Dissertações em Ciências Ambientais (Mestrado) - PPGCA/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2855

O Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências Ambientais teve início em 2005 e funciona no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em parceria com o Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) e a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA/Amazônia Oriental).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Análise dos impactos das diferentes formas de ocupação da superfície sobre as condições meteorológicas na região de Santarém, Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-26) SILVA, Benedito Evandro Barros da; GANDU, Adilson Wagner; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8491359374260645
This dissertation aimed to get information concerning the use and occupation of soil in the region of Santarém, in different years in the last decades, to show the effects caused by changes of surface properties on the atmospheric conditions simulated by weather and climate numerical models. The land surfaces are characterized by causing substantial effects on the atmosphere and thus influencing the quality of weather and climate forecasts. On the other hand, deforestation contributes to climate change by eliminating large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These activities also cause effects on public health, agriculture, forest resources, wildlife resources, and water resources. In addition, replacement of natural surface by pasture or agriculture modifies the thermal and radioactive properties of the surface, generating changes in local, regional and global atmospheric conditions. In this paper representative periods of possible climate change in the region were analyzed, identified by treatment and statistical analysis of climatologic data from surface weather stations, as well as time and quantitative evolution of deforestation in the study region with data from Project PRODES (Monitoring of Brazilian Amazon Rainforest by Satellite). The evaluation of the atmospheric effects on changes in land use and occupation was based on IBGE vegetation map, and the inclusion of class "deforestation" analyzed in different periods (1997 and 2009) worked on the software Arc. Gis. 9.2. Data files of surface types compatible with the reading of the BRAMS model were created. The BRAMS model was used to simulate the different effects of land use thematic maps in the local atmosphere. The results indicate a trend of increase in average rainfall and frequency of days with precipitation, decrease in average temperature of maximum and increase in average temperature of minimum over years in the region of Santarém. The study area by the year 1997 registered 19.44% deforestation and by the year 2009 it rose to 25.54%. The simulations with the generated files of land use and occupation in 1997 and 2009 showed little variation for different thematic maps in the variables (temperature, humidity and flows of sensible and latent heat) when considering the average values of the total area simulated. However, when small areas located only on the regions suffering the largest changes are taken into account, there are major influences as deforestation increases.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Emissão de dióxido de carbono e estoque de carbono em sistemas convencionais e alternativo de produção agropecuária no Nordeste paraense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-08-25) LEMOS, Elane Cristina Melo; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543
Use of agricultural conservation practices such as slash-and-mulch, as an alternative to slash-and-burn, is less harmful to biogeochemical cycling and helps to mitigate climate change. The aim of this study was to estimate soil carbon emission and stocks in smallholder agricultural units in Northeast of Pará. The study was carried out in the municipality of Mãe do Rio. Average annual temperature in this area varied from 25 to 28 °C and rainfall typically is higher than 2500 mm; predominant soil is Yellow Dystrophic Oxisol with texture varying from medium to clayey. In this research, we selected three land use systems (Schizolobium amazonicum plantation, Manihot esculenta crop, and silvopastoral), which were compared with a reference area (regrowth forest); we established four 20 m x 20 m plots in each system. We measured monthly soil CO2 efflux as well as soil carbon stock and aboveground litter carbon stock. Analysis of variance was used to test the effects of land use systems and regrowth forest effects on carbon emission and stock; Tukey test at 5% was used to compare treatment means. The silvopastoral system showed the highest monthly soil CO2 emissions, which were observed during the rainy season; this system also had the largest annual emission. Soil carbon stock was significantly higher in the regrowth forest was 157 ± 31,10 Mg ha-1 (0-100 cm). Litter stock was higher for the non-woody fraction than the woody fraction for both land use and regrowth forest systems. The largest stock of carbon in non-woody litter (overall mean = 4.31 ± 3,0 Mg ha-1) was observed in January 2010. Our results suggest that the land use systems that do not use fire in land preparation, such as the slash-andmulch system, helped to maintain carbon biogeochemical cycling.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fertilidade e fauna edáfica em solo sob reflorestamento com paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) no município de Aurora do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-02-28) PEREIRA JÚNIOR, Antônio; ROCHA, Edson José Paulino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2313369423727020; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
This study aimed to evaluate the variation in soil fertility and soil fauna under reforestation paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Heber ex. Ducke) in monoculture or agroforestry system compared with secondary forest in the experimental area considering the seasonality of precipitation in the period 2009 and 2010. The experimental farm owned by Tramontina Belem S / A, located in northeastern Pará, in the city of Aurora do Pará Four treatments were analyzed undergoing reforestation: Curaua (Ananas comosus var. Erectifolius L.B.Smith) Parica (Shizolobium var. Amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) in the form of monoculture, Parica + curauá (Ananas comosus var. erectifolius L.B.Smith; Shizolobium var. amazonicum Huber ex Ducke); Parica Mahogany + Freijó Curaua (Shizolobium var. amazonicum Huber ex Ducke, Swietenia macrophylla, King, Cordia goeldiana Huber, Ananas comosus var. erectifolius LB.Smith). Samples were taken in December 2009, April and July 2010, which marked the seasonal transition period (dry to heavy rain), heavy rain and dry seasons respectively, to evaluate the particle size, bulk density, particle density, porosity and moisture content, exchangeable bases, total bases, CEC, acidity, phosphorus, organic carbon, pH, at three different depths (0 - 10 cm. 10 to 20 cm, 20-40 cm) and the occurrence of macrofauna. The results showed the action of the seasons on the bulk density, particle density, total soil porosity. Chemical factors, eg, organic carbon, whose contents varied between 5.85 g / kg and 13.00 g / kg, at high levels in the culture system S2, changed during intense rainfall seasons and drought. As for soil fauna, 9964 invertebrates were captured belonging to 26 different taxa. The most abundant were Hymenoptera – Formicidae (5.805), Coleoptera (1.454), Acari (862) Collembola (649), Diplopoda (307) and Isopoda (110). Of the 26 taxa identified, approximately 40% of them showed only a representative sampling carried out in three or just one. The highest values for relative frequency occurred in the cropping system S2, S3 and S4, respectively. The highest value of absolute frequency occurred during seasonal rainstorms in S1. Areas under reforestation and agroforestry monoculture Parica + curauá showed better performance in the recovery of soil fertility and soil fauna proving the efficacy of paricá in monoculture or agroforestry system in the recovery of soil fertility and soil fauna.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da variação sazonal, sobre os atributos químicos e biológicos do solo nos sítios do LBA e PPBIO em Caxiuanã/PA, Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) MOURA, Quêzia Leandro de; ROCHA, Edson José Paulino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2313369423727020; RUIVO, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9419564604488031
Several environmental factors, such as pH, temperature and soil moisture influence the density and the activity of microorganisms. It is possible that the balance of the biosphere is being changed by global changes of natural origin and influencing of human activities environmental factors that determine the behavior of the soil phase microbiota. In order to verify the influence of these changes, the present study has been developed in the area of the ESECAFLOR experiment, which simulates the occurrence of extreme phenomena such as the El Niño and the area of the PPBio Programme (Primary Forest area), which aims to study the biodiversity of the Amazon, being last used for comparative purposes (witness). The soil samples for chemical analysis, physical and biological properties were collected into the depths: 00 – 05, 05 -10, 10-20 and 20 – 30 cm in seasonal Transition periods, Rainy and Less rainy. It was also determined the temperature of the soil under the same depths. The methods used were described by Embrapa (1997), Clark (1965), Gerhardt (1994), Yang et al. (1998) and Keeney (1982). The treatment of data and the statistical tests (ANOVA: two criterion, Tukey test and simple Linear Correlation) were performed by means of statistical programme Bioestat 5.0. The highest levels of macro and micro nutrients were found in natural primary forest area (PPBio). The greatest values of colony-forming units of Colonies (196 x 10 4 UFC/g the soil and 124 x 10 2 UFC/g the soil) for the population of bacteria and fungi, respectively, were also identified in the area of PPBio and rainy and the intermediary periods, respectively. Was identified significant differences between the data obtained for both areas and also significant difference of each area in relation to seasonal periods and the depths studied. The area that changed human (ESECAFLOR) presented the lowest levels for macro and micronutrients, demonstrating the influence of the deletion process of rainwater in the availability of these elements in the soil.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A percepção de tecnologias em agricultura orgânica por produtores familiares no Nordeste Paraense
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012) PIZATE, Ronei Juscelino Bianchi; CATTANIO, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1518769773387350
Traditional agriculture in the Amazon is based on slash and burn agriculture, to clean the area and nutrient release. Organic agriculture in this context favors the strengthening of family agriculture, in addition to environmental services as concrete proposal for a production model, which does not exclude the preservation of the environment, improving the quality of farmer’s life, and improving the quality of produced food for the consumer market. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the empowerment of information on organic agriculture by small farmers, organized into different associations (APBVA and COOPAMABI) under technical support of a private Brazilian company (NATURA) and one international organization (ICCO), respectively, located in the northeast of Pará. The used methodology was a study of case with semi-structured questionnaires, consisting of open and closed questions, which can get evidence that provided an understanding of transition processes where these producers are located. The results show no significant differences related to the implementation of common practices between the analyzed associations. The producers with technical support funded by ICCO demonstrated a greater level of technologies adoption in relation to another farmers group. The results showed a complete absence of technical support, or it is ineffective, by the government agency for technical support. The generation of funding mechanisms and a systematization of agroecological technologies developed in the region, adapted to the farmers reality, and the intensification of training activities and awareness of technical EMATER, becomes necessary for an efficient training with greater appropriation of agroecological technologies by family farmers in this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Variação temporal do efluxo de dióxido de carbono CO² do solo em sistemas agroflorestais com palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis) na Amazônia Oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-09-20) SILVA, Carolina Melo da; VASCONCELOS, Steel Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0719395243841543
The Amazon region has been subjected to continuous deforestation and expansion of land use for the implementation of activities such as cattle ranching, logging, agriculture, mining and urbanization. The burning and decomposition of forest biomass releases gases that contribute to global warming, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). In this context, there is interest in assessing the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in the Amazon, especially in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agroforestry systems, due to the current large expansion of this crop in the state of Pará, which has become one of the largest producers of the country. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in palm oil cultivation in agroforestry systems in the Amazon considering temporal and biotic and abiotic factors that directly influence this process. We quantified biotic factors: microbial biomass, total soil carbon, soil basal respiration, fine root and soil zone of influence of planted species, and abiotic factors: moisture and soil temperature, in two oil palm-based agroforestry systems (adubadeiras and biodiverso systems), during the dry and rainy periods. The results showed that the highest soil CO2 efflux occurred during the rainy season, probably due to increased microbial activity during this period influenced by climatic factors coupled with biotic factors. The biodiverso system showed higher soil efflux than the fertilizer adubadeiras system, probably due to increase biological activity in former system. The soil CO2 efflux showed no strong correlation with the tested variables. It was concluded that the soil CO2 efflux was influenced by rainfall seasonality only. The fact that the systems were be too young (~3 yr-old) may represent the main factor for a lack of stronger relationship of soil CO2 efflux and the variables analyzed.

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