Teses em Zoologia (Doutorado) - PPGZOOL/ICB

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/3419

O Doutorado Acadêmico foi criado em 1999 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) foi consolidado como um convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Abelhas das orquídeas (Apidae: Euglossini) e as plantações de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) na Amazônia Oriental: mudanças na composição de espécies, tamanho corporal e diversidade funcional
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-02) BRITO, Thaline de Freitas; MAUÉS, Márcia Motta; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0976385386657517; CONTRERA, Felipe Andrés León; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0888006271965925
In this study, we evaluated the role of legal reserves (LR) and areas of permanent protection (APP) in the maintenance of orchid bee species, and we tested the influence of abiotic and habitat parameters on taxonomic and functional diversity of this group. In addition, we investigated the occurrence of phenotypic variations (body and wing size, and fluctuating asymmetry) in response to environmental stress caused by oil palm plantations. Orchid bee males were sampled in nine areas (3 RL, 3 APP, and 3 oil palm plantations) in the municipality of Tailândia, southeast of the state of Pará. In each area, we installed six separate sampling stations, 500 m apart, each one with six scent traps; totaling 36 traps per area, and 108 per habitat type. We compared differences in observed abundance and richness using a One-Way ANOVA, we evaluated species composition patterns with a PCoA, and we also used a species indicator analysis. A partial RDA was applied to evaluate the influence of habitat attributes, space and habitat type on taxonomic and functional parameters of bees. In addition, we compared body and wing size variations of the individuals through the types of habitat. Our results indicate that oil palm areas are characterized by the presence of few individuals and species, low functional diversity, and by larger bees. Despite this, we recorded four species associated to LR, which can be useful indicators of orchid bee’s communities in the Amazon rainforest. The habitat structure was not a good predictor of both functional and taxonomic composition, and no levels of fluctuating asymmetry were detected, but bees from oil palm showed larger wings compared to forest areas. Our research highlights that APPs play an important role in maintaining both taxonomic and functional composition of orchid bees, which could reinforce the fact that bees use these areas as displacement corridors in a matrix formed by oil palm plantation. Thus, both LRs and PPAs areas fulfill their purpose of protecting the biodiversity of orchid bees.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise cladística e revisão do subgênero nominal de Edessa (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Edessinae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-23) SILVA, Valéria Juliete da; FERNANDES, José Antônio Marin; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6743352818723245
Pentatomidae is the fourth numerous and diverse family of Heteroptera. From Pentatomidae, Edessinae has more than 300 described species. Edessinae is a Neotropical subfamily with nine genera: Edessa Fabricius, 1803, Brachystethus Laporte, 1832, Ascra Say, 1832, Peromatus Amyot & Serville, 1843, Olbia Stål, 1862, Pantochlora Stål, 1870, Doesburgedessa Fernandes, 2010, Paraedessa Silva & Fernandes, 2013 and Grammedessa Correia & Fernandes, 2016, genera with well-defined diagnoses except Edessa which is considered a deposit of species to the subfamily. Edessa has the greatest taxonomical and nomenclatural problems of Edessinae, because it historically has a great confusion with the limits of the genus and subfamily. To solve the problem was proposed the review of Edessa from groups of species and subgenera. Edessa is composed by five subgenera: Aceratodes Amyot & Serville, 1843, Dorypleura Amyot & Serville, 1843, Pygoda Amyot & Serville, 1843, Hypoxys Amyot & Serville, 1843and the nominal subgenus. Among subgenera only the nominal was not reviewed. As Edessa (Edessa) is an “empty taxa”, composed only by the type specie, it were used the characters of the groups of species by Stål (1872) as start point to the delimitation of this subgenus. During the bibliography research was found a mistake in the typification of Edessa, so here the type specie was changed from E. cervus (Fabricius, 1787) to E. antilope (Fabricius, 1798). To recognize and limit Edessa and to create relationship hypothesis among the species was realized a cladistics analysis. It were included the species considered by Stål (loc. cit.) as part of the Edessa group of species, as well as species that possess the characters mentioned by Stål as diagnosis to this group. The data matrix is composed for 111 morphological characters and 85 taxa, 13 of outgroup and 72 of ingroup. For the analysis were realized two weighting schemes: equal and implicit weight of characters with K varying from 3–12, and two types of search: traditional and new technologies. The cladogram with K=8 and traditional search have 763 steps, IC: 19 and IR: 60. Based on this cladogram the subgenus Edessa is composed by 10 species known for the science: E. antilope, E. cervus, E. taurina Stål, 1862, E. ibex Breddin, 1903, E. arabs (Linnaues, 1758), E. cylindricornis Stål, 1872, E. rondoniensis Fernandes & van Doesburg, 2000, E. burmeisteri Fernandes & van Doesburg, 2000, E. cerastes Breddin, 1905 and E. elaphus Breddin, 1905, and six new morphotypes: E. sp. nov. “near flavinernis”, E. sp. nov. “close flavinernis”, E. sp. nov. “near 112”, E. sp. nov. “close 112”, E. sp. nov. “40” and E. sp. nov. “131”. The subgenus Edessa is diagnosed by the mainly green color on dorsal surface; humeral angles at least twice longer than large, black apex of humeral angle posteriorly curved, whole or bifid; embolium contrasting in color to the corium; corium with at least one yellow vein; dorsal rim of pygophore narrow and continuous with the base of posterolateral angles. Also the cladistics analysis suggests the monophyly of Edessinae and polyphyly of Edessa in its current composition. Changes in taxonomical status to genera of Aceratodes, Dorypleura, Pygoda and Hypoxys are corroborated. Peromatus appears with an internal branch in the analysis; it reinforces the necessity to review the genus. Also were recognized and described 13 new group of species to Edessa. Were redescribed species known to the science and described new species to the genus. Nomenclatural problems have been identified, with 11 synonyms proposed and a revalidation of taxon previously in synonymy; lectotypes were designated and a key of identification of species is given.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise da variabilidade genética e estudo populacional de Antilophia bokermanni (Aves: Pipridae) com implicações para sua conservação
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) RÊGO, Péricles Sena do; SCHNEIDER, Horacio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3621033429800270
The Araripe Manakin Antilophia bokermanni (Passeriformes, Pipridae) is the most threatened member of this family, and is classified as “critically endangered”. With an estimated population of only 800 individuals, this species is endemic to a small area (approximately 30 km²) of forest on the slopes of the Araripe Plateau in northeastern Brazil. The urgent need for the implementation of an effective conservation program for the Araripe Manakin has stimulated intensive research into various aspects of its biology. In the present study, we examined sequence variation in segments of the mtDNA and ncDNA in specimens of A. bokermanni and A. galeata. The current analysis provides no evidence for population substructuring nor for a history of population expansion of A. bokermanni. The genetic variability is slightly reduced in comparison with its sister species, but their similarity indicates a relatively recent process of separation, indicated by retention of ancestral polymorphisms (incomplete lineage sorting) all markers. We also did not detect any association between plumage variation and nucleotide variation at MC1R in genus Antilophia. This study represents a contribution of genetics to the Conservation Plan of Araripe Manakin (Antilophia bokermanni).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise evolutiva da morfologia e ecologia em espécies continentais de lagartos do gênero Anolis daudin 1804 (Squamata : Polychrotidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-10-02) PINTO, Gabriel Silva; ÁVILA-PIRES, Teresa Cristina Sauer de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1339618330655263
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise filogenética de Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843 e taxonomia das espécies do clado do sul do complexo Leptodeira annulata/septentrionalis (Serpentes, Dipsadidae)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014) COSTA, João Carlos Lopes; ZAHER, Hussam; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8833733577277501; PRUDENTE, Ana Lúcia da Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1008924786363328
Leptodeira is a Neotropical genus of snakes with nine species, divided in four morphological groups: annulata with the species L. annulata (L. a. annulata, L. a. ashmeadi, L. a. cussiliris, L. a. pulchriceps, L. a. rhombifera), L. bakeri, L. maculata, L. frenata (L. f. frenata, L. f. malleisi, L. f. yucatanensis), L. uribei; septentrionalis with L. septentrionalis (L. s. septentrionalis, L. s. larcorum, L. s. ornata, L. s. polysticta), L. splendida (L. s. splendida, L. s. bressoni, L. s. ephippiata); nigrofasciata only with L. nigrofasciata; and the punctata group represented by L. punctata. In the last taxonomic review of the genus, many species were considered as subspecies, being characterized primarily based on pattern of color. However, recent molecular analyses did not corroborate the taxonomic arrangement previously proposed. The two species with larger geographic distribution and more number of subspecies, L. annulata and L. septentrionalis, did not have their monophyly validated. In the more recent phylogenetic proposal of Leptodeira, the monophyly of the L. annulata/septentrionalis complex was obtained from molecular characters, being recovered two clades geographically distinct: a North clade, in the south of North America and north of Central America (L. s. polysticta ((L. rubricata - L. a. rhombifera) ((L. a. cussiliris - L. maculata) L. a. cussiliris))); and a South clade in south of Central America and entire South America ((L. s. ornata–L. a. annulata) (L. s. ornata (L. bakeri (L. a. ashmeadi–L. a. annulata)))). In this work I present a phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodeira and I review taxonomically the clade South of the L. annulata/septentrionalis complex, presenting a new taxonomic arrangement for the group. Thus, the present thesis is organized in: General Introduction, where were presented the information about taxonomy and systematics of Leptodeira, specially of the annulata/septentrionalis complex; Chapter 1 entitled “Phylogenetic analysis of Leptodeira (Serpentes, Dipsadidae)”, with the aim of proposing a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus, based in molecular characters; and the Chapter 2 entitled “Taxonomy of the species of the South clade of the L. annulata/septentrionalis complex (Serpentes, Dipsadidae)”, which have the objective of characterize morphologically the clades obtained from the molecular analysis and of propose a new taxonomic arrangement for the group.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação da atividade gonadal de machos e fêmeas de pescada branca, Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840), (Pisces, Teleostei, Sciaenidae) no rio Pará (PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) NEGRÃO, José Nazareno Cunha; OHASHI, Otávio Mitio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5547874183666459
Male and female adults of P. squamosissimus (Pisces, Teleostei, Sciaenidae) were collected monthly in the Para River that surrounds Capim insland, state of Para (S 010 34. 971` ; W 0480 52.932`), during the month of february 2004 to february 2005, having 234 specimes. The gonads were collected, mounted and processed in accordance with the standard methods of paraffin and analysis using a light microscope. The species under analysis is one of the principal sources of animal protein for the local population, fishing being uninterrupted and intensive throughout the year based on information given by local fisherman, the collection process appears to be determined by an apparent qualiquantitative reduction in local stock. The species represents spawn divisions, the gonad development was characterized in state of repose, maturation, mature and empty or half-empty. Mature gonads were found on the months of december, january and july. Correlation analysis between the maturing state of gonads, seasonal variations in relation to gonadosomatic indexes (GSI) and also the occurrence of spawn in the respective months. Nevertheless, the information obtained in correlation to GSI and mature oocyte mediums and between spermatozoa percentages by seminiferous tubule, respectively, also indicate spawning in the respective months, and apparently that the species represents a more intensive spawning period or a primary spawning period between the months of december and january, and a second or less intensive spawning period in the months of july. Based on the tubular morphology method, eight of the seminiferous epithelium cycle stages (SEC) were determined, stage 1 being seminiferous tubule that are comprised of primary spermatogonia and cysts of the secondary spermatogonia; stage 2 is comprised of primary and seconday spermatogonia and spermatocytes cysts; stage 3 is characterized by primary and secondary spermatogonias, spermatocyte cysts and young spermatids; stage 4 with seminiferous tubule characterized by presence of spermatogonias primary and secondary, spermatocyte and by presence of young and later spermatids cysts; stage 5 represents all of the previously mentioned cells and is highlighted by presence of spermatozoa in the tubule lumen; stage 6 is characterized by reduction of cysts of germinative cells and a considerable increase in number of spermatozoa in the tubular lumen; stage 7 is characterized by seminiferous tubule that contain few cysts of germinative cells and is marked by the begining of a mass emptying of spermatozoa of the tubule lume; stage 8 is the last of the SEC and is characterized by the apparent disorganization of the remaining germinative cellular cysts in the seminiferous tubule.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos da plantação de palmas (Elaeis guineensis) na conservação de anuros na Amazônia oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-06-30) CORREA, Fabricio Simões; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378
In this thesis, we analyzed the effects of oil palm cultivation (Elaeis guineensis) on taxonomic and functional diversity of anurans in the eastern Amazon. In addition, we analyzed the response of anurans to environmental variation in oil palm plantations and surrounding forests. We surveyed for the presence of anurans in April 2012, 2015 and 2016, in 2100 m² plots through visual and acoustic searches. In April 2016, we also measured microclimatic (air temperature and humidity) and habitat structural variables (water body width and depth, leaf litter depth, canopy openness and number of trees) in both habitat types. We found higher functional diversity and species richness in forests, with difference in species composition and functional characters distribution between forests and oil palm plantations. Water body depth and width positively affected species richness and number of individuals, while water body depth and diurnal temperature influenced species composition in oil palm plantations. Only number of individuals was positively affected by diurnal temperature and nocturnal humidity in forests, while species composition and richness were not affected by any environmental variable in this habitat type. Our results make clear that conversion of forests to oil palm plantations negatively affects anurans taxonomic and functional diversity, making urgent the maintenance of forests surrounding the plantations as a way to reduce the negative impacts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos de monocultura de palma de dendê na estrutura do habitat e na diversidade de peixes de riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-30) RUFFEIL, Tiago Octavio Begot; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
In the Amazon, oil palm plantation has been growing exponentially in recent years, altering the landscape natural characteristics and being a possible threat to biodiversity. This environmental impact extends to aquatic ecosystems, which because they are highly related to the adjacent vegetation, also suffer the impacts resulting from this agricultural action, such as habitat structure alterations, affecting the species distribution and ecosystem processes. Thus, studies to test the impact of this monoculture in the Amazon are important to support more efficient strategies for reducing impacts and maintaining biodiversity. Therefore, this thesis aims to answer the following questions: I) How the presence of oil palm cultivation around the streams affect their habitat structure and fish assemblage structure in relation to streams that drain through forested areas present along of this anthropogenic landscape? II) What are the effects of the substitution on landscape of primary forest on the oil palm in the habitat physical structure and on the taxonomic diversity of neotropical stream fish? III) How do the patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of Amazon stream fish assemblages responds to the habitat and landscape changes caused by oil palm plantation? To answer these questions, we sampled and analyzed 39 streams in the Eastern Amazon. For the habitat characterization, an extensive protocol of the evaluation was applied, resulting in 238 habitat variables, besides that, was used landscape characteristics based on the percentage of land uses adjacent to the streams. For fish collection was used hand net for six hours in each stream. Morphological measures and ecological information of fish species were taken for later calculation of the functional attributes related to the third chapter. The results showed that oil palm plantation affect the stream habitat structure, modifying mainly the channel morphology, the substrate structure and shelter availability, such as woods and roots, for fish assemblage. Consequently, the fish species distribution was affected, resulting in changes in the assemblage structure. On the other hand, no changes were registered in the functional structure of these assemblies. Finally, we showed that the oil palm plantation modifies the stream habitat natural characteristics, as well as the distribution of the species, however the functional structure of the fish assemblages is maintained.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aves da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós: composição, distribuição ecológica e efeitos da exploração madeireira de baixo impacto
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005) HENRIQUES, Luiza Magalli Pinto; OREN, David Conway; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5451507856491990
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
As aves do estado do Maranhão: atualização do conhecimento e conservação em uma região de ecótono entre a floresta Amazônica e Cerrado
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-12) CARVALHO, Dorinny Lisboa de; SILVA, Daniel de Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1409353191899248; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901
The state of Maranhão is located between the eastern Amazon and the northern Cerrado, presenting a wide variety of environments in its ecotonal area. Due to this environmental heterogeneity, Maranhão has one of the richest avifaunas in Brazil. Furthermore, this region includes one of the world's most endangered biogeographical provinces. In order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of avifauna in this region, this study has as its main objectives: 1) review and update the checklist of birds species from Maranhão to identify possiblesampling gaps in the state; 2) test the effectiveness of the State Protected Areas (PAs) and Indigenous Lands (TIs) system in the protection of threatened and endemic bird species using SDMs and; 3) assess the potential impact of climate change on the distribution and conservation of 24 threatened bird taxa occurring in the state, comparing current and future distributions (2070) with the current reserve system, in order to identify potentially stable areas that can serve as dispersal corridors for the evaluated taxa. In chapter 1) we recorded the occurrence of 750 bird species, distributed into 88 families and 30 orders. We added 114 new species (95 residents, 13 migratory and 6 vagrants) to the last list compiled 27 years ago for the same region. In chapter 2) we observed that taxa with wider distributions are protected equally as taxa with smaller distributions and larger PAs are more efficient than smaller. Our results also showed that most Cerrado PAs are poorly allocated. We suggest six priority areas for conservation of Neotropical birds and highlight the importance of indigenous lands in conserving Neotropical biodiversity. In chapter 3) our results indicated that, although threatened Amazon and Cerrado taxa are potentially protected, for both present and future scenarios, most of the taxa are likely to suffer drastic population size declines or even global extinction in the near future. We highlight the importance of creating a system of dispersal corridors that interconnect PAs in this region, as well as the implementation of public policies for maintenance and mitigation of the areas adjacent to these corridors, aiming at the conservation of the richness and diversity of species in this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avifauna do estado de Roraima: biogeografia e conservação
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005) SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; SILVA, José Maria Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6929517840401044
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avifauna do estado do Acre: composição, distribuição geográfica e conservação
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009) SILVA, Edson Guilherme da; SILVA, José Maria Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6929517840401044
The Brazilian state of Acre borders Peru and Bolivia, and is located in the lowlands of the southwestern Amazon basin, close to the foothills of the Andes, in a region considered to be biologically megadiverse. Despite this, the region is still relatively poorly‐known in scientific terms, and is considered to be a priority for further biological surveys. With the aim of contributing to the understanding of the bird fauna of southwestern Amazonia, the principal objective of the present study was to evaluate these three questions: (a) How many and which bird species are found in Acre? (b) How are the species distributed in the state? and (c) What is the conservation status of the resident species? These questions were evaluated through a number of different approaches: (a) a comprehensive review of the literature; (b) field surveys over a two‐year period, including the recording and collection of voucher specimens; (c) production of distribution maps for each taxon (including species and subspecies); (d) distribution of the taxa among the state’s three major interfluvia or subregions (east, central, and west); (e) identification of zones of contact and hybridization, based on the distribution of parapatric species within the state; (f) estimation of the potential distribution of the taxa within the state of Acre, based on the extrapolation of the area occupied by that of each ecological unit (phytophysionomy) in which they were recorded; (g) assessment of the conservation goals for each resident taxon; and (h) a gap analysis, based on the overlap of the potential distribution maps with the state’s protected areas. The gap analysis was conducted with reference to three different scenarios: (a) inclusion of all the protected areas; (b) inclusion of only the fully‐protected area exclusive sustainable‐use units and indigenous reservations; and (c) including fully‐protected and sustainable‐use units, but excluding indigenous reservations. The literature review and surveys (historical and current fieldwork) began in August, 2005, and continued until December, 2007. At the end of this period, a total of 7.141 records of birds had been accumulated for the whole of the state of Acre. Of these, 4.623 are of museum specimens, 2.295 (49,6%) of which were collected during the present study. The presence of 655 biological species was confirmed for Acre, distributed among 73 families and 23 orders. One direct result of the study was the addition of five new species to the list of Brazilian birds. Fifty‐nine migratory species were also recorded, including 30 (50,8%) Nearctic and 18 (30,5%) austral migrants, as well as 11 (18,6%) considered to be intratropical migrants. Forty‐four of the species recorded in the study are endemic to the Inambari endemism center. Of the 556 taxa of forest birds resident in Acre, 405 (72,8%) are found in all three subregions, 56 (10,0%) were recorded only in the western subregion, 30 (5.3%) in the eastern subregion, whereas only three (0,5%) were exclusive to the central area. At least six pairs of sister taxa have an allopatric distribution in the state, while 15 sets of taxa present a parapatric distribution. Two zones of secondary contact (east‐west) and two possible hybrid zones (east‐west) were identified within the state. The gap analysis revealed that, under scenario (a), 87,1% of the taxa were fully protected (100% conservation target), and 12% were considered intermediate, that is, partially protected, whereas only 0.8% were completely unprotected. In scenario (b), by contrast, only 0,6% of the taxa were fully protected, 97.6% were partially protected, and 1,8% were totally unprotected. In the third scenario (c), 73,5% of taxa were fully protected, 25,5% partially protected, and only 0,8% completely unprotected. The principal conclusions reached in the present study were: (a) the Brazilian state of Acre has an extremely rich bird fauna, although the number of species recorded should still increase as new surveys are conducted; (b) the Purus and Juruá rivers do not constitute physical barriers to the dispersal of most bird species resident in Acre; (c) the existence of zones of secondary contact not related to the state’s principal river systems supports the conclusion that factors other than physical barriers determine the present‐day pattern of distribution of some of the resident bird taxa in Acre; (d) that the number of “gap” and “partial gap” bird species in Acre is very low when the full protected area network is considered, although this number increases with the exclusion of indigenous reservations, and in particular, sustainable‐use conservation units; and (e) the only species completely unprotected by the state’s conservation network are those restricted to the campina and campinarana ecosystems of western Acre, which indicates a clear need for the establishment of one or more conservation units in this region with the specific aim of protecting this distinct type of ecosystem.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A comunidade ictica e suas interrelacões tróficas como indicadores de integridade biológica na área de influencia do projeto hidrelétrico Belo Monte-Rio Xingu, PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004-04) CAMARGO-ZORRO, Mauricio; ISAAC, Victoria Judith; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724
This study presents applied methodologies to better understand the dynamics of mechanisms characterizing a portion of the Xingu River, with respect to fish communities living in that environment. Through the study of the ichthyofauna it is aimed to verify various environmental standard patterns, in order to assess the current conservation state of a part of the Xingu River. Based on surveys of the local ichthyofauna conducted over seasonal variations, analyses were conducted at the specieS, population and trophic guild levels. With regards to the ecological population level, study of biological parameters such as individual growth rates, asymptotic body length, mortality rates and size at first maturity were good indicators for a better understanding of the life history of those fish groups. Therefore a trend was observed in which species of relatively small body size to followed a "r" type strategy, whilw species of larger body sizes would follow the "k" strategy tactics. From a functional point of view, it was verified that guild community structure is not only a good indicator of convergence patterns to similar ecosystems as like the Xingu River studied stretch, but also a tool to assess its conservation status. A steady- state ecosystem model for the medium Xingu River sector indicated that it is a system highly instable, and simultaneusly look like a mature seasonal system. An apparent seasonal restriction of food availability observed in the studied river section could imply optimum use efficiency and transfer of the trophic resources. A biogeographic study was undertaken based on species occurrence in order to conceptualise the River stretch comprised between the confluences of the Iriri and Xingu Rivers up to the vicinity of of the village Senador José Porfirio, in the Xingu basin. By means of this analysis, it was possible to demonstrate that the medium upstream of waterfalls) and lower (downstream) courses of the Xingu River are parts of two endemic areas. The low affinity of species composition observed in these two sectors is attributed to geographic variations in the landscape. Therefore, the boundaries of the waterfalls around the village of Belomonte and the influence of the Amazon River in the lower Xingu course could trigger differences in ichthyofaunal composition and species abundance when compared to the medium course of that river. Finally, the importance of maintaining all hydrologic connectivity is pointed out in order to maintan the unity of the system, from the headwaters to the mouth. Impacts on environmental processes and fish populations in the medium course of the Xingu River as a result of the eventual construction of the Belemonte hydroelectric dam are discussed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Conservação de tartarugas marinhas na costa maranhense, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-03) RIBEIRO, Luis Eduardo de Sousa; BARRETO, Larissa Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1295307492454506; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-3396-4821; PEZZUTI, Juarez Carlos Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3852277891994862; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5409-8336
Sea turtles have a long history of human exploitation around the world, which has contributed to the species population decline, along with other threats, mainly by accidental capture during fishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. Currently, interaction with fishing is the largest cause of mortality among sea turtles, followed by ingestion of inorganic material (garbage). The waste accumulation in the oceans, mainly plastic, has attracted considerable attention in recent decades since pollution is a major threat to marine life. In this study, we mapped the occurrence and nesting areas of each sea turtles in the coastal zone of Maranhão; analyzed the frequency of strandings all over the years; and evaluated the impacts on sea turtle populations in the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, as well as diet composition and ingestion of solid waste. This research includes records of strandings of live or dead animals between 2005 and 2020, coming from the database of the Projeto QUEAMAR – Quelônios Aquáticos do Maranhão - UFMA - Federal University of Maranhão, and bi-monthly campaigns to Lençóis Maranhenses National Park. We observed five species of sea turtles along the entire Coast of Maranhão and reproductive records for two of them. From the impacts observed, anthropic interaction was the most observed factor (n=35), with drowning and amputation being the principal consequences of intermeshing (n=12). Intestinal obstruction caused by ingestion of inorganic material was also frequently observed (n=13). During this research, two Marine Seismic Surveys 3D were conducted to prospect for oil and gas, which coincided with a significant increase in the frequency of strandings in Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, possibly caused by noise pollution through noise swells generated by air cannons. Although the Maranhão coast is covered by legally protected areas, such as the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park and the Cururupu Extractive Reserve, long-term studies with species of international migratory cycle, such as sea turtles, which occupy an important position in the conservation scenario, allows detecting trends and temporal changes, as well as evaluating the impacts of anthropogenic activities in coastal areas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Contaminação de Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines: Podocnemididae) por agrotóxicos e mercúrio na bacia do Rio Xingu, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-02-16) PIGNATI, Marina Teófilo; PIGNATI, Wanderlei Antonio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1262870406586508; PEZZUTI, Juarez Carlos Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3852277891994862
The occupation policy in the north of the state of Mato Grosso and in the state of Pará, through activities such as gold mining, pasture and subsequent agricultural activities, caused a landscape change and habitat contamination. Pesticides, for example, are on the environment as a result of their use in agriculture and mercury (Hg) is mobilized into the environment through mining, deforestation and biomass burning activities. These contaminants are highly persistent and biomagnifies at each trophic level. Chelonian, because they are long lived organisms can accumulate toxic substances for long periods, are important contamination monitors. Podocnemis unifilis, a chelonian species with wide distribution in the Amazon basin, represent an important resource for riparian and indigenous populations, with wide distribution in the Xingu River basin. This study investigated the landscape changes, contamination of pesticides and Hg in P. unifilis in the Xingu River basin. We selected locations with rivers sources or tributaries in the Xingu River basin, in the states of Mato Grosso and Pará, describing the planted area and the use of pesticides in cotton, sugarcane, corn and soybean crops, as well as deforestation and biomass burned in the historical series from the years 2005 to 2014. Between September and December 2014 fifty specimens of P. unifilis were captured for liver, muscle and adipose tissue. Were evaluated 14 active ingredients of organochlorine pesticides by gas chromatography/electron capture detector (GC/ECD), and total Hg (THg) in the tissues of P. unifilis by cold-vapor atomic absorption (CVAA) spectroscopy. It has been shown that agricultural production as well as the use of pesticides in the Xingu river basin in the state of Mato Grosso are increasing every year, and the most commonly used pesticide was Glyphosate in 2014 (8,055,248 liters). Analyzing the states separately, Glyphosate, Metamidofos, Atrazine, 2,4 D and Endosulfan were the pesticides most used in the state of Mato Grosso and, in Pará state, were Atrazine, Glyphosate, Endosulfan, Chlorpyrifos and Tebuconazole respectively. The states of Mato Grosso and Pará had a significant increase in deforestation and biomass burning between the years researched (2005-2014), especially the city of São Félix do Xingu with 17,686.20 km² deforested only in 2014 and Feliz Natal with a 272% increase in the biomass burning in the last year researched (2014). Eight pesticides were found in the tissues of P. unifilis, including isomers and metabolites (values as mean ± standard deviation): Lindane = 1.39±8.46 ng/g-1; p,p’-DDT = 20.32±24.54 ng/g-1; p,p’-DDD = 4.00±6.96 ng/g-1; p,p’-DDE = 0.95±1.15 ng/g-1; o,p’-DDT = 0.90±3.97 ng/g-1; α-Endosulfan = 3.45±17.73 ng/g-1; β-Endosulfan = 3.81±8.01 ng/g-1; and Endosulfan sulfate = 7.12±12.05 ng/g-1. THg was detected in all specimens (liver: 134.20 μg/g-1, muscle: 24.86 μg/g-1). The type of tissue influenced the concentration of pesticides and THg, and the contamination variations of P. unifilis by pesticides and THg in the tissues were not explained by the interaction between sex and the straight-line carapace length. Comparing the results with current national and international legislation for protein resources, it was verified that the specimens of P. unifilis presented concentrations of pesticides greater than the maximum residue limit for Lindane, ΣDDT and ΣEndosulfan and Hg concentration 100 times greater than the acceptable maximum. It was concluded that the crops are "agrochemical-dependent" and that specimens of P. unifilis are contaminated with organochlorine pesticides and Hg. Riparian and indigenous population of the Xingu River basin that consumes these chelonians may be gradually contaminated, with future consequences for health.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Determinantes da estrutura de comunidades de insetos aquáticos em riachos na Amazônia: o papel do habitat e da escala especial
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-30) BATISTA, Gilberto Nicacio; HAMADA, Neusa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1512994126787334; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029
Aquatic ecosystems are highly complex environments, mainly due to interactions between their abiotic and biotic components; they are dependent on variation in physical structure and limnological characteristics, which in general, are factors that specifically act on different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, considering this complexity in structuring stream habitats, particularly in Amazonian lotic ecosystems, this doctoral thesis aims to evaluate which are the determining factors to structure aquatic insect communities and their distribution according to environmental variation and geographical distances. To meet this goal the thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first, a systematic revision was carried out with a global assessment about the use of insects (Chironomidae: Diptera) in monitoring aquatic ecosystems and their responses as bioindicators. We found that the main issues presented in the studies were related to anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the taxonomic difficulties on the use of species identification to biomonitoring. The second shows analysis of distribution patterns and diversity of Chironomidae communities, under predictions of Metacommunity models, to evaluate the relations of the assemblages with the spatial scale and the environment. The main results showed that the assemblages were mainly affected by components of the physical habitat structure and partly the communities were limited by dispersal among the streams when considered at large scale in the region studied. The third showed analysis of functional composition on the communities of aquatic insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Megaloptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) and their responses to variation in habitat structure considered under the assumptions of the Habitat Templet. Overall, we found relationships between the distribution of morphological and functional traits with the physical habitat variables. The fourth chapter evaluates the effect of spatial distance on the community similarity of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera communities in two regions of Eastern Amazon. In this final chapter, we find differences in the composition of communities expressed as species replacement because of the geographical distance and local environmental characteristics of each region. Finally, the studies developed in this thesis summarized how the structure of the habitat of streams can affect the aquatic insect communities and variation in the riparian structure and physical habitat, can cause variation in taxonomical composition and functional attributes. In summary, from these findings, we conclude that the physical habitat variables are determining factors in structuring aquatic insect communities. In addition, it is highlighted the importance of local factors (riparian vegetation structure/composition of substrates/limnological characteristics) as explanatory variables for taxonomical and functional composition. In addition, the regional factors (geographical distance / dispersal limitation) are essential components to affect similarity and structure of the communities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Distribuição e abundância de médios e grandes mamíferos na Amazônia central
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015) RAVETTA, André Luís; ALBERNAZ, Ana Luisa Kerti Mangabeira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1220240487835422
Medium and large mammals are an important protein source for many human populations, and, depending on the species, their populations may suffer reductions related to hunting and consumption, habitat degradation or both. The distribution and abundance of these animals can vary with the quality and quantity of the surrounding forests (influence of natural and human factors). The study of this variation may help define public policies for the management and conservation of species and to analyze the effectiveness of protected areas. This study aimed at improving the knowledge of the medium and large mammal distribution patterns in order to evaluate a public policy for the western part of the Para State, which was the implementation of Sustainable Forest District of BR-163. In a study case, the geographical distribution of a species of primate, the white marmoset (Mico leucippe) was expanded based on new records for the region. The Maximum Entropy algorithm was used to predict the potential distribution of species based on its potential ecological niche and assist in defining the geographical boundaries for future surveys. The result of this study served as a parameter for reviewing the conservation status of the species, which had its status changed to the category of "Least Concern" in the national and the IUCN Red lists. In the second part of the study population surveys were conducted to identify the factors influencing the pattern of distribution and abundance of medium and large mammals. For this purpose, densities of species were estimated based on linear transects surveys and analyses of the relation between the density distribution and environmental variables, such as temperature, rainfall and altitude, and anthropogenic variables, as a percentage of deforestation, distance to cities and towns, and distance to roads. There was low variation in species abundance along the DFS of the BR-163, and variation in responses depending on the species, but in general there was influence of rainfall (average annual rainfall and rainfall in the dry season) and anthropogenic factors (proximity roads) on density variation. Increment in the sampling 11 effort was analyzed for the most abundant species and has led to increased precision in the density estimation but did not indicate substantial change in the estimate. The relationships found were not strong enough to allow a generalization about the area, but the results establish a parameter for future comparisons, given the good condition of the sampled areas. This was the first study of mammals in the region for that scale, which matched an actual public policy for the region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Distribuição e conservação de aves migratórias neárticas da ordem Charadriiformes (famílias Charadriidae e Scolopacidae) no Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010) SERRANO, Inês de Lima; SILVA, José Maria Cardoso da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6929517840401044
Despite the research efforts in recent years, some aspects of neartic Charadriidae and Scolopacidae migration in Brazil remained unknown. To detect the major movements patterns of these species in the country, local and regional scale studies had their data comprehensively organized. The identification of the patterns of neartic Charadriidae and Scolopacidae distribution and migration in the Brazilian territory is a major objective of this thesis. The data analysis also aims to develop conservation strategies for the envolved species. More specific objectives are the characterization of their main migratory routes and the identification of critical areas for their conservation, using the criteria proposed by the IBAs and KBAs; the assessment of the current state of conservation of critical areas accordingly to the National System of Units Conservation (SNUC); the assessment whether critical neartic shorebirds areas were designated as priority areas for biodiversity conservation in Brazil; and the use of Ramsar Convention and WHSRN criteria to identify critical areas for these species. The database was established from literature review, scientific collections of Brazilian and foreign museums, from birds banded in Brazil and U.S.; data provided by researchers from Brazil, Argentina and the United States, personal field data from the Pantanal (MS), coast of Maranhão and Rio Grande do Sul states coast. Nineteen of 24 species have important data set, the remaining 5 being either occasional or having little information in Brazil. The coastal areas have greater data concentration with lower coverage of inland areas. The western Amazon proved to be the least known in spite of some species use as a migratory route. The coast among the mouth of the Amazon and Sao Luis, Maranhão has been the main area in terms of numbers of neartic shorebirds. The coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul was second. Not all individuals migrate every year to the northern hemisphere, as shown by the 15 species recorded year round in Brasil. Considering the global flyways, eight species were found using the Atlantic flyway and 10 the Mississippi flyway or the center of North America. The other six species may possibly use both flyways. Five flyways are proposed for neartic shorebirds in Brasil (Antas, 1983). During the northward migration some species have records in the Amazon region, period when possibly their habitats should be seasonnaly flooded. The pattern of arrival in the southward migration in Brazil is from August till October, increasing from September on. The northward migration occurs from mid March till April in most species. During the non breeding season there is a distributional pattern along the coast used by nine species. Seven other species use the inland pattern and five species are distributed both on the coast and in the inland, in the disperse pattern. We identified 260 critical areas using all species data. Amongst the identified KBAs, 72% are not within the SNUC. Overlap of the KBAs with the MMA´s Priority Areas for Conservation has shown 46% of major importance outside of this program. As much as 69 ACBs are eligible using the Ramsar Convention criteria, while 65 can be pinpointed using the WHSRN program criteria. As conclusions, it is necessary to improve the knowledge on biological processes envolving the maintainance the life cycle on the course of their annual migrations. Also the moult, body mass, sex ratio and age of migrant populations are aspects still insufficiently known for these species, either in Brazil or even in South America. There is an urgent research need of population estimates and trends, as many of these species have declining populations on global scale.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diversidade beta entre taxocenoses de serpentes na margem direita do rio Amazonas, enfocando a história natural das serpentes do Parque Nacional (PARNA) da Amazônia, Pará, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) FROTA, Jossehan Galúcio da; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378; PRUDENTE, Ana Lúcia da Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1008924786363328
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diversificação morfológica e molecular em lagartos Dactyloidae sul-americanos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-03-30) D’ANGIOLELLA, Annelise Batista; CARNAVAL, Ana Carolina de Queiroz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1268469210243345; PIRES, Tereza Cristina Ávila; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1339618330655263