Teses em Ciências Ambientais (Doutorado) - PPGCA/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/9341

Navegar

Agora exibindo 1 - 5 de 5

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da contribuição da pecuária bovina nas mudanças de uso da terra: uma abordagem multiescala no estado do Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-02-19) THALÊS, Marcelo Cordeiro; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-5534
Brazilian Amazon has gone through a number of different economic cycles linked to the exploitation of natural resources, integrated with global markets, which have intensified since the 1960s, most recently through the ongoing expansion of agribusiness. During this process of territorial construction, land use changes have occurred heterogeneously in both space and time, with mechanisms operating at a number of different scales. The present study analyzes the shifts in land use and the contribution of cattle ranching to the process of territorial construction based on monitoring methods and indicators applied at varying scales, from the local to the regional, as a contribution to territorial management. In the Brazilian state of Pará, the study was based on the diachronic cartography of the pioneer fronts, which was used to represent and delimit the regional contrasts among these fronts. The relationship between these pioneer fronts and the dynamics of the deforestation process was also analyzed, by period, between 2002 and 2017, which allowed the territories to be classified as (i) consolidated, in which ranching is being intensified, (ii) expanding, in which the fronts are used as a strategy of occupation, and (iii) areas free of deforestation. In the municipality of Paragominas, located in a territory undergoing consolidation, the landscape dynamics were analyzed by superimposing the maps of land use with those of the agricultural aptitude of the land and the distance to the principal highways, with the aim of developing a model for the restoration of the landscape. The local landscape dynamics can be divided into two principal systems of land use, one that is based on the expansion of the pasture in valleys with sandy soils, and the other, based on mechanized farming, which is currently expanding on the clayey plateaus. The analysis of these two systems provided three important insights for the eventual restoration of the landscape. The first point is that the intensification of land use increases the pressure on the forests, principally in the areas most adequate for farming. The second is that the intensification of land use frees up areas that are inadequate for mechanization, and could potentially be used for the restoration of the forest. The third point is that local governance should be employed to define spatially explicit policies capable of transforming the landscape. In the areas sampled, in southeastern Pará, observations were conducted at specific points for visual description of the characteristics of the pasture, which were used to construct a typology of the process of pasture degradation. When this pasture typology is related to the vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI-2, NDII-5, NDII-7) extracted from Landsat 7 (ETM+) images, it can be noted that the well-formed pasture, which is associated with a reduction in the cover and height of the vegetation, was also related to a reduction in the vegetation indices. In degraded and degrading pasture, there was a lack of precision in the differentiation of the well-formed pasture. The degraded pastures or those undergoing biological degradation were identified better, but still imprecisely in comparison with the well-formed pasture with low vegetation cover, whereas the pasture undergoing agricultural degradation was confused with the well-formed pasture with a medium to high percentage of vegetation cover. This approach has considerable potential for the monitoring of areas of pasture, but needs to be refined. The analyses at different scales reflect the importance of understanding shifts in land use during the process of territorial construction, with the primary objective of transforming this knowledge into an easily-understood diagnostic tool that should facilitate adequate decision-making.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Castanhal nativo da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós: atributos edáficos, produção de serapilheira e perfil socioeconômico dos extrativistas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-08-07) GUERREIRO, Quêzia Leandro de Moura; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
The seed Brazil nuts has high food value and is considered one of the main extractive products of the export zone of the northern region of Brazil. The study of the ecological and biological aspects of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) has been the objective of many studies, but the amount of research that approach the social and environmental variables related to the species is incipient. In this context, the present thesis sought to evaluate the edaphic attributes that most influence in plant development and litter production in the native castanhal area of the Tapajós National Forest (Tapajós FLONA), in addition to studying the socioeconomic factors and management practices, collection and the production of extractivists of Brazil nuts that reside in this area. The presentation of the obtained results was exposed in three chapters: the first chapter includes a geostatistical analysis of the physical-chemical factors of the soil; the second presents an estimate of the litter production in relation to the monthly average of the maximum temperature and the monthly totals of precipitation and insolation; and the third shows an analysis of the economic, social and management aspects of the Brazil nuts collectors that work in the Tapajós FLONA. The field samples were performed in a permanent 300 m x 300 m portion of the MapCast project, installed at km 84 of the Tapajós FLONA. The soil sample collections for the physico-chemical analyzes followed the recommendations described in the "Manual of laboratory: soil, water, plant nutrition, animal nutrition and food" of Embrapa, as well as the procedures for analytical determinations. For the litter collection, 12 containers were used in circular format and the deposited material was collected every 30 days and separated into classes (leaves, flowers and fruits, woody, miscellaneous). Socioeconomic, production and the form of extraction data of Brazil nuts were obtained through a structured interview conducted with 24 extractivists from the region. By Simple Kriging it was possible to estimate the concentration of nutrients studied for the entire area of the sample grid. The densification of Brazil nut trees was identified in areas with higher silt and clay values and lower values for macroporosity, pH, phosphorus, zinc and copper. Leaf production ranged from 169.9 to 965.6 kg ha-1 month-1, wood between 26.7 and 501.3 kg ha-1 month-1 and flowers and fruits between 0.6 and 19.6 kg ha-1 month-1. The wood and flowers and fruit classes presented no significant variation (p> 0.05) and no significant correlation with any meteorological variable. The three environmental variables analyzed explain 40.7% of the temporal variability of litter production. In all, 39 Brazil nuts extractivists were recorded. Most of these have a low level of education and are covered by the “Bolsa Família Program”. The production varied significantly between the 2013/2014, 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests, and extraction practices are traditional. The Geostatistical Analysis allowed the knowledge of the current spatial distribution of the physical and chemical attributes of the soil in the studied area, which will serve as a basis of comparison for future evaluations in the same place and also to help understand environmental aspects in areas with agglomerations of Brazil nuts. The environmental variables temperature and insolation influence leaf production and total litter production in native castanhal area. The management practices of the castanhal and the collection and processing of the seeds applied by the extractivists of the studied communities do not present any innovation in relation to the traditional and rudimentary practices already informed in the literature. The variation between the harvests was influenced by the reduction of rains (caused by an event of El Niño installed in 2015) and by the frequent burned, according to the perception of the interviewees.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos de intervenções técnico-produtivas para a sustentabilidade do uso da terra em agroecossistemas familiares no território do Baixo Tocantins, PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-09-28) SIMÕES, Lourdes Henchen Ritter; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
The study deals with the sustainability of land use in family agroecosystems located in the municipalities of Cametá (communities Ajó and Inacha) and Moju (PA Calmaria II, communities of São José and Água Preta), belonging to the territory of Low Tocantins, state of PA, proposing to compare the main effects resulting from two modes of interventions in the technical-productive systems. The two interventions were established proposing innovations and improvements for sustainable development, the first in Cametá, promoted by "networks of multiplier farmers" with proposals for agroecological use and management and the second in Moju refers to programs to encourage palm oil plantation.The main focus of the study is based on the following questions: what are the main effects on sustainability that the innovations in land management and sustainable development introduced by the National Program for the Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) on the one hand and Networks of multiplier farmers, with agroecological management proposals on the other, lead to family agroecosystems? Have these interventions provided improvements with sustainability? The research hypothesis suggests that the technical-productive innovations promoted in family agroecosystems by the multiplier farmers are more sustainable. The general objective is to analyze the main effects of technical-productive interventions in land use, on the sustainability of family agro-ecosystems. The specific objectives are to verify if the interventions provided improvements with socio-environmental quality; to evaluate comparatively the quality of the soil in systems of use of familiar agro-ecosystems, that had differentiated technical-productive interventions; and to distinguish the main modes of use practiced in the familiar agroecosystems in order to elucidate their relations with the biophysical environment and with the different ways of managing the fertility of the environment. For the development of other companies in other regions in Cametá: Caripi, with dry land ecosystem and Cupijó, with dry land ecosystems and floodplains. The methodological procedures used were surveys with semi-structured forms and description and soil collect for laboratory analysis. The results obtained from four dimensions indicators of sustainability showed that the interventions, to a certain extent, reached the objectives, but many problems were observed, such as those that reflect a relationship between farmers and technicians, that still can not surpass the conception of "transmission of knowledge and technology", in the case of the intervention in Calmaria II. In the communities of Ajó and Inacha, the most determining reasons for some differences would be the assiduity and intensity of technical assistance attributed more to Ajó; The fact that these family agroecosystems have availability of a diversified biophysical environment (dry land and foodplain), allowing greater variation in production systems; and the consequent reduction of the use of fire. In the communities of São José and Água Preta the most significant cause of the distinctions between them would be that São José has a higher income, due to the period of the palm harvest, which coincides with that of the Água Preta (neighboring community to the large palm oil plantations. This fact guarantees a better price of the production to São José. This difference in the harvest and off-season months would be related to the water supply, available to the culture in São José, during the rainy season, caused the main differences between the two types of agro-ecosystems are that they do not have the same characteristics as the biophysical environment, and that there are different levels of satisfaction with the oil palm. Environment are determined by the management of the fertility of the environment of each one, constituting the differentiation between the production systems in each specific environment. The data indicated that, according to the environments, farmers take advantage of the different potentialities of use, adapting the ways of managing the fertility of the natural environment. The soil attributes that were considered significant to evaluate sustainability indicate that the land uses studied presented little expressive differences. The biophysical environment was determinant for some types to stand out positively. By the pedological analysis of Ajó locality (SAF) it is noticeable that their soils are more naturally enriched in exchangeable bases (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). In São José, some physical factors are better, because the soils retain water for a longer time, making this available to the palm oil tree for a longer period in the dry season.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Espécies arbóreas e suas relações com variáveis climáticas sob influência de deficiência hídrica no solo da floresta de terra firme em Caxiuanã, Pará, Brasil.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-04-17) FERNANDES, Ana Maria Moreira; COSTA, Antônio Carlos Lola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8489039131103228; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-5534
The intensity and frequency of severe droughts in the Amazon region are increasing due to global climate change and may intervene with botanical factors. Thus, this thesis analyzed the floristic composition, richness, diversity, and species’ distributionabundance, besides diametric plant species group increase over time in forestry areas with and without water exclusion in the soil, also relating growth in groups’ dynamics of species with climatic variables. Data were collected in 98 subplots in area A (without water exclusion) and in 98 subplots in area B (with water exclusion), each measuring 10 m x 10 m, in which all plant species with the diameter at breast height (DBH≥10 cm) were inventoried. in both areas, 378 and 356 plant individuals were monitored, respectively, through dendrometric bands that allowed the monthly increment diameter measure of species. The Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Burseraceae families were the most representative in the study areas, especially Fabaceae, which displayed the highest richness. A small variation was found in the observed richness in area A, and the community evenness and the diversity index remained constant, while in area B, the variation in richness was greater, which may have contributed to a small change in the diversity index over time. The best ecological models adjusted were Zipf and Zipf-Mandelbrot for areas A and B plant communities, respectively. The average diametric behavior increment of the trees was different between the diameter and the wood density classes in the two analyzed areas. In areas A and B, it was observed that individuals who grouped in the upper diameter class tended to have a higher average annual diameter increase compared to the other medium and low diameter classes, and individuals grouped within the low and high wood density classes’ which presented the highest and lowest average annual increment value, respectively. The meteorological variables‘ wind speed and average temperature showed negative and significant correlations with the monthly diametric increase by diameter and density classes, whereas the active photosynthetic radiation did not present a significant correlation. Considering the high diameter class trees and those grouped within the low- density class since even being submitted to water deficit they continued to have a higher average with a smaller variation of diametric increase concerning the other classes, it is possible to infer that they are more resistant to water deficiency than trees belonging to other diametric and wood density classes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the forest appears to be well established, with high species richness and diversity, and that the water restriction in the soil over the time of ten years of study was not enough to interfere in the conservation status of the environment expressively.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Inferências paleoambientais para o Nordeste da Amazônia Oriental a partir do estudo de registros fósseis e composição isotópica de carbono (d13C) e oxigênio (d18O) em rocha total de carbonatos da Formação Pirabas (PA), Mioceno Inferior
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-11-03) FERREIRA, Denys José Xavier; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
The Lower Miocene (~23¿16 Ma.) from the Northeastern Eastern Amazon has aroused interest in the scientific community during many decades. It belongs to a geological Epoch characterized by a transition period to the modern world, and marked by many climatic and geological changes, that allowed the establishment of a rich fauna and flora. Within this context, Pirabas Formation is discussed. It is an Lower Miocene unit characterized by great carbonate and silicate sediment deposition, considered one of the most significant paleontological units from Brazilian Cenozoic. Many researches were developed on Pirabas Formation, which allowed the accuracy of reconstruction interpretation of its possible Miocene landscape. Even though there were efforts related to the recuperation of paleoenvironment information from Northeastern Eastern Amazon trough the integration among fossil and sediment data, as well as stratigraphic and facies information, there’s still a lack in researches related to the recuperation of integrated and refined information in paleoenvironment between paleocomunity and geochemical studies. This gap of studies illustrates Pirabas Formation as an important elucidative unit for past scenarios and regional environment evolution, as well as being of great relevance for the comprehension of impacts from global Miocene events in Brazilian territory, specially in northern Atlantic coast. The main objective of this work, of multidisciplinary approach, is to refine the paleoenvironment interferences in Pirabas Formation, related to space disposition of paleoenvironment and the dynamic of sea level in Northern Pará State. For the study, three areas were chosen due to its importance and logistic: Ponta do Castelo (Fortaleza Island), Atalaia Beach (Salinopólis City) and B-17 Mine (Capanema City). The methods used in this research were diversity analysis, dominance and similarity of paleofauna, as well as Correspondence Analysis (CA), from fossil data from Pirabas Formation in order to characterize the paleoenvironment; and the composition of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O), in carbonate whole rocks from the studied unit, to comprehend the paleoenvironment dynamics. The results indicated: 1) the diversity of the registered paleofauna for the areas in Formação Pirabas is apparently related to the type of depositional environment, in which Capanema and Salinópolis are similar for presenting restricted depositional environment, such as lagoon and estuary, and Fortaleza Island indicated better association to the coastal shelf during marine regression; 2) there are predominancy relations between the paleoenvironment according to the temporal representativeness of some facies from the respective depositional cycles in each studied area, as the coast line approaches during marine regression. ; 3) Ponta do Castelo is related to a paleoenvironment of marine/coastal predominance; Atalaia Beach to lagoon with estuary influences; and B-17 Mine to estuary and fluvial; 4) there was a tendency to carbon isotopes (δ13C) impoverishment, indicating the continental influence in the coast during marine regression; 5) and propensity to oxygen isotopes (δ18O) enrichment, reveling influences of the latitude and continent formation effects in the areas during sea retrieve. Trough the results of this research it was possible to understand the space distribution of the paleoenvironment of predominancy (suggested term this work) in Northeastern Eastern Amazon, as well as refine the paleoenvironment interference methods to Pirabas Formation.

Navegar

Navegando Teses em Ciências Ambientais (Doutorado) - PPGCA/IG por Orientadores "RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro"