Teses em Zoologia (Doutorado) - PPGZOOL/ICB
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/3419
O Doutorado Acadêmico foi criado em 1999 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) foi consolidado como um convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Distribuição e conservação de aves migratórias neárticas da ordem Charadriiformes (famílias Charadriidae e Scolopacidae) no Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) SERRANO, Inês de Lima; SILVA, José Maria Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6929517840401044Despite the research efforts in recent years, some aspects of neartic Charadriidae and Scolopacidae migration in Brazil remained unknown. To detect the major movements patterns of these species in the country, local and regional scale studies had their data comprehensively organized. The identification of the patterns of neartic Charadriidae and Scolopacidae distribution and migration in the Brazilian territory is a major objective of this thesis. The data analysis also aims to develop conservation strategies for the envolved species. More specific objectives are the characterization of their main migratory routes and the identification of critical areas for their conservation, using the criteria proposed by the IBAs and KBAs; the assessment of the current state of conservation of critical areas accordingly to the National System of Units Conservation (SNUC); the assessment whether critical neartic shorebirds areas were designated as priority areas for biodiversity conservation in Brazil; and the use of Ramsar Convention and WHSRN criteria to identify critical areas for these species. The database was established from literature review, scientific collections of Brazilian and foreign museums, from birds banded in Brazil and U.S.; data provided by researchers from Brazil, Argentina and the United States, personal field data from the Pantanal (MS), coast of Maranhão and Rio Grande do Sul states coast. Nineteen of 24 species have important data set, the remaining 5 being either occasional or having little information in Brazil. The coastal areas have greater data concentration with lower coverage of inland areas. The western Amazon proved to be the least known in spite of some species use as a migratory route. The coast among the mouth of the Amazon and Sao Luis, Maranhão has been the main area in terms of numbers of neartic shorebirds. The coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul was second. Not all individuals migrate every year to the northern hemisphere, as shown by the 15 species recorded year round in Brasil. Considering the global flyways, eight species were found using the Atlantic flyway and 10 the Mississippi flyway or the center of North America. The other six species may possibly use both flyways. Five flyways are proposed for neartic shorebirds in Brasil (Antas, 1983). During the northward migration some species have records in the Amazon region, period when possibly their habitats should be seasonnaly flooded. The pattern of arrival in the southward migration in Brazil is from August till October, increasing from September on. The northward migration occurs from mid March till April in most species. During the non breeding season there is a distributional pattern along the coast used by nine species. Seven other species use the inland pattern and five species are distributed both on the coast and in the inland, in the disperse pattern. We identified 260 critical areas using all species data. Amongst the identified KBAs, 72% are not within the SNUC. Overlap of the KBAs with the MMA´s Priority Areas for Conservation has shown 46% of major importance outside of this program. As much as 69 ACBs are eligible using the Ramsar Convention criteria, while 65 can be pinpointed using the WHSRN program criteria. As conclusions, it is necessary to improve the knowledge on biological processes envolving the maintainance the life cycle on the course of their annual migrations. Also the moult, body mass, sex ratio and age of migrant populations are aspects still insufficiently known for these species, either in Brazil or even in South America. There is an urgent research need of population estimates and trends, as many of these species have declining populations on global scale.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Diversificação morfológica e molecular em lagartos Dactyloidae sul-americanos(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-30) D’ANGIOLELLA, Annelise Batista; CARNAVAL, Ana Carolina de Queiroz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1268469210243345; PIRES, Tereza Cristina Ávila; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1339618330655263Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Ecologia de dois grupos de sagüis-brancos, mico argentatus (Linnaeus 1771) em um fragmento florestal natural, Santarém-Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) CORRÊA, Honorly Kátia Mestre; FERRARI, Stephen Francis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447608036151352This monograph presents the results of a long-term study of the behaviour and ecology of two free-ranging groups of Mico argentatus in a natural fragment of forest isolated within a matrix of savanna vegetation in the region of Alter do Chão, in central Amazonia. The groups, denominated Cm1 and Cm2, were habituated and then monitored during 12 months in 2000 and four months in 2001 (Cm1), and seven and three months, respectively, in the two years (Cm2). Analyses of temporal variation were based on three distinct seasons (early wet, late wet, and dry seasons) of 2000, and the longitudinal comparison of July and September in 2000 and 2001. Relationships between ecological variables (abundance of principal resources: fruit and insects) and the ecological and behavioural characteristics of the group were evaluated. The two groups presented distinct composition and sizes, varying from 4-8 and 8-11 members in Cm1 and Cm2, respectively. Quantitative data were collected using scan sampling, with a scan of one minute duration conducted at five-minute intervals throughout the daily activity period of the group. The results show that both groups dedicate more than half their time to foraging and feeding. Diet was composed of fruit, nectar, gum, and animal prey (invertebrates – primarily orthopterans, formicids, and coleopterans – as well as lizards and amphibians). In 2000, groups Cm1 and Cm2 occupied home ranges of 11.5 ha and 14.6 ha, respectively. The seasonal analysis showed a similarity between groups in the systematic allocation of increasing time to foraging and feeding as non-gum resources became scarcer. In addition to a 30% decline in precipitation between years, the longitudinal analysis revealed considerable changes in the composition and spatial distribution of the study groups. These changes appear to have had the main influence on behaviour patterns, resulting in contrasting trends in the two groups. Overall, despite important similarities, the marked differences in many aspects of the ecology of two groups occupying the same fragment constituted one of the principal results of the study, in addition to the considerably variation among seasons and between years. The behavioural strategies records in the study appear to reflect not only the typical variability and flexibility of the callitrichids, but also the ecological conditions imposed by the fluctuations in the availability of resources within a fragment of reduced size.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Efeito das paisagens modificadas por práticas agrícolas sobre a composição e estrutura das assembléias e espécies de Drosophilidae (Diptera)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-11-28) FURTADO, Ivaneide da Silva; MARTINS, Marlúcia Bonifácio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8882047165338427The Amazon Rainforest holds the largest biodiversity in the world. It occupies more than 40% of the Brazilian surface. In recent years the rates of forest loss and degradation of Amazonia have considerably increased as a result of agricultural expansion, creating a mosaic of highly modified landscapes. These changes endanger both biodiversity and ecosystem services associated with it, besides causing severe stress on the species. Effects of stress can result in physiological changes that are reflected in morphological differentiation among remnant populations, which now occupy the new landscape. The objective of this study was to test the effect of some types of land use on the assembly of frugivorous Drosophilidae and on the morphology of some species originally settled within the forest areas that have become a patchwork landscape containing forest fragments, ecological succession and crop zones. The first study was conducted in three agricultural villages and the second within six locations, including three preserved forest areas. Sampling was performed in a standardized manner, with traps placed along the established transects on the use of predominant land within the area of study. Our results showed that the richness of the species did not differ between different types of land use, but the distributions and abundances of the species' composition were clearly distinct between intensive agricultural uses and forest systems. The forest's coverage and the relative humidity were the variables determining the distribution of the species. The agricultural uses were characterized by cosmopolitan non-native species associated with more open areas. There were found morphological differences between the individuals caught in the areas of preserved forest and agricultural use zones, regardless of the species. Surprisingly, the number of individuals captured in the forests was always lower compared to those captured in the more intensive types of use. These results show the effects of landscape mutation on the remaining populations of native species, indicating the range of quantitative and qualitative alterations on the set of species. However, the maintenance of the forest patches on areas of agricultural use can benefit the permanency of native species in these landscapes.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Padrões espaciais em comunidades de aves amazônicas(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) VALENTE, Renata de Melo; SILVA, José Maria Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6929517840401044Amazonia houses the world´s richest avifauna. To understand the processes that originated and have maintained this diversity, are required detailed studies concerning spatial variation of major patterns of bird assemblages as well as comparisons among them across different spatial scales. In addition, it is essential to use an approach that takes in to consideration different factors that can be acting on and influencing these patterns. This thesis is composed of three chapters. In the first chapter, the composition, ecological characteristics and vulnerability patterns of the avifauna at the Ferreira Penna Scientific Station (ECFPn), Eastern Amazonia, are described. An updated species list to that area, with information on the abundance, trophic guilds and habitat type is presented. Vulnerability for each species was determined by using rarity patterns. In the second chapter, the avifauna of ECFPn is compared with other sites representing the different areas of Amazonian bird endemism. Different taxonomic and ecological categories were considered in several comparisons to evaluate if patterns of distribution are different among these categories and determine which factors can influence the patterns observed. Finally, the third chapter presents an analysis of the spatial variation of richness, abundance and similarity across six 100-ha sites located within a homogeneous landscape dominated by upland forests. Variation in species composition was then correlated with geographical distance and vegetation structure of these sites. The combination of theses studies increases our knowledge about the area of endemism Xingu and uses for the first time several different approaches to investigate distribution patterns bird assemblage in Amazonia at different spatial scales.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Sistemática e diversificação dos gêneros Hylopezus e Myrmothera (Aves:Grallariidae)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-31) CARNEIRO, Lincoln Silva; ALEIXO, Alexandre Luis Padovan; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3661799396744570Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Sistemática molecular, biogeografia e taxonomia do gênero Megascops kaup, 1848 (Aves, Strigidae)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-06-28) DANTAS, Sidnei de Melo; ALEIXO, Alexandre Luis Padovan; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3661799396744570Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Turnover de anuros da Amazônia, perspectivas em multi escalas e habitats(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-31) BITAR, Youszef Oliveira da Cunha; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378Understanding the processes involved in the species spatial distribution and the reasons leading to compositional dissimilarities among sites (turnover) have been studied on different scales and habitats. In the present study, we investigated the factors affecting frogs turnover from three different perspectives. In our first chapter of this thesis, entitled "Anuran beta diversity in the mosaic anthropogenic landscape in transitional Amazon", we tested how five environments, classified according to their human pressure, can structure frogs turnover. Sampling units (SU) on this first chapter are located in a ecotone between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes, also known as "Arc of deforestation". We observed that the conversion of forested areas (riparian forests) in open environments (monoculture of grains and rubber tree) result substitution of the original species and low turnover rates, something we can call faunal homogenization. However, the concept that turnover may change over structurally different environments is not new, specially if they have a strong degradation gradient, as found in the study area. Thus, in the second chapter of this thesis, "Species turnover in Amazonian frogs: Low predictability and large differences among terra firme forests", we seek to identify how environmental and spatial variation contribute to structure communities in well preserved terra-firme forests in Amazonia. The SU for this second chapter are located over three conservation units (National Forests of Amapá, Caxiuanã and Tapajós). We observed that, despite considered within the same class (terra firme), each community responds to a singular set of environmental variables. Testing the factors influencing species turnover over different scales, we observed that both the portion explained by environment and space had greater explanatory power (r2) in regional scales when compared within each of the areas (local scale). Another interesting result was that the spatial component showed no significant influence on Caxiuanã community, where only 3% of turnover was accounted for by any of the measured environmental factors. Finally, on third chapter titled "How differences in anuran reproductive modes can affect their turnover: Comparing scales and habitats", we discusses how frogs with different reproductive modes respond to environmental and spatial variations, comparing these processes in terra firme and varzea forests. Additionally, we evaluated species probability of occurrence along measured environmental gradients. The SU in this chapter are located in three areas of terra firme 12 forest (the same as in Chapter 2) and two areas of varzea (Sustainable Development Reserve Mamirauá and Amana). Species with aquatic oviposition were prevalent in varzea, while there was a higher proportion species laying on the vegetation in Caxiuanã and more species with terrestrial reproduction in Amapá and Tapajós when compared to the other areas. By dividing the species according to their reproductive modes, clearer response patterns were observed. Also, we can assert that changes in environmental characteristics appear as major turnover driver and are important in all scales, while the spatial distance is more evident at larger scales. Thus, we can conclude that in disturbed areas faunal homogenization decreases species turnover, due to the conversion of forests into open and less heterogeneous areas. Moreover, we also observed that even in areas within the same classification and without human disturbances, there are great differences in turnover partitioning patterns, which can be assigned to a specific set spatial and environmental factors inherent to each area, in addition to species with different reproductive modes.