Dissertações em Zoologia (Mestrado) - PPGZOOL/ICB
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2344
O Mestrado Acadêmico foi criado em 1985 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) foi consolidado como um convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Atributos funcionais como características distintivas de comunidades: o que diferencia anuros do Cerrado e da Caatinga?(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-01) SANTOS, Mayra Caroliny de Oliveira; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378Environmental conditions influence the distribution of organisms and modify functional characteristics. These characteristics may be morphological, behavioral, and physiological with a function. We evaluated the taxonomic and functional diversity of anurans in Cerrado and Caatinga environments in Piauí, Brazil. The anurans were collected in Floriano Municipality in the Cerrado area with cerradão phytophysiognomy and in Alvorada do Gurguéia municipality in the Caatinga with a arboreal caatinga phytophysiognomy. The sampling method was visual encounter and acoustic survey between January and April of 2018. We established six plots at least 500 meters distant between them in each location. The species composition was verified by PCoA and PERMANOVA analysis. For functional diversity, it was used the Rao’s quadratic entropy. The RLQ and the fourth-corner method related the traits to the environmental characteristics. The results showed separation and difference in the composition of the species according to the different areas. Cerrado and Caatinga phytophysiognomies showed differences in functional diversity values of anurans. Cerrado area had relation with the temperature and precipitation and the Caatinga area with the litter. The anuran composition was affected by environmental variables, but the influence on functional traits composition was not significant. Then, the composition was influenced by the environment and the distinctions between phytophysiognomies, such as the rainy season and quantity of microhabitats, were important for the differences in functional traits of anurans species, and consequently on functional diversityItem Acesso aberto (Open Access) Fisiologia térmica e vulnerabilidade dos lagartos da Amazônia (Reptilia: Squamata) frente às mudanças climáticas(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-12) URTIAGA, Luisa Maria Viegas Becerra; ÁVILA-PIRES, Teresa Cristina Sauer de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1339618330655263; QUEIROZ, Helder Lima de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3131281054700225Is predicted that the global warming drive the Earth to an increase of temperature of almost 4.8°C by the end of the XXI century, what may negatively affects the distribution of lizards species, considering that they are ectotherms and depends directly on the environmental temperatures to regulate their body temperatures (Tb). This animals usually present as compensatory response to the thermal stress the restriction of activity time in refuges, to minimize the risk of death by overheating. It is believed that the species’ vulnerability would be inversely proportional to Tb and to the number of hours of activity restriction in refuges (Hr), and directly proportional to the maximum environmental temperature (MET), what means that both heliotherm and thermoconformer lizards should be vulnerable to the climate changes. There are little information available in literature about the biology of Amazonian lizards, although it is the most biodiverse region in the world and house about 210 species of lizards among all its extension. Therefore, the first chapter of this work had as goal to synthetize the knowledge on thermal physiology of these animals and incorporate unpublished data on thermal preferences for some species, besides to characterize their thermoregulation mode and recover the phylogenetic relationships among the characters. The second chapter, in turn, analyzes the persistence/absence status of 29 species, with projections to 2050 and 2070, in order to verify if their vulnerability is in fact associated to Tb, Hr and MET. Fourty-five studies reporting Tbs from 62 species were found, and additional data on Tb, as well as unpublished data on thermal preferences, were collected among 13 localities of Amazonia, encompassing several phytophysiognomies of the biome. Were obtained data on preferred temperature (Tpref), minimum (Vtmin) and maximum (Vtmax) voluntary temperatures and tolerance zone (critical thermals, Ctmin and Ctmax) for 33 species, and performance data (Topt) for 10 species. Tb, Tpref and Vtmin present low phylogenetic signal (K<1), and all variables are correlated, with exception of 1) Topt, which does not present correlation with Ctmax, and 2) Ctmin, which only correlates with Topt. Although shows significant statistical differences, heliotherms and thermoconformers present thermal characters intercalated in the scale of values, demonstrating a continuum between the extreme thermoregulation modes. The use of a species distribution model that mix environmental and physiological data to calculate the potential distribution of species in the present and future, considering a realistic scenario of greenhouse gases’ emissions, allows the verification of the persistence/absence status on 29 species of Amazonian lizards. Three of them, all heliotherms, presents a projection of territorial expansion by 2070. The other 26, presents a projection of reductions in their occurrence area, with heliotherms presenting lower mean values of Hr and higher mean values of Tb than thermoconformers. Has not been verified any pattern of vulnerability related to thermoregulation mode, and the majority of the species present low Tb and/or Hr, agreeing with the hypothesis that relates vulnerability to Tb, Hr and MET. Other eight species were also modeling, but they present issues in the calculation of the potential distribution and thus were not included in the vulnerability analysis. These species are being evaluated by the model’ developers to possible adjustments. Lastly, if the forecasts concretizes, the high occurrence restrictions recovered by the model can reflects a potentially high extinction risk of the species. The result is worrying, even considering the model limitations, and reinforces the need of conservation policies that take into account the effects of climate change on fauna, as well as further studies aimed to improving our understanding about the consequences of the global warming.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Taxonomia integrativa de nematódeos Oswaldocruzia (Trichostrongyloidea: Molineidae) da Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-04) COSTA, Yuri Willkens de Oliveira; SANTOS, Jeannie Nascimento dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4543897195525368; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-6410Oswaldocruzia is a genus of parasitic nematodes of amphibians (Anura, Caudata) and reptiles (Squamata), represented by about 90 species distributed worldwide, of which 43 occur in the Neotropical region. The species of Oswaldocruzia are mainly characterized by the spicular morphology of the males and are divided into five biogeographic groups (Oriental-Ethiopian, Neo-Ethiopian, Holartic, Neotropical Caribbean and Neotropical Continental) and also three morphological types of copulatory bursa (types I, II and III). However, morphological similarity, absence of updated identification keys and molecular data complicate the systematic of the genus. Thus, the objective of this study was the realization of the integrated taxonomy of nine species of Oswaldocruzia parasitizing eight species of amphibians and one reptile species from different collections in three locations in the state of Pará, Brazil. The hosts were necropsied and the helminths found were rinsed, fixed and stored in 70% ethanol. For the morphological study, the specimens were used for observation by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. For the molecular study, we performed the extraction, amplification and sequencing of the coding region of the Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I enzyme from the mitochondrial DNA. The resulting sequences were aligned and compared to ten sequences publicly available in GenBank and two phylogenetic reconstructions were performed to observe their relationships, one under the Maximum Likelihood criterion and the other by Bayesian Inference. As results we identified Oswaldocruzia belenensis in Rhinella marina and Rhinella margaritifera, Oswaldocruzia chabaudi in Boana geographica and Boana wavrini, Oswaldocruzia chambrieri in Amazophrynella bokermanni and R. margaritifera, Oswaldocruzia lanfrediae in Leptodactylus paraensis, Oswaldocruzia vitti in Anolis fuscuauratus, Oswaldocruzia sp. nov. 1 in Phyllomedusa vaillantii and Oswaldocruzia sp. nov. 2 in Osteocephalus oophagus. Alignment and comparison of levels of divergence demonstrated significant differences between the new obtained sequences and the sequences from GenBank. Both phylogenetic reconstructions demonstrated two main clades, one including the sequences from Mexico and another clade genetically distinct from the Amazon, highlighting the occurrence of O. chabaudi in B. wavrini and B. geographica, the close relationship between the sequences from parasites of Bufonidae and new records of hosts and localities for O. chambrieri and O. belenensis. This study adds information about the diversity of helminth parasites of amphibians and reptiles of Amazon, and shows that the combination of morphological and molecular methods presents satisfactory potential for species delimitation and characterization of the genus.