this comes the objective of this study, which is to evaluate the presence, quantity and types of microplastics in urban canals in the municipality, as well as to analyze the importance of environmental variables in relation to the quantity and distribution of such particles. For this purpose, water samples were collected with a Van Dorn bottle and sediment with a Van Veen dredger from five urban canals. The results obtained showed that microplastics were found in all samples. An average amount of 17 ±13MPs/L for water and of 453 ± 345 MPs/Kg for sediments were recorded. The predominant MPs were the fibers in the water samples, with a predominance of sizes smaller than 300 µm and in the colors blue and black. For sediments, fragments were the dominant format, with a greater proportion of transparent, blue and black colors. The data obtained showed the current state of the level of contamination of Macapá’s urban canals, indicating the need for effective public policies for Amazonian cities.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Hemerobia da paisagem de Belém na Amazônia Oriental e estudo de impacto da urbanização no clima local(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-01-30) FURTADO, Leonardo Seabra; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984Among the human activities that modify the surface coverage of natural landscapes, the urbanization process can be considered as one of the most serious forms of environmental anthropization. The impacts of urbanization are systemic in physical and ecological dimensions, with a direct effect being the change in local climate, particularly the increase in surface air temperature. In the present study, the concept of hemerobia (a term from landscape ecology that means “distance from nature”) is applied as a remote sensing technique to map the urbanization process in the municipality of Belém, the capital of the state of Pará in the region of Eastern Amazon. The results of mapping changes in land cover, comparing the years 1985 and 2021, revealed a significant increase in urbanization, which expanded by 17% at the expense of forest areas, which reduced by 11%. The urban area denoted by the areas of metahemerobia and polyhemerobia (classes with a medium and high degree of urban coverage) expanded to the neighborhoods and districts located in the center and north of the municipality and along the coastal strip of the islands of Outeiro and Mosqueiro. The results of the environmental mapping were integrated with statistical analyzes of air temperature data (point data from the meteorological station and CRU data at high spatial resolution), aiming to investigate the impacts of urbanization on seasonal patterns of maximum air temperature (TX) and minimum (TN). Trend analyzes showed significantly warmer climate patterns, with a notable indication of systematically higher TX and TN in the most densely urbanized areas compared to areas with preserved vegetation, with the increase in air temperature being more significant (statistically significant) during the dry season (July to November). An interesting result was found in the spatial maps of TX for the dry regime, with a climatological pattern similar to the classic heat island model with concentric isotherms that reach a maximum center over the more urbanized continental region of Belém and thermal decrease at the edges. The study highlights the urgent importance of government policies to mitigate the negative impacts of urbanization in the metropolitan area of Belém.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação da vulnerabilidade ambiental de unidades de conservação da Amazônia Legal brasileira(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-30) SILVA, Ermeson Freitas da; LIMA, Aline Maria Meiguins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6572852379381594; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0187; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-5534The present work assessed the vulnerability of conservation units in the Brazilian Legal Amazon from 2012 to 2021. Through the analysis of exposure and sensitivity indicators, the main threats faced by these protected areas were identified, including forest cover, economic activity, access, natural, human and economic resources, and these were consolidated into a final vulnerability index. The average values of the exposure and sensitivity component for the fire and pasture indicators were the highest, which highlights the significant effects of these threats on protected areas. The results obtained provided important insights into the challenges faced by protected areas and highlighted the need to understand and monitor their vulnerability in order to develop effective conservation and management strategies. This information is essential to support decision-making and the implementation of policies and measures aimed at protecting and sustaining these areas.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Fatores naturais e antrópicos que interferem na qualidade da água do Rio Tocantins, trecho Baião Mocajuba (PA)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-05-27) CORDEIRO, Leonardo Corrêa; XAVIER, Diego de Arruda; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4534357826122691; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-3837; SILVA, José Francisco Berredo Reis da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1338038101910673; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8590-2462The water quality in hydrographic basins can be understood through studies involving physical chemical, chemical, and biological parameters, taking into account anthropic activities and associated natural processes. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of physical chemical and chemical parameters in different seasonal periods in the hydrographic basin of the Tocantins River, Baião-Mocajuba stretch, to discuss water quality based on the interaction of anthropic factors and natural processes. For this purpose, secondary data were collected, and samples were taken at two points (P1 and P2) during distinct seasonal periods (less rainy and rainy) and at mid-tide cycle (13h). The results were discussed in light of the theory regarding natural and anthropic factors in processes that may interfere with riverine hydrochemistry and water quality. Parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids were measured in situ, and samples were collected for the determination of chemical parameters (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Se, Al, As, Ba, B, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, V, Zn, Sr, Ti, BOD, COD, Cl, F, NO3, NO2, SO4, PO4, total nitrogen, SiO2, NH3, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Dissolved Organic Carbon, alkalinity, hardness). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, correlation, and principal component analysis. The results indicate that seasonality is a factor influencing water quality parameter values, except for SO4, H4SiO4, Ba, and Sr. On the other hand, tidal effects are crucial in altering water quality parameters, especially during the less rainy period, but these alterations do not exceed the limits established by CONAMA 357/2005. Principal component analysis identified that Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Mn, and hardness accounted for 44.6% of water quality parameters during the less rainy period, while during the rainy period, Mg, K, Ba, hardness, Sr, Ca, Mn, Na, dissolved oxygen, and Al accounted for 47.67%. It is concluded that the Tocantins River hydrographic sub-basin has been impacted anthropogenically due to the construction of the dam and agricultural activities. Future studies are suggested to measure the effects of these activities on the water quality of the Tocantins River.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Uso do algoritmo Sebal na estimativa da evapotranspiração em um pomar de mangas no Nordeste paraense: uma abordagem socioambiental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-28) MEDEIROS, Leidiane Ribeiro; SOUSA, Adriano Marlison Leão deChanges in land use and land cover such as conversion of forests to pastures or urban expansion alter the components of the radiation balance, as well as the flow of heat and evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle and climate balance, especially in urban areas. The estimation of this variable is essential for the management of water resources in a region, as well as the productivity of a crop, especially those that face water scarcity. In this sense, this work aimed to estimate the real daily evapotranspiration (ETr) of the mango orchard and its underlying areas for the years 2015, 2017 and 2020 in the village of Cuiarana, in the municipality of Salinópolis do Nordeste Paraense. Using this algorithm, maps of statistical parameters were generated, calculated for the different land use covers. The results obtained from ETr were compared with the values obtained by the FAO-Penman-Monteith method and the Bowen Ratio, through their statistical errors. The highest mean values of ETr were obtained for the image 08/02/2015, with an average of 4.805 mm/day, with the mango orchard area being one of the main contributors to this result, as well as the mangrove area. When compared with other reference methods, the values estimated by SEBAL were consistent with the literature, with its temporal variation being strongly affected by the El Niño phenomenon. Thus, the SEBAL algorithm has the potential to be assimilated in the process of managing water resources in the region, as well as in crop management.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Fatores relacionados à deposição de resíduos sólidos em uma praia flúvio-estuarina amazônica(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-10-26) RODRIGUES, Kayury Serrão da Silva; MARTINELLI FILHO, José Eduardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080628833884538Brazil has a coastline that stretches for 8,698 kilometers, housing over 400 municipalities and a high population density, as it serves as a source of multiple income-generating activities. However, the lack of infrastructure and improper waste disposal lead to the dumping and accumulation of trash at the coastal zone. As a result of high consumption, a significant amount of waste is generated, most of which is discarded incorrectly and leads to social, environmental, and economic damage. Despite its environmental and social significance, studies are scarce on estimates of the quantity of waste and its distribution in coastal environments of the Amazon. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence, abundance, distribution, and types of waste found on a fluvial-estuarine beach (Beja Beach, Abaetetuba-PA) and possible spatial and temporal deposition patterns. The beach was divided into two areas: northeast and southwest, with sampling at two levels (intertidal at the low tide line and lower intertidal); collections took place during the rainy season (March to May 2022) and the less rainy season (October and November 2022). In each seasonal period, six samplings were conducted, with three during spring tides and three during neap tides. During the rainy season, a total of 902 items were collected, with a total mass of 70.38 kg (an average of 1.87 items/m² and 0.141 kg/m²), and during the less rainy season, a total of 536 items were collected, with a mass of 12.99 kg (an average of 1.07 items/m² and 0.026 kg/m²). It was observed that the most collected items during the 12 campaigns were single-use plastics. There was a higher quantity of items, both in the rainy and less rainy seasons, in the upper intertidal zone, in the SW sector, and during spring tides (p < 0.01). Regarding mass, significant differences were observed for seasonality and zonation. Significant differences were found in the relationship between factors such as intertidal zones for both seasonal periods and tidal levels. Studies conducted in other regions of Brazilian territory also observed that the most found solid waste was plastic, especially single-use plastics. One of the factors that can explain this occurrence is the fact that the market increasingly invests in packaging and single-use plastics and the use of such products by beachgoers in the referred beach. Improper disposal leads to the incorrect disposal of these materials in the environment. The results described here provide managers with information to develop more effective strategies for the management, handling, and cleaning of beaches in the region.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise temporal do índice de vegetação e caracterização da cobertura vegetal no Estuário amazônico(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-09-09) RIBEIRO JUNIOR, Julia Pereira; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-9593This study was carried out from 1990 to 2020 in the insular region of Baia do Guajará, state of Pará and aimed to analyze the dynamics of land use and cover on the islands of the insular region of Baia do Guajará through the NDVI vegetation index. with the intention of provoking the discussion and insertion of new urban, economic, social and tourist development strategies in the region in the APA of Ilha do Combú, located in the municipality of Belém, Pará. To achieve this objective, the script to generate vegetation index (NDVI) was prepared in the code editor of Google Earth Engine, comparing it with the monthly and annual averages of rainfall. It was found that seasonality consistently influences the behavior of vegetation and, consequently, the NDVI, since anthropic changes were minimal on most islands.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Influência das oscilações climáticas tropicais na evolução da linha de costa atlântica do Pará-Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-11-05) GUERREIRO, Juliana de Sá; SOUZA, Everaldo Barreiros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6257794694839685; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-0984Understand how the shoreline (LC) position dynamically changes in response to meteoceanographic processes and climate variability is essential to predict and mitigate the impact of future extremes on the Atlantic Coast of Pará (CAP). This thesis aimed to provide the first quantitative assessment of the relative influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) climate indices on meteoceanographic processes (wave climate, winds and precipitation) and on beach morphodynamics along the coast. In this study, the significant wave height (Hs), mean wave period (Tz), speed (Wspd) and wind direction (Wdir) of the Era-Interim data (1979-2017) together with in situ wave data measurements on a macrotidal beach were used to define wave climate and its variability. Spectral analysis was used to quantify the wave propagation energy towards the LC. The results indicate that in CAP there are 3 modes of wave variability: 1) North-Northeast (N-NE) swell waves (frequency band – 0.04 – 0.14 Hz) during the rainy season; 2) Waves formed by the action of winds (windsea) from the Northeast (NE) (frequency band 0.14 – 0.33 Hz); and 3) East-Southeast (ESE) wind waves (frequency band 0.14 – 0.33 Hz) each with distinct wave power signatures. The behaviour of meteoceanographic processes associated with the main tropical climatic indices was analysed through the composites, whose results indicated more energetic waves, longer periods, greater precipitation and less intense winds during the La Niña and positive phases of the AMM. Less energetic waves, shorter periods, less precipitation and more intense winds were observed during the El Niño and negative phase of the AMM. In order to understand how the LC positions (obtained through a spectral approach by the Modified Water Index by Normalized Difference) in the CAP respond to climate variability and meteoceanographic processes, correlations were made between climate indices and change distances of LC. Cross-correlation values between climate indices and LC indicate that there is significant climate forcing, as they showed that the effects of ENSO and AMM were found in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean after 3-12 months. Therefore, changes in coastlines are associated with periodic variations in atmospheric forcing as climatic indices that modulate the position of the ITCZ, altering seasonal patterns in rainfall and wind regimes and their effects on sediment transport processes. Keywords: meteoceanography; climatic variability; beach morphodynamics.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Extração de recursos florestais por agricultores na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-05-27) COSTA, Josinara Silva; SILVA, Fernando Elias da; ttp://lattes.cnpq.br/7374917289764220; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-1733; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904The Amazon is recognized as synonymous with biological and social diversity. It shelters several social groups with direct or indirect relationships with forest resources. However, little is known about how these relationships occur in different landscapes, as well as their main predictors. In this study, we sought to characterize the extraction of timber (TFP) and non-timber (NTFP) forest products from 460 landowners (with representation of small, medium and large farmers) from two distinct regions of the Eastern Amazon. In this research, information about the socioeconomic characteristics, environmental aspects of the property and information on TFP and NTFP extraction was compiled through questionnaires. In addition, the relationships of TFP extraction, and extraction, collection intensity, and NTFP extraction richness were modeled with forest cover, region of location, property size, type of agricultural land use, number of people in the household. and annual income. The results obtained indicate a low extraction of TFP, mainly from wood, to the detriment of charcoal production. Most of the NTFPs presented extractions below 50% and low intensity of collection between regions, especially among small producers, which shows a tendency of lower dependence on forest resources by families.A higher percentage of extraction of forest products was observed in medium and large properties, which may be related to the presence of larger legal reserves in these areas. The positive relationship of forest cover and property size with the extraction of most TFP and NTFP reinforces this argument. The richness of extraction and intensity was higher in the Santarém region, which may be related to the greater cultural diversity in the use of forest products in this region. Given the above, it is possible to conclude that medium and large producers in the Eastern Amazon also have ties to the forests, and the exploitation of NTFPs in small properties in the region can be intensified according to market demand. Finally, it is understood that the strong relationship between the extraction of NTFPs and the increase in the size of the property can be configured as a barrier to better opportunities for poor farmers, thus harming sustainable development from a perspective of sustainable exploitation of the non-timber forest products.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Histórico do uso da terra e composição de gerromorpha (insecta: subordem heteroptera) em igarapés da Transxingu(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-02-28) COSTA, Iluany da Silva; SILVA, Karina Dias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2271768102150398; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5548-4995The Amazon Forest faces threats due to the increasing exploitation of natural resources driven by the economic growth of the region, intensified since the exploitation of rubber between 1879 and 1912. Since the 1960s, the government has implemented economic development programs, territorial occupation and construction of highways, such as BR-230, also known as Transamazônica. This highway had a significant impact on the southwest region of Pará, especially in the Xingu River basins, contributing to disorderly deforestation and harming biodiversity, especially on the banks of water bodies. To deal with environmental problems, several analysis and monitoring methods have been developed, including remote sensing, which allows large areas to be studied in a short time. Biological monitoring is also used, as some organisms, such as aquatic insects from the infraorder Gerromorpha, are sensitive to environmental changes and can indicate the quality of the habitat. Therefore, a recent study analyzed the history of land use in the region over the last 30 years and evaluated the composition of the Gerromorpha infraorder in Transxingu streams. A large loss of vegetation cover has been observed in recent decades, especially close to roads, often related to livestock farming. However, there has been a reduction in deforestation over time, possibly due to conservation measures, such as the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm), creation of extractive reserves, recognition of indigenous lands and the Cadastre Rural Environmental (CAR). In the study of the composition of the Gerromorpha infraorder in the Transxingu streams, it was found that many samples were influenced by deforestation over the years. Furthermore, it was found that the integrity index of the stream's physical habitat can be more effective than geospatial metrics in assessing environmental impact. Although there were no significant differences in the Gerromorpha community between preserved and altered environments, a variation in the abundance of these organisms was noticed along environmental gradients. This indicates that the community responds to changes in the environment, regardless of the presence of specific bioindicator species. Therefore, there is a need for more studies in highly preserved environments to better understand these dynamics.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Diversidade no uso e manejo de fogo por agricultores na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-06-08) SANTOS, Ian Paulo Monteiro; SILVA, Fernando Elias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7374917289764220; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-1733; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904The indiscriminate use of fire has become a global problem due to the increase of the incidence and severity of fires, mainly related to climate change. The Brazilian Amazon was a fire-free biome, but it has experienced more frequent and intense fires. The use and management of fire is historical and quite variable, especially in the practice of agriculture. Therefore, it is proposed in this dissertation to evaluate the use and management of fire by different farmers (smallholders and large farmers) in two different regions in the Eastern Amazon. Data collection was carried out in 2010 by the Sustainable Amazon Network (RAS) and in 500 rural properties in the region, distributed in 18 watersheds in each region. To compare the diversity of fire use and management practices among producers and regions, the PERMANOVA analysis was used. In both regions, the use of fire predominated, and family farmers were those who had greater use. However, the use of fire was also carried out by larger farmers. The two main purposes were to prepare the land before implementing agriculture and to manage degraded pastures. Secondary forests or Capoeiras (<20 years) were the most commonly used vegetation type, although primary forests and older capoeiras were also used. Most farmers built firebreaks and burnt against the wind, but also used fire in the hottest period of the day (between 12h-15h) and before the first rains in the region. At the time of the burning, farmers in both regions received human assistance, which occurs predominantly by people from the property itself. This dominant use of fire in the Amazon reflects the pattern observed in different tropical regions, mainly related to shifting agriculture. There was also an incompatibility between the management carried out by the farmers and that recommended by specialists or by the law. The need to adapt Brazilian law regarding local burning practices is emerging, as it can make this practice unfeasible. This study is expected to contribute to the development of norms for the use and management of fire that are better adapted to the specific realities of each region and each producer.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Relação entre diâmetro do caule e espessura da casca das árvores amazônicas e sua implicação na resistência ao fogo(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-03-28) GAMA, Valter Thiago Pantoja da; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1679725851734904; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-2341; BARLOW, Bernard Josiah; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8559847571278134The characteristics of plants are important for understanding their functions and relationships with the environment and the functioning of ecosystems. Tropical forests, such as the Amazon, are important for promoting ecosystem services that are important for maintaining biodiversity and human well-being. However, these forests are facing major threats due to human interference, especially climate change and forest fires. Therefore, given this scenario, research focused on forest resistance to disturbance regimes can help in the monitoring and conservation processes of this type of biome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and bark thickness in tropical Amazonian forests, in order to identify the significance of the relationship between these variables and the possible effects on the degree of forest resistance to fire. The study was carried out using forest inventory data from 21 plots in the Lower Tapajós, in the Eastern Amazon - PA. In order to assess the relationship between DBH and bark thickness, data from 11 botanical families was used in a GLMM (Generalized Linear Mixed Effect Models). The relationship between the variables was significant, with an overall explanatory power of 34% for DBH over thickness, and considering the variation between botanical families, this power increased to 50%. Our results show that of the 11 botanical families studied, only half have trees with bark thick enough to be considered resistant (17-23 mm). In addition, in order to consider trees with or without resistance potential, we analyzed bark thickness at a minimum DBH of 10 cm and the increase in bark thickness as DBH increased. Fabaceae, Lecythidaceae and Burseraceae stood out as being more prone to fire mortality. Therefore, considering the high distribution of individuals belonging to these families in the Amazon and the current scenario of forest degradation, ecological impacts and climate change, this work raises insights into the Amazon's forest vulnerability to burning regimes, and the importance of its conservation for climatic conditions on a local and global scale.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmica de uso e cobertura da terra em imóveis rurais sob conflito agrário no Estado do Pará, Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-08-27) SARAIVA, Gisele de Souza; SANTOS JUNIOR, Roberto Araújo de Oliveira; ADAMI, Marcos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7484071887086439; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-4477The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics of land use and land cover and its relation to the presence of litigation in the rural areas, subject to possessory actions of the Land Judge of the Castanhal Region of the Court of Justice of the State of Pará. For this, we have mapped 144 processes (properties), from their cartographic data, and analyzed the situations and procedural characteristics. Then, the land use classes observed in these properties were quantified in the period from 2004 to 2014, based on data from the TERRACLASS / PRODES project. In addition, the dynamics of land use transition were analyzed. Finally, it was also related the types of use mapped with the presence or not of the conflict by the ownership of the land. The main methodologies used were the transition matrix technique and the ANOVA statistic. The results showed that, in the analyzed properties, the predominant classes of land use were Forest, Secondary Vegetation and Pasture. The Forest class accounted for about 70% of the landscape in the mapped areas. And, around 95% of this forested area remained unchanged throughout the study period, although deforestation of approximately 25,000 hectares was recorded. In the deforested areas, 43% were converted to pasture and 34% to secondary vegetation. The Annual Agriculture class increased from 44.65 ha in 2004 to 8,027.19 ha in 2014, of which 80% came from grazing. About 24% of the increment of pasture area came from forest in 2014. In addition, there was a progressive increase of urbanization in these rural properties. The relationship between the presence of judicial agrarian litigation showed that there was an effect of the group (rural properties with and without agrarian conflict) on the classes of land use and land cover, so that at least one of the groups is statistically different. Thus, for the Agriculture (Ag) and Other (Or) use classes there was a statistical difference between the groups, whereas for Forest (Fl) and secondary vegetation (SV) there was no.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Utilização de índices bióticos para avaliação da qualidade ecológica d’água e integridade de igarapés amazônicos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04-30) PAES, Gerson Rosivan de Lima; SILVA, Karina Dias da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2271768102150398; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5548-4995Freshwater aquatic ecosystems are important in ecological, social and economic aspects, and benthic macroinvertebrates are extremely important for maintaining the structure and functioning of these ecosystems. In this sense, some studies relate agricultural production, especially those based on monocultures, to negative impacts on the ecosystems where they are installed, resulting in environmental degradation and deterioration of natural resources. Thus, the study investigates the ecological quality of water and the integrity of streams in oil palm cultivation areas. Using the application of biotic and abiotic indices, such as genus richness, BMWP, ASPT and HII, and also the application of Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to detect environmental changes. The results demonstrate a high richness of EPT taxa, measuring good ecological water quality in the streams, confirmed by the BMWP and ASPT analyses. The GLM model showed negative relationships between temperature and taxon richness and BMWP, and a positive relationship between BMWP and HII. In conclusion, the results support the view that the joint use of indices (biotic and abiotic) offers a broader approach to the assessment of aquatic ecosystems, helping to understand the health and integrity of these environments.