Teses em Ciências Ambientais (Doutorado) - PPGCA/IG
URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/9341
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Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação da contaminação por mercúrio na foz do Rio Tapajós e exposição ambiental à população de Santarém-PA, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-10-06) SOUSA, Enilson da Silva; QUEIROZ, Joaquim Carlos Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4383935463464893In the last decades of the twentieth century, academic work focused on discussion of the mercury problem in the Brazilian Amazon pointed to a mercury contamination of anthropogenic origin, especially from artisanal gold mining prospecting activities. In the mid-1990s and early years of this century, with the advancement of research in the field of geochemistry focused on this discussion, point to a possible geogenic origin of this contamination, and environmental exposure of the local population would be related to protein intake of animal origin, from the fish and work activities. The aim of this study is to analyze the speciation of Hg and methylmercury in soil and particulate matter in the mouth of the Tapajós River, and perception, mobilization capacity and political action on contamination by this metal of the population of Santarém; Elaborate mercury maps from spatially distributed data using up geostatistics to infer results for the location and risk of contamination of the metal along the mouth of the Tapajós River, Santarém-Pa.; and maps of contamination probability that this metal, which enabled the classification and quantification of contaminated areas for different confidence levels in and around the mouth of the Tapajós River; and quantify and evaluate the total mercury concentrations in water and particulate matter and hypotheses about the origin of this contamination in the Tapajos bay. The methodological procedures included the making location maps, georeferencing of points of collection and identification of the search area; Application Integrated Questionnaires for Measuring Social Capital Index - SC-IQ, proposed by the World Bank; Maps of the quantify the mercury concentrations in the study area and prepare maps of the spatial distribution of concentrations; and maps of the spatial distribution of concentrations and use of geostatistics (factorial kriging), which enabled the development of maps at different scales of variability associated with anthropogenic or geogenic origin activities. Two campaigns one in July and December 2014, with 37 and 45 sampling points in each were conducted. The results point to a possible contamination of the area at some points, with indexes to the top of the type recommended by the resolution n. 357/2005, of CONAMA. The results of the factorial kriging point to the possibility that mercury concentrations are associated with the natural environment itself, although it may have contributions due to human activity such as mining and industrial activities in the basin.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) Os efeitos das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento socioeconômico na zona costeira do nordeste paraense: expansão rodoviária, urbanização e atividade turística(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-10-27) ALMEIDA, Adrielson Furtado; JARDIM, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9596100367613471The development model of the Brazilian government from the 1960s onwards promoted the expansion of road, urbanization, circulation of capital and the development of new markets, such as tourism, in the coastal zone of the northeast of Pará. This work aimed to analyze the changes in the relationship between environmental, economic and social aspects resulting from public policies of socioeconomic development on the beaches of Crispim (Marapanim), Atalaia (Salinópolis) and Ajuruteua (Bragança), from the 1960’s. Specifically it sought to: a) Identify the main changes that occurred in the relationship between the environmental, economic and social aspects resulting from the public policies of socioeconomic development from 60’ies; B) to evaluate socioeconomic, environmental, urban and tourist indicators on the beaches of Crispim (Marapanim), Atalaia (Salinópolis) and Ajuruteua (Bragança) and, c) to evaluate the local community's performance in the process of consolidating policies for socioeconomic development and, guarantee of environmental standards. A standardized and adequate methodology was used for each topic. The main changes were the loss of the restinga vegetation and dunes for the installation of trade markets and second residences (environmental), replacement of fishing spaces for urbanization(social) and the replacement of traditional fishing activities for tourism (economic). Regarding the indicators, the three areas under study have an average (IDH-M). The main threats and impacts that affect the state of the environment that demand responses by public policies identified by the PIER Matrix were: excessive use and contamination of the water table, absence of public services and soil pollution, occupation of PPAs and erosion Coastal areas. Analyzing the tourism indicators (ICT), Atalaia Beach presented greater tourist competitiveness in relation to the other beaches studied. The work of the local community presents a certain mobilization, although there is conflict and divergences of interest that makes it difficult for the community to act, in which its absence causes the misdirection of public policies. The use and inappropriate occupation of space are the main causes of the current problematic situations identified by the survey research and analysis of socioeconomic, urban and tourist development indicators. It is essential that the local community act in public policies, together with public and private managers, so that together they plan and manage a different future scenario for which the reality is going.Tese Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Lago Grande do Curuai: história fundiária, usos da terra e relações de poder numa área de transição várzea-terra firme na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2016-12-07) FOLHES, Ricardo Theophilo; TOURNEAU, François-Michel Le; SANTOS JÚNIOR, Roberto Araújo de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9355107718329833The aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970‘s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990‘s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: ―societies‖, ―permissions‖ and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that ―societies‖ between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct.