Dissertações em Geologia e Geoquímica (Mestrado) - PPGG/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2604

O Mestrado Acadêmico pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Acúmulo e fracionamento de fósforo nos sedimentos do estuário do rio Coreaú (Ceará) para avaliação do impacto da carcinicultura
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-11-17) AQUINO, Rafael Fernando Oliveira; KAWAKAMI, Silvia Keiko; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5306256489815710; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
The shrimp culture (shrimp farms) is one of the activities of aquaculture widely employed in Brazilian estuaries and mangroves. The shrimps are fed with phosphate enriched compounds. Thus, the effluent produced by farms can accelerate the eutrophication process. An increase of shrimp farming has been seen in Coreaú River Estuary, state of Ceará, but data about environmental quality are scarce to allow monitoring of the region. The aim of the present research was to assess the contribution of the shrimp farms on phosphorus input to the Coreaú River Estuary. The main forms of phosphorus: bioavailable (P-Exch); bound to iron oxy-hydroxides (P-Fe), on the biogenic, autigênica carbonates and apatite (P-CFAP), on the detrital apatite (P-FAP) and organic phosphorus (P-Org) and as well as total organic carbon (%TOC) and chlorophyll-a were determined in samples of surface sediments and cores from the margins of the Coreaú River Estuary. The high concentrations of P-Total in surface sediments indicated the need for monitoring studies. The larger fraction was P-Fe, composing 30% of P-Total, approximately. These results indicate the ability of the iron oxy-hydroxides to immobilize or release phosphorus. The contribution of the farm’s effluents was evidenced by higher concentrations of P-Org in points adjacent to discharge areas. In sediment cores, the highest P-Total concentrations were found predominantly in fine sediments (silt and clay), with the P-Fe, P-CFAP and P-FAP fractions being the main contributors. The sedimentation rates and concentration increases of P-Total indicate the possible period of deforestation and starting or maximum activity of shrimp farms in the end of the 1980 and mid 1990, respectively. High phosphorus concentrations as well as %TOC and chlorophyll-a levels suggested a significant anthropogenic contribution, associated with a high potential for eutrophication.
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Análise de imagens de sensores remotos orbitais para mapeamento de ambientes costeiros tropicais e de índices de sensibilidade ambiental ao derramamento de óleo no Golfão Maranhense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-04-18) TEIXEIRA, Sheila Gatinho; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252
The oil spills in Brazil are more and frequents, causing several impacts on environments and biological communities. Envronmental sensitivy index maps of oil spils are indispensbles components of contingency and emergency answer plans for this tpe of accident. These maps present a system of classification based on geomorphologic characteristics of the áreas, which are defined by the following factors: wave and tidal energy exposure relative degree, shoreline slope and substrate type, and also, the easiness to clean and remove the oil impacted áreas. In this contect, the “Golfão Maranhense” region, located on Northern “Maranhão” State, was chosen in order to map and analyze the environmental sensitivity indexes (ESis) of oil spills on coastal environments, for in this área, we find the second largest port in draught of the world, the Porto f “Itaqui”. Moreover, this region is the route of six hundred oil tankers per year, which are potential agents that cause the oil spill. The methodological approach for creating the maps of environmental sensitivity index included the integrated analysis of coastal environments based on digital image processing from remote optical sensores, in this case, Landsat-4TM, CBERG-2 CCD and SPOT-2 HRV, SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images from RADARSAT-1 Wide 1, SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) elevation data, geographic information system and Field surveys related to geomorphology, topography and sedimentology. Using the aforementioned methods, the coastal environments recognized in “Golfão Maranhense” were grouped according to their envronmental sensitivity index: 1 – Solid men-made structures (ESI 1B); 2- Cliffs (ESI 1C); 3 – Fine grained sand beaches and móbile dunes (ESI 3ª); 4- Tidal sandflats (ESI 7); 5- Mixed intertidal Banks, tidal mudflats and ebb-tidal delta (ESI 9ª); 6- Supratidal sandflat (ESI 9C); 7- Saltmarshes (ESI 10ª); 8- Fresh marhes and intermittent lakes (ESI 10B) and 9- Mangrove (ESI 10C). This approach is efficient to recognize and analyze coastal environments and, therefore, it pernitted the sensivity index attribution for the oil spill on yhese environments, in a georefenced data base, which allows making faster e more efficiently decisions in case oil spills come to happen.
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Avaliação ambiental da matéria orgânica degradada nos canais de drenagem da região metropolitana de Belém (PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1997-01-14) SANTOS, Maria Tereza Primo dos; LIMA, Waterloo Napoleão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1229104235556506
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Dinâmica da vegetação da região de Humaitá - AM durante o Pleistoceno tardio e o Holoceno
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-01-30) FRIAES, Yuri Souza; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
Vegetation dynamics of Western Amazonia during the past 42000 cal yr BP was studied by pollen, sedimentary facies, 14C dating δ13C and C/N. Two sediment cores were sampled from Humaitá in southern Amazonas state, and Porto Velho, northern Rondônia. These sites, located in western Brazilian Amazonia, are covered by grassland and tropical rainforest vegetation, respectively. The sedimentary deposits are predominantly composed of massive sand, heterolithic mud/sand, and laminated or massive mud representative of sediment accumulation in floodplain, active channel, abandoned channel, and oxbow lake sedimentary environments. In these settings, reducing and low energy subaqueous conditions were developed, locally favoring preservation of a pollen community of herbaceous vegetation and glacial forest represented mainly by Alnus, Drymis, Hedyosmum, Podocarpus, and Weinmannia trees at least between > 42,033 – 43,168 cal yr BP and <34,804 – 35,584 cal yr BP. The herbaceous and arboreal vegetation ecotone persisted from the early to mid-Holocene, whilst the cold pollen assemblage became extinct. In this work, we record a significant plant population, at present restricted to Andean areas located at altitudes higher than 2000 - 3000 m, in areas of the Amazonia lowland toward the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum. This suggests that this time interval might have seen temperatures lower than previously proposed for this region.
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Efeitos das mudanças climáticas nos manguezais de Santa Catarina durante o Holoceno Tardio
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-02-27) AZEVEDO, Allana Queiroz de; FRANÇA, Marlon Carlos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8225311897488790
The objective of this work was studying the mangrove starting on the coastal plain of Babitonga Bay, southeastern Brazil. A sediment core with 2 m depth was sampled through Russian sampler. Pollen data, sedimentary features, geochemistry data (δ13C, Ntotal e TOC- Total Organic Carbon) were integrated with 14C dating. The deposit started since at least 1.678-1.285 cal yr BP. In this core was possible to distinguish three facies association: i) tidal channel, without mangrove (δ13C = -24,1 a -27,7‰ e C/N 0,59 a 2,24); ii) tidal plain (δ13C = -22,7 a -26,4‰ e C/N = 1,16 a 14,5) which reveals the beginning mangrove development, and 606 cal yr BP until the present: iii) mangrove (δ13C = -22,4 a -25,1‰ e C/N = 13,2 a 47,7) with an apparent expansion of this ecosystem. The data shows that region was marked a climate change during the Late Holocene. The climate change resulted in a mangrove installation/development with first Laguncularia presence. Between 606 cal yr BP until the present was observed a mangrove developing/expansion with biodiversity increasing, due to an Avicennia and Rhizophora presence. The Rhizophora presence is related to the atmospheric temperature increase and/or sea surface temperature. Rhizophora trees show greater sensitivity to low temperatures. In this context, to understanding a mangrove dynamic during Late Holocene becomes a great tool for coastal paleoenvironmental analysis. This ecosystem is a great index of these changes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estabelecimento e expansão dos manguezais de Laguna-SC: efeito do aquecimento global ou resultado de processos sedimentares?
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-19) SOARES, Jaine Freitas; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
The integration of pollen, isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, C/N), sedimentary features, 14C and 210Pb dating from four sediment cores (LAG-3, LAG-4,LAG-5 e LAG-6). Sampled from a sandbar at Santo Antônio Lagoon, Laguna City, Santa Catarina, allowed the paleoenviromental reconstruction of the last 900 years BP. The dates reveal two facies associations along these cores: (A) Sandbar, represented by massive sand (facies Sm), and (B) tidal flat, represented by lenticular heterolithic bedding (Hl) and wavy heterolithic bedding (Hw). The deposits of sand bar was accumulated between >940 e ~431 cal years BP, probably under influence of a stable relative sea level (RSL) or rise of RSL during the last 1000 years. The pollen data preserved along the sandbar phase indicate a predominance of trees, shrubs herbs and some palms originating from vegetation units surrounding the lagoon. The relation δ13C (-24‰ - 15‰) and C/N (6-30) of this facies association reveals a strong contribution of organic matter from marine algae and terrestrial plants C3 and C4. During the accumulation of tidal flat deposits, occurred during the last 60 years, there was the establishment mainly of Spartina with some spaced Laguncularias shurbs. The relation δ13C (-24‰ - 16‰) and C/N (7-22) reveals an origin of sedimentary organic matter similar to the period of sandbar deposits. Based on this data and distribution gradient of Spartina and on mangrove’s trees genus along the Santa Catarina coast, is reasonable to propose that the recent colonization of Laguncularia at region of Laguna has been caused by gradual increase in minimum winter temperatures observed during last 50 years. Whether the climatic trend is the main force driving the expansion of Laguncularia trees to southern Brazil, the surface of the sandybars and tidal flats of the lagoon margin of southern Brazil, now largely occupied by Spartina, will be gradually colonized and/or replaced not only by Laguncularia, but also by Avicennia, followed during the next years, by Rhizophora.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em sedimentos e organismos bentônicos do Terminal de Miramar (Baía do Guajará - Belém - Pará - Amazônia)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2014-01-14) SANTOS, Camila Carneiro dos; CORRÊA, José Augusto Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527800269860568
In Guajará bay, mouth of the Amazon River, is located the capital of Pará state (Belém) and its metropolitan area. Exists in this area an intense boat traffic, as well as transportation and sale of fuels in floating docks and activities related to the storage and transportation of oil in Miramar Petrochemical Terminal (TEMIR). Small spills and discharges of oil in water can serve as sources of pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are organic compounds generated by incomplete combustion of organic matter (OM) and are among the contaminants of most interest in environmental studies due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. One way to detect and evaluate the impact of PAHs in an environment is using biomonitors, however the qualitative and quantitative analysis in sediments are most widely used. This study aimed to evaluate, by Gas hromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), the 16 PAHs considered as priority by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States in sediments and benthic organisms (Namalicastys abiuma) of TEMIR. Field expeditions were carried out in December 2012, March, May and June 2013 representing the dried, wet (two samples) and dried seasons successively. Fine sediments levels dominated in both sampling periods and the %Fines in Guajará bays has a direct relationship to the %OM. In relation to the 16 PAHs studied, 10 of them were detected in the wet season sediments samples and 8 in the dried season. Even with a low diversity of aromatic compounds, sediment samples of the dried season presented greater ΣHPAs (1.351,43 ng g-1) than the sediments of the wet season (263,99 ng g-1), which can be related to the increased hydrodynamic in Guajará bay this last period. Correlation analysis indicated that ΣHPAs not seem to be influenced by %Fine and %OM. Benzo(a)pyrene accounted for 87% of ΣHPAs during the wet season, the other PAHs showed percentage ≤ 3%. During the other period stood out: pyrene (18% of ΣHPAs) fluoranthene (16%), the chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene (15%) and benzo(a)pyrene (11%). The use of the geochemical reason to interpret likely sources of PAHs indicated that there is a predominance of aromatics from pyrolytic origin in TEMIR. The activities that may be responsible for the PAHs levels observed in sediments and benthic organisms in TEMIR are the discharge of untreated domestic sewage and the emissions of particulates from cars and small/medium boats. The ΣHPAs seems to influence the density of polychaetes because a reduction of about 50% in the number of organisms was observed during the dry season when there was the greater amount of ΣHPAs in their body structure. Among the 16 PAHs studied, 11 were detected in the polychaetes during the dry season (ΣHPAsMED = 848,71 ng g-1) and 10 in the wet season (ΣHPAsMED = 141,85 ng g-1). Were highlighted during the dried season: indeno(1,2,3-c,d) pyrene (47%) and pyrene (23%). While in the wet season: pyrene (23%), chrysene (17%), fluorene (17%) and fluoranthene (13%). The %Rec obtained was >>100% indicating a matrix effect and reducing the quantitative accuracy of results. The use of the polychaete N. abiuma as biomonitor of pollution by PAHs in estuaries not seem to be effective when the sample period is limited, because collecting it requires a great effort to obtain a small amount of mass and it still results in a matrix effect in the chromatographic analysis (method %Rec >> 100%) that may not be corrected due to the restricted availability of sample mass. Studies with a larger number of samples, enabling depth statistical analysis, and covering other collection points in Guajará bay are required to prove mathematically that has been stated in this dissertation.
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Quantificação e caracterização de matéria orgânica em sedimentos de mangue, visando estudo geoquímico (Baía de Inajá, São João de Pirabas NE do Pará)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002) ALCÂNTARA, Bianca Delamare Passinho; LIMA, Waterloo Napoleão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1229104235556506
The good functioning of the ecosystem depends on important vital factors, among which, one includes the soil stability, the salinity and an adequate supply in fresh- water and nutrients. The selected physiografic area is the Inajá Bay, situated in the municipal district of São João de Pirabas, in Northeast of Pará. Mangrove sediments sampling was accomplished at Itarana's island, located in this bay, and receiving direct influence of the Atlantic Ocean waters. Analytical results showed seasonal variation in the transportation of the fixed material in mangroves or exported to coastal waters. While pH are close to 7 in the rainy period, it to can reach values higher to 8 (maximum of 8,55) in the dry period; also specific conductivity (maximum in 33,9 ms.cm –1 in the rainy period) can reach 50 ms.cm –1 in the dry period, revealing an elevated electrolytic content due to the influence of oceanic waters. The suspended particulate material exhibits higher concentrations in the rainy period (maximum of 178 mg.L –1), in concordance with turbidity (maximum of 150 UNT) and with the index of colour (maximum in 60 UC). Organic matter, however was lower in the dry period (maximum content observed in 2,06 mg C/ L), it was higher in the rainy period (maximum in 3,4 mg C/L) , suggesting larger material contribution transposed by the rivers. While silicate contents are higher in the rainy period (maximum in 1,63 mg SiO2 / L) , the total organic and inorganic phosphate reached a maximum (1,46 mg PO4 3- /L) in the dry period, revealing probable oceanic influences in the middle of Inajá Bay, where, fishing captures take place. The ratios C / N, C / P and N / P (maximum at 126,7, 1039 and 83,2; minimum at 1,75, 101 and 17,2, respectively) suggest deficiency of N and P and enrichment in cellulose decomposition material, of vegetation origin. Else, the carbonous material of “furo” Grande exhibits a C/N ratio of 126,7 that indicates long period of maturation. The interpretation of the absorption spectra in the infrared region can identify the hydrophilic groups (OH alcoholic and phenolic); of functional groups methyl ( -CH3 ) and methylene ( -CH2 - ) of aliphatic chains; of carboxylic and/or carbonyl groups; and their derivatives (carboxylate and complexes, more probably with Fe and Al) ; and they confirm geopolymer presence through the identification bands owed to silicate. These considerations to come suggest to the occurrence of humic material whether in the water (perhaps more recent) or in the sediments. Being of more refractory material, these humic substances can be aggregated to the geological sediments and promote the necessary sedimentation to facies formation, mostly in the carbonic material collected in the “furo” Grande (15,29 % of organic matter ) and in the material collected in the Pilões sandstone (9, 62% of organic matter ). Samples with higher organic matter content (15,29% and 9,62%) showed higher CEC (30,12 meq/100g and 35,66 meq/100g) respectively. The large quantity of organic matter in the environment of this study seems to be much more associated with the tidal cycle, with the poor drainage in the sediment (whether in mangrove or in the sandstone), elevated bioturbation (plant detrius, marine organisms action) and drainage of ground water, that originate humics substances in podzol soils, that is to say, the organic matter is from two origins: one, alloctonous – material transported by the rivers; and other, authoctonous – resultant of the incorporation of roots, spineless microorganisms and perhaps mostly of the litter resultant of mangrove metabolism.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A resposta dos manguezais de um estuário do sul da Bahia sob influência das mudanças do clima, flutuações do nível do mar e dinâmica dos canais durante o Holoceno
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-06-09) OLIVEIRA, Nêdra Nunes; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
This work integrates palynology, sedimentology, geomorphology and radiocarbon dating, as well as δ13C, δ15N, and C/N from sedimentary organic matter obtained by the description of a core (5,20 m deep) sampled ~8 km from current coastline, 2m above sealevel at Jucuruçu River valley, near the city of Prado, south coast Bahia-Brazil. Based on this core and previously published works, the effects of climate and Relative Sea-level (RSL) changes on Jucuruçu’s mangroves during the Holocene were detailed. Along the studied core two phases were identified and correlated with others sediment cores. The first phase occurred in part of the middle Holocene (7200 - <6950 cal yr BP), developed on a tidal flat colonized by mangrove. It presents a transition from C3 terrestrial plants to marine organic matter upward this phase. On second phase, a fluvial plain developed followed by a mangrove shrinkage and, herbaceous and ferns expansion. At this phase, the biogeochemical data revealed an increased trend to organic matter sourced from freshwater. The integration of palaeoenvironmental data reveals an important RSL rise, which caused a marine incursion inside this river valley and allowed mangroves establishment under a strong estuarine influence, this incursion reached ~23 km upstream during the middle Holocene. The RSL fall at the middle and late Holocene caused a gradual mangrove replacement by mainly herbaceous vegetation associated to freshwater plankton predominance up river, while mangroves and marine algae migrated to the Jucuruçu river mouth. A decrease fluvial discharge during early and middle Holocene most likely favored this mangrove migration pattern and estuarine/marine organic matter spreading upstream. In contrast, probably the mangrove establishment at river mouth up present days was favored by an increase fluvial discharge at late Holocene. Noteworthy is the fact that tidal channels dynamics have controlled mangrove distribution last thousand years. Therefore, this study allowed to identify and to describe the effects of allogenic (caused by climate and RSL change) and autogenic processes (conducted, for example, by channels dynamic).
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Resposta dos manguezais do Sul da Bahia às mudanças climáticas e flutuações do nível do mar durante o holoceno: integração de dados polínicos e isotópicos com modelos de elevação digital
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-04-05) FIGUEIREDO, Beatriz Luna; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
The objective of this work is to evaluate the extent of the impact of relative sea-level (RSL) rise during the early and middle Holocene and its subsequent fall during the late Holocene, as well as the influence of climate changes on mangrove and associated vegetation units along the Jucuruçu river valley in the southern state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil. This work integrates topographical, geomorphological, sedimentological, palynological and isotopic data of sediment cores sampled along this fluvial valley. The core PR8 with 7.5 m depth, positioned 37 km distant from the modern coastline, upstream of the Jucuruçu river, was used as reference to integrate the other cores. The data reveal three important facies associations characterized by: 1) Presence of a estuarine channel, when the river valleys were incised and filled with fluvial deposits, as recorded by the PR8 (760-700 cm) and PR7 (460 – 800 cm), which are characterized by fining upward sandy successions; 2) presence of an estuarine channel with tidal flats occupied by mangroves and herbaceous vegetation during the early and middle Holocene; 3) the third phase is characterized by a fluvial flood plain with expansion of palms and herbaceous vegetation. During this phase, mangroves migrated to the mouth of the Jucuruçu river. PR8, sampled from a flood plain at about 6.8 ± 0.8 m above the current RSL, reveals an estuarine influence with the presence of mangrove pollen (5-40%) between 700 cm (~ 7400 cal yr BP) and 450 cm depth (~ 5800 cal yr BP). The PR8 indicated absence of mangrove pollen during the last 5800 years. In addition, the influence of the climatic patterns proposed for the Holocene can be identified throughout the studied cores. Probably, the combined effects of SRL fluctuations caused the changes in vegetation and sedimentary organic matter identified in PR8 and other cores analyzed, with a highest RSL at about 5350 cal yr BP and 3.25 ± 0.8 m, and changes in fluvial discharge. The geomorphological and vegetation evolution described for PR8, as well as for other cores along the Jucuruçu valley and positioned topographically lower (PR7 - 5 m, PR10 – 1.5, PR11 – 0.5 m and PR12 – 0.5 m above RSL) are compatible with the Holocene RSL curves for the northeaster Brazilian littoral.

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