Teses em Zoologia (Doutorado) - PPGZOOL/ICB
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/3419
O Doutorado Acadêmico foi criado em 1999 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) foi consolidado como um convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a estrutura de comunidade de peixes em diferentes ambientes aquáticos na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04) SILVA, Ronaldo Souza da; ORTEGA, Jean Carlo Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7951329810755189; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-5097-9382; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-6747Species diversity varies over time and space as a reflection of resource availability, suitable conditions, and biotic interactions that can locally exclude species from the regional pool. Understanding the causes of species variations remains challenging for ecologists. Still, it is already known that both biotic (interactions) and local environmental conditions (abiotic variables) are important factors in determining fish richness and abundance. Environmental conditions act differently in various aquatic ecosystems, structuring fish assemblages differently. In this context, the central objective of this thesis was to evaluate how local and regional environmental factors influence fish assemblage structure in different aquatic ecosystems in the southwest Amazon. Firstly, we assessed how the environment affects fish assemblages in river beaches. Next, we evaluated how local and regional environments influence the fish assemblage structure associated with aquatic macrophyte banks in lake environments. Finally, we examined how stream fish assemblage structure responds answered to local and regional environmental factors. In beach habitats, we found that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and depth were important in determining variation in fish species composition, while the temperature was the only variable influencing species richness. For fish in macrophyte banks habitats, the results indicated that both local and regional environmental variables (space and hydrological period) influenced fish assemblage structure. The variables depth of macrophyte bank, bank size, and space were significant for species richness. For species composition, environmental factors such as macrophyte composition, bank size, macrophyte richness, and regional variables such as space and hydrological period were influential, with the hydrological period being the strongest predictor of this variation, showing that flood pulses are a strong determinant in the structure of fish assemblages associated with macrophyte banks in Amazonian floodplains. Finally, we evaluated the influence of local, regional (landscape), and spatial factors on fish assemblage structure in upland streams in western Amazonia. The percentage of forest and spatial component (identity of Conservation Units) influenced species richness. Meanwhile, physical habitat and spatial variables influenced species composition, indicating that the fish assemblage in Amazonian streams answered to intact environments and habitat characteristics capable of supporting the persistence of these assemblages within and between watersheds.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Morfometria e descrição de otólitos de dourada (Brachyplatystoma rosseauxii) (Castelnau, 1855) e de piramutaba (B. vaillantii) (Valenciennes, 1840) (Siluriformes: pimelodidae) e verificação de anéis de crescimento em otólitos de juvenis de dourada e de piramutaba na Ilha de Colares - Baía de Marajó-PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008-10-09) PIRKER, Lilianne Esther Mergulhão; BARTHEM, Ronaldo Borges; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4192105831997326The dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) and the piramutaba (B. vaillantii), two migratory freshwater catfishes, are exploited by both traditional and industrial fishery in the Amazonian. They are very important for the commercial fishery in this region and their stocks are currently sobrexploted. However there is a lack of information concerning the biology and ecology of juvenile stages of these catfishes in the scientific literature. In population dynamics studies, the correct age estimate influences the growth parameters, which are important to evaluate stocks. The studies of age determination are usually made using sub-adults and adults specimens. The juveniles are not analyzed and their age is back-calculated. Which could result in an error estimate. The aims of the present research were: (1) to describe and estimate the relation between the lapilli otoliths morfometric measurements and the body measurements of dourada and piramutaba, and (2) to examine the occurrence of the first growth rings in the juvenile specimens. The morfometric and descriptive studies were carried out using otoliths from dourada and piramutaba juveniles, sub-adults and adults collected in the municipalities of Colares (PA), Almeirim (PA), Santarém (PA), and Manaus (AM), in the District of Mosqueiro (PA), and in the Amazon estuary. The period of collection was different for each local, to September of 1996 to January of 2006. The following relations were estimated: furcal length from specimens (LF) x total weight from specimens (WT); LF x maximum otolith length (MOL); LF x maximum otolith width (MOW); LF x otolith total weight (OWT); WT x MOL; WT x MOW and WT x OWT. The estimated equations were: Dourada: WT = 9.5 x 10-6 x LF 3.0279, LF = 25.259 * MOL1.1571, LF = 40.626 * MOW1.2127, LF = 840.419 * OWT0.4077, WT = 0.125 * MOL3.6547, WT = 0.568 * MOW3.8294, WT = 7549.98 * OWT1.2651; Piramutaba: WT = xxx 5.4 x 10-6 x LF 3.1441, LF = 31.871 * MOL1.3381, LF = 55.852 * MOW1.3722, LF = 1641.064 * OWT0.4686, WT = 0.3127 * MOL4.1857, WT = 1.823 * MOW4.2788, WT = 66675.977 * OWT1.4508. In the descriptive study, the lapilli of dourada and piramutaba were classified in the following categories according to their development and specimens LF: dourada I (60 a 80 mm), dourada II (80 a 110 mm), dourada III (110 a 210 mm), piramutaba I (65 a 80 mm), piramutaba II (80 a 110 mm), and piramutaba III (110 a 190 mm). In the lapillus ring reading study, only the juveniles specimens £ 200 mm LF were used. In the Marajó bay, douradas and piramutabas with 175.03 mm and 171.03 mm mean LF, respectively, showed the first growth ring. Both species were between nine and twelve months old when they showed the first growth ring. The mean rays of the first hyaline ring in the transversal cut of dourada’s and piramutaba’s lapillus were 0.36 mm (± 0.03) and 0.33 mm (± 0.01), respectively. The mean total ray of the lapillus transversal cut was 0.64 mm (± 0.14) in dourada and 0.53 mm (± 0.09) in piramutaba. The estimated equation relating the total ray of the lapillus transversal cut of douradas juveniles with its LF was LF = 248.589 * Rt1.1901. The estimated equation for piramutaba was LF = 400.494 * Rt1.7178. Douradas and piramutabas 60-70 mm LF were three to six months old, 70-110 mm LF were six to nine months old, and 110-200 mm LF were nine to twelve months old.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Padrões de estruturação de adultos de libélulas em uma área de proteção e seu entorno na Amazônia oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-09-30) MONTEIRO JÚNIOR, Cláudio da Silva; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; ESPOSITO, Maria Cristina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2112497575917273In Brazil is the most protected areas (PA) in the world, and mostly located in the Amazon. Currently, the Amazon biome has 73% of APs Brazil or 111 million hectares, 37% full and 63% use of sustainable use. Despite the large number, biodiversity does not have its assured conservation, since the population increases every year, as well as demands for goods and services that result in modifications of the ecosystems that are often outside or even inside the PAs. So our main objective is to study the Odonata adult structuring patterns in a protected area and its surroundings. For this, the thesis is divided into three chapters held in streams in the eastern Amazon. In the first chapter, our hypothesis was to test whether we would find a greater diversity of species of dragonflies in AP due to greater complexity of habitats. In the second chapter, we tested the hypothesis that there would be high beta diversity due to the high replacement species that is expected to find. In the third chapter, we tested the hypothesis that Odonata would be a weak to moderate substitute for other groups, because of the inherent characteristics of the group, as the great mobility. The study was carried out in 30 streams, 17 located within a protected and 13 in the surrounding area. The results of the first chapter were the largest diversity of Odonata found in the environment, compared with the AP. There were also differences in the species composition of the two environments, and differences between environmental variables between areas. Thus, the combination of the protected area and the surroundings, with a low level of disturbance retains a broad range of specialist species Odonata than just a single area. In the second chapter, there was a high beta diversity in Odonata both the AP and in the environment, possibly explained by the niche breadth combined with the spatial structure of the environment. In addition, we found that the specific requirement of the species happens associated with a natural variation in the environment, since there was large beta diversity and high turnover in both environments. Even with some environmental change, it was not big or strong enough to exclude all species and therefore they can survive in this environment. In the third chapter, we tested the correlation between adult Odonata with other aquatic groups such as fish, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera combined (ET) and chironomids in streams of the Eastern Amazon. There was a correlation between species richness and consistency of Odonata of adults with fish and ET, though the strength of these correlations were moderate to low. So we discussed that adult Odonata are a moderate to weak group substitute for other aquatic organisms in streams of the eastern Amazon. Thus, we suggest caution in the use of a single taxon as a substitute for others and for conservation planning, the best would be to use a wide range of taxa, reflecting holistically aquatic biodiversity. Finally, both areas of protection becomes important to maintain the pool of own species of each environment, with our major challenge in the future is to find a way to identify the disturbance levels that would be acceptable to avoid over-exploitation of resources in these areas.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Os recursos pesqueiros marinhos e estuarinos do Maranhão: biologia, tecnologia, socioeconomia, estado da arte e manejo(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) ALMEIDA, Zafira da Silva de; NAHUM, Victoria Judith Isaac; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3696530797888724The state of Maranhão (Brazil) has considerable fishery potential. However, its fisheries have been excluded from governmental and scientific priorities. Considering the existing lack of knowledge, the aim of the present study was to carry out a survey on past and present available data regarding fisheries in Maranhão, addressing the state of the art; characterization of fishing vessels and gear; and analyzing yield, commercial value and socioeconomic status of the social actors involved. From this portrait, it was possible to delimit the existence of 21 units, heretofore denominated Fishery Production Systems, by means of a process of successive subdivisions of the fishery activity according to the following factors: fleet; practice or fishing gear; resources exploited; environment; residence, work relations and income of the fishermen; and degree of isolation of the fishing area. For such, questionnaires were administrated to different social actors and fieldwork was carried out. The systems were characterized according to economic, social, technological, ecological and management aspects, revealing a broad variety of practices and fleets that predominantly operate in coastal environments, with small vessels and simple gear, catching different target species, especially from the families Scianidae and Aridae. The socioeconomic status of the fishermen is of poverty and abandonment, with a low degree of social organization and low income level as well as precarious housing conditions, low levels of schooling and limited access to healthcare. The market and legislation have provided open access to resources and predatory practices, thereby compromising fishery resources, which are exploited without any concern for sustainability. This demonstrates the insufficiency of management actions. The Rapfish method was employed in an attempt to detect indicators for estimating the state of “health” of the systems, using a set of attributes grouped in five categories: ecology, economy, social aspects, technology and management. The results revealed the following as good indicators: social organization; number of fishermen exploiting the system; level of schooling; use of destructive gear; governmental and traditional management measures. Work relations and income were good criteria for differentiating three tendencies in the goals of the fisheries: subsistence, intermediate and semi-industrial. Some systems stood out a being less sustainable, such as the blue crab collecting, which has declined due to a lack of management, deficient social organization and the commercialization of ovate females; the lobster fishing, which use gear considered destructive. The system involving crabs other than the blue crab is characterized by the existence of traditional management measures and a better management of the resources on the part of government agencies. Thus, the present study allowed the use of a reference system for the analysis and monitoring of the sustainability of regional fisheries, using scientific and/or ethno-knowledge that led to the emergence of management proposals aimed at the fishery management, social organization and environmental education. A case study was also carried out on the production system using mid-sized vessels in the gillnet fishery targeting Cynoscion acoupa in order to give details on one of the production systems. This choice was based on the large catch volumes, large extension of the area of operations throughout the entire coast of the state of Maranhão and the large number of fishermen involved, representing a significant source of income for the state. The case study paid particular attention to the traditional knowledge of the population regarding the use and maintenance of the resource, complemented by studies on the fishery and reproductive biology of Cynoscion acoupa caught in the region of the São Marcos Bay and surrounding areas. Acoupa weakfish catches occurred throughout the year, with harvest at the beginning of the rainy season and a state production estimated at 10,600.00 kg/year. This system has undergone intensive, unorganized exploitation. It can be inferred from the biological characteristics of the species that the increasing fishery effort is not compatible with the capacity of environmental support or the needs of the fishermen. Regarding reproductive parameters, mean length at first sexual maturity (L50) for males was 39.9 cm and slightly higher for females (41.6 cm of total length). The sex proportion was 1:1.4, favoring males. This species completes its entire life cycle within the study area; reproduction occurs throughout the year, with two spawning peaks – one in November/December and another in March/May. It is believed that the information gathered can contribute toward the drafting of better sustainability proposals and actions regarding this fishery by combining ethnoknowledge and scientific knowledge on this system.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Simulídeos (Diptera: Nematocera) das bacias do leste do estado do Pará, com ênfase na Serra dos Martírios-Andorinhas(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008) SANTOS, Emerson Monteiro dos; GORAYEB, Inocêncio de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2391620537048479This study adds to our knowledge of the medically important black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of eastern Para state, Brazil, in terms of geographic distribution of species; taxonomic key for species identification based on pupae; estimation species richness; daily haematophagic activity; aspects of the relations of limnological and meteorological factors in relation to simulid and associated aquatic insect population dynamics; biological conservation state; and similarity of three areas (Northeast-Atlantic, “Serras das Andorinhas e Carajás”) based on an environmental protocol and black flies species. Previously, 14 species of black flies had been registered in the study area: S. nigrimanum, S. incrustatum, S. minusculum, S. quadrifidum, S. limbatum, S. perflavum, S. iracouboense, S. rorotaense, S. spinibranchium, S. subpallidum, S. pertinax, S. subnigrum, S. brachycladum, and S. goeldii. A new identification key for species of Simuliidae pupae is provided for eastern Pará state. The important species for public health, such as S. nigrimanum, S. incrustatum, S. rorotaense, S. minusculum, S. subnigrum, and S. pertinax, have been found in diverse environments, with ample geographic distribution and new records of occurrence throughout Pará and eastern Amazonia. Studies of daily haematophagic activity of S. rorotaense, S. minusculum, and S. pertinax were made in the months of January, April, August, and December of 2006, at “Serra das Andorinhas” in southeastern Pará. Biting activity is correlated mainly with air temperature and relative humidity and exhibits two daily activity peaks in the early morning and late afternoon. Biting preference for selected regions of the human body also was seen to differ among species. Black fly species and their associated aquatic insects are assigned to two groups based on water characteristics. These are correlated in greater or minor degree with water outflow, speed, depth, width, alkalinity, and iron concentration in both studied regions (Northeast-Atlantic Coast and “Tocantins-Araguaia”). Environmental conditions in the “Serra das Andorinhas” were observed to have been well conserved, but those were altered at “Serra dos Carajás” and the Northeast-Atlantic Coast areas. A close similarity in black flies species composition was observed between the “Serra das Andorinhas” and the “Serra dos Carajás” areas, followed by their similarity with the Northeast-Atlantic Coast.