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Teses em Geologia e Geoquímica (Doutorado) - PPGG/IG

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/6341

O Doutorado Acadêmico pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG) do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Acúmulo e exportação de carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo e metais em canais de maré dos manguezais de Marapanim, Costa Norte Brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-12-18) MATOS, Christiene Rafaela Lucas de; SILVA, José Francisco Berrêdo Reis da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1338038101910673; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8590-2462; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
In this study, we assessed the potential of intertidal mudflat sediments along mangrove forest to accumulate and export carbon, nutrients (N and P) and metals (Fe and Mn), in addition to examine the influence of the Amazonian seasonal rainfall patterns on the physicochemical conditions, diagenetic processes and exchange of nutrients and metals along the sediment-water interface (SWI) in intertidal mudflats fringed by pristine mangroves. The study was carried out in the Marapanim River estuarine system (northern Brazil), which is fringed by extensive areas of well-developed mangroves, part of the largest continuous and best preserved mangrove forest in the world, located approximately 200 km from west of the mouth of the Amazon River. The results of this work are presented in two articles. The first deals with the potential of stocks and accumulation of COT, NT and PT in intertidal mudflat sediments, in addition we investigate the potential sources of sedimentary organic matter (OM). The second assesses the influence of seasonal rainfall pattern on physicochemical properties, the diagenetic processes and the diffusive fluxes of nutrients at the SWI in the Marapanim mangrove creeks. During wet season the salinity values decreased as a consequence of the increase in rainfall, with a dilution-mixing zone in the top sediment (<15 cm). In the dilution-mixing zone, Fe (III) and Mn (IV) reduction are the dominant anaerobic respiratory processes in the sediments. The redox zonation of sediments oscillated in response to the rainfall patterns, with the highest concentrations of Fe2+ and Mn2+ in deeper sediment layers during the dry season. Under suboxic conditions, the mudflat sediments act as a source of Fe2+, Mn2+, NH4 +, and PO4 3- to the water column, and these fluxes were driven by rainfall. The results indicated that mangrove-fringed mudflats are quite effective in retaining carbon, nutrients and iron in sediment solid phases than exporting to the coastal waters, while can potentially be a significant contributor to the oceanic Mn cycle. The potential of these mangrove creeks to accumulate these elements is directly related to grain size, sources and susceptibility of OM degradation. In addition, temporal variability in pyrite formation revealed that the solid phase retention mechanisms are also susceptible to seasonal effects, with lower concentrations of chromium-reducible sulfur (CRS, mainly pyrite fraction) during the dry season. Therefore, we show that these seasonal variabilities implied substantial changes of physicochemical properties and the diagenetic processes, affecting the release of metals and nutrients from the SWI and their accumulation in the sediment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A aplicação da cromatografia gasosa acoplada (GC-FID), isótopos estáveis, palinologia e razão C:N na reconstituição paleoambiental de manguezais do Estado da Bahia e Espírito Santo.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-07-30) SILVA, Fernando Augusto Borges da; ALBERGARIA-BARBOSA, Ana Cecília Rizzatti de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2666263256585897; FRANÇA, Marlon Carlos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8225311897488790; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-7702
Mangroves depend on ideal geomorphological, geochemical, and climatic factors to develop. Brazil, with its highly indented coastline under tropical and sub-tropical climate regimes, presents suitable conditions for the establishment of these ecosystems and distribution. The dynamics of these mangroves can be influenced by factors related to climatic variations and changes in hydrodynamic flow, resulting in modifications in sediment input and the origin of organic matter. These changes can be observed throughout the Holocene in different regions in of the country. On the northeast and southeast coast, the evolution of these ecosystems is associated with fluctuations in relative sea level (RSL) and sedimentary dynamics, while in the southern region, the change in the distribution of mangroves is a reflection of fluctuations in the RSL and climate changes caused by warming global. Recent studies seek to describe the evolution of these environments based on the elemental and isotopic characterization of organic matter. These constitute important tools in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. However, it is necessary to remember that the comparative analysis of the largest possible number of independent parameters is relevant as it adds value to the research and increases the reliability of the data to be analyzed, generating more precise information. Therefore, aiming to unravel the dynamics of organic matter in mangrove environments, as well as understanding movements of expansion and/or contraction of these ecosystems, analyzes of nalkanes were carried out using chromatography (GC-FID), associated with the sedimentary study, pollen data, isotopic and elemental analyses, synchronized with 14C and 210Pb dating, which allowed obtaining information about past biogeochemical processes and environmental changes during the Holocene and Anthropocene in the coastal plain at the mouth of the Itapicuru river (BA) and at the mouth of the Barra Seca and Jucu rivers (ES). Thus, the results of this research are presented in five scientific articles. The first, see chapter III, deals with the expansion of mangroves at the mouth of the Itapecuru river (BA) during the Anthropocene. The second scientific article (chapter IV) deals with the dynamics of mangroves at the mouth of the Barra Seca River, on the northern littoral of the State of Espírito Santo. The third article (chapter V) discusses the palynology tool used to understand the dynamics of coastal vegetation.The fourth article (chapter VI) presents the environmental changes that occurred at the mouth of the Jucu River, on the central coast of the State of Espírito Santo. Finally, the fifth article presents the results of n-alkanes analyses, compared with isotopic, elemental, palynological data, and 14C dating on the coastal plain of the Barra Seca River.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Aspectos litoestruturais e mineralizações Salobo 3A (Serra dos Carajás-PA)
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 1996-10-29) SIQUEIRA, José Batista; COSTA, João Batista Sena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0141806217745286
The Salobo district is located at the Carajás Province in the Cinzento strike-slip system, and is formed of supracrustal rocks of the Salobo Group and gneisses of Xingu Complex, which were assembled by several generations of shear zones. The Salobo Group includes magnetite-fayalite schist, biotite-almandine-magnetite-fayalite-grϋnerite schist, biotite schist, anfibol schist, chlorite schist, banded iron formation and quartzite. The Xingu Complex includes banded tonalitic gneisses, trondhjemitc and granodiritic gneisses, partialy migmatized. The older shear zones correspond to ductile thrusts to which the generalized imbrication of the lithological units and the tectonic layering, defined by strips and lenses of supracrustais rocks alternated with gneisse is due. Their movements is synchronous to that of the Itacaiúnas belt; minerals transformations under thermal conditions of amphibolite facies, as well as important modifications in the stratigraphic relationships of several lithological units, are related to therm. The second generation of shear zones formed the transtensive Salobo-Mirim duplex. They are sinistral strike-slip shear zones, linked by normal shear zones along which minerals transformations of greenschist facies occurred. The development of the duplex was controled by the former tectonic layering, and its assymetric shape was influenced mainly by the presence of a basement gneiss megalense. The third generation of shear zones is of transcurrent type, with NW-SE and NNW-SSE trends, which modified the Salobo-Mirim duplex geometry, and are interpreted as X features linked to the sinistral moviments. The shear zones of the west corner of the area represent the propagation of a horse tail structure at the west end of the Carajás fault; in these case, they could be oblique thrust. The Salobo 3A deposit is situated in the central part of a normal oblique shear zone, which belongs to a release bend along the main strike-slip shear zone of the Salobo-Mirim duplex. The copper and gold mineralizations are hosted in extension structures, as single and composite pull-apart structures, transtensive sigmoide stringers, tension gashes, pressure shadows and star strucutures in the cross-cutting zones of descontinuities. The Salobo 3 A deposit is an example of concentracion/reconcentracion of cooper and gold mineralizations in s transtensive shear zone due to deformational, hydrothermal and metamorphic processes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A associação anortosito-mangerito-granito rapakivi (AMG) do Cinturão Guiana Central, Roraima, e suas encaixantes paleoproterozóicas: evolução estrutural, geocronologia e petrologia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-12-19) FRAGA, Lêda Maria; COSTA, João Batista Sena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0141806217745286
The geological mapping on a scale of 1:250,000, of an area of approximately 22,500 km2 in the central region of the state of Roraima, combined with the petrographic and microtectonic study and new geochronological, lithochemical and isotopic data, allowed the characterization of an anorthosite-mangerite association -rapakivi granite (AMG), Mesoproterozoic and its Paleoproterozoic host. Orthogneisses, foliated granitoids and charnockite rock bodies from the Serra da Prata Intrusive Suite show Pb-Pb (zircon evaporation) ages around 1.94 Ga, also inferred for the associated norites and gabbronorites. The Paleoproterozoic igneous suites were placed syn-kinematically, during Deformational Event D1, with the evolution of petroweaves indicative of high temperatures, from 600º-650ºC. These features include recrystallized feldspars by subgrain rotation, recrystallized perthitic alkali feldspars and quartz with checkerboard subgrains and have been observed in syn-plutonic dykes that cut the early-kinematic D1 fabric in the host country. The NE-NW arrangement of the Paleoproterozoic bodies was controlled by the previous structure of this sector of the Central Guiana Belt (CGC). The orthogneisses and foliated granitoids comprise two distinct suites, with lithochemical characteristics of type A granitoids, probably related to different oxidation conditions at the source. The charnockite rocks show chemical characteristics approaching those described for C-type magmatism. Sm-Nd TDM model ages between 2.19 Ga and 2.05 Ga, with ƐNd(T) values ranging from +0.68 to +2 ,47 suggested sources of limited crustal residence. The age of the orogenic events in Roraima has not yet been properly clarified, however, despite the limited data, a post-collisional positioning is proposed for the Paleoproterozoic suites studied after the accretion of transamazonian magmatic arcs. The Paleoproterozoic units constitute the basement of the Mesoproterozoic igneous suites, which comprise the anorthosites of the Repartimento unit and associated gabbronorites, the rapakivi granitoids of the Mucajaí Intrusive Suite (SIM), and the fine, porphyritic charnockites, of punctual occurrence and uncertain geochronological positioning. In SIM, three granite facies were identified (fayalite-pyroxene-quartz-mangerites to syenites; hornblende-biotite-granites; and biotite-porphyritic granites) geochemically and petrographically very similar to rapakivi granites from classical areas of Finland. The presence of fayalite in the most primitive rocks of the SIM indicates conditions of low oxygen fugacity, observed in several rapakivi granite complexes. Fine charnockites show no cpm to SIM chemical correlation. The Mesoproterozoic suites are part of an AMG (Anortosito-Mangerito-Granito rapakivi) association placed in an anorogenic environment between 1.54 and 1.53Ga. Model ages Sm-Nd, from 2.07 Ga to 2.01 Ga with ƐNd(T) values ranging from -2.37 to -1.27 suggest, for the granitoids in the association, crustal sources separate from the mantle in the Paleoproterozoic , probably during the Transamazônico. Mylonitic features related to the D2 Deformational Event, registering conditions of moderate to low temperatures (400º-450ºC), in a brittle-ductile environment, locally obliterate the igneous textures of the Mesoproterozoic units, as well as the high temperature D1 petrowebs in the Paleoproterozoic basement. These features are especially well developed in some shear zones that show dextral transpressive kinematics. The D2 event aged around 1.26 Ga relates to the K'Mudku Deformational Episode. The main D2 mylonitic zones were reactivated in the Mesozoic at shallow crustal levels and brittle conditions, during the evolution of Graben Tacutu.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Braquiópodes devonianos da Bacia do Amazonas: novos dados taxonômicos, paleobiográficos e relações com as mudanças ambientais
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-10-01) CORRÊA, Luiz Felipe Aquino; RAMOS, Maria Inês Feijó; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4546620118003936; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-0575
The Devonian marked a significant phase in the evolutionary history of the Brachiopoda. During this period, the Phylum achieved its peak diversity (Emsian) and suffered one of its most significant declines (Frasnian–Famennian), ranking second only to the mass extinction event Permo-Triassic. Among the Brazilian sedimentary basins, the Amazonas Basin has the greater diversity of Devonian brachiopod genera, distributed among the following formations: Manacapuru (Lochkovian), Maecuru (early Eifelian), Ererê (Late Eifelian), and Barreirinha (early Frasnian). Studies of Devonian brachiopods from the Amazonas Basin began in the late 19th century with identifications of material collected during the Morgan Expeditions (1870–1871) and the Imperial Geological Commission of Brazil (1876). These expeditions focused primarily on the Maecuru and Ererê formations. The brachiopod fauna of the Manacapuru Formation (Lochkovian) was unknown until 2015, when during paleontological salvage at the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant in Vitória do Xingu, Pará, Brazil, a significant number of Rhynchonelliformes and Linguliformes samples were recovered. This work aims to carry out the taxonomic identification of brachiopods from the Manacapuru Formation, in addition to analyzing and discussing the possible factors that influenced the diversity of brachiopod genera among the sedimentary units of the Amazonas Basin (Mancapuru, Maecuru, Ererê, and Barreirinha formations). The taxonomic study of brachiopods from the upper part of the Manacapuru Formation (Lochkovian) has allowed, to date, the identification of two genera, Orbiculoidea d'Órbigny, 1847 and Schellwienella Thomas, 1910. Among the materials, Orbiculoidea has the greater diversity, totaling five species: Orbiculoidea baini Sharpe, 1856, Orbiculoidea bodenbenderi Clarke, 1913 and Orbiculoidea excentrica Lange, 1943 in addition to two new species: Orbiculoidea xinguensis Corrêa & Ramos, 2021 and Orbiculoidea katzeri Corrêa & Ramos, 2021. The species O. baini, O. bodenbenderi, and O. excentrica were recorded for the first time in the Manacapuru Formation and Northern Brazil, and they are also the oldest records (Lochkovian) from South America. The presence of Orbiculoidea in the region can be explained by two reasons: the proximity of the Amazonas Basin, located in the northwest of Gondwana during the Lower Devonian, with the paleocontinent Laurussia (where most occurrences of Orbiculoidea are recorded during the Silurian), favored the specific exchange between these two geographic regions; and the global rise in sea level during this period, which flooded much of northwest Gondwana, resulting in the presence of shallow seas in the Amazonas Basin, represented by marine sediments in the upper part of the Manacapuru Formation. These conditions favored the colonization of inarticulate brachiopods during the Early Devonian in northern Brazil. Furthermore, the new species Schellwienella amazonensis Corrêa et al. 2024, of the Pulsiidae Family Cooper and Grant, 1974, is proposed, this being the first record of the genus in the Amazonas Basin. Schellwienella amazonensis n. sp. and Schellwienella marcidula Amsden, 1958 from the Bois d’Arc Formation (Lochkovian), USA, are the oldest records of the genus. In the Devonian, Schellwienella occurred in all stages (Lochkovian, Pragian, Emsian, Eifelian, Givetian, Frasnian, and Famennian), mainly in the marine siliciclastic environments of Gondwana, transiting between temperate and polar latitudes. In the Carboniferous, its stratigraphic distribution was restricted to the Tournaisian-Visean interval, with a preference for warm water environments and carbonate platforms typical of low latitudes. We identified three distinct stages when analyzing the variation in Devonian brachiopod diversity in the Amazonas Basin. In stage 1, the peak of brachiopod diversity occurred in the early Eifelian (Maecuru Formation), when the Amazonas Basin was between subtropical latitudes 30°S and 60°S, under shallow and cold marine conditions, justified by the absence of carbonates, evaporites, and reefs in the region. In stage 2, the first decline in diversity occurred, recorded in the Ererê Formation (late Eifelian), attributed to a warmer climate and deeper waters than in the Maecuru Formation. Stage 3 occurred during the Frasnian when there was a second decline in brachiopod diversity in the Amazonas Basin (Barreirinha Formation). A major global transgression happened at the end of the Devonian. During this period, the Amazonas Basin experienced the deepest marine conditions in its history. Brachiopods of the Barreirinha Formation occur in black shale layers (offshore), attributed to a dysoxic to the anoxic environment of high stress, which explains the low diversity of brachiopods in this unit.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Cambriano no Sudeste do Cráton Amazônico: paleoambiente, proveniência e implicações evolutivas para o Gondwana Oeste
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-06-15) SANTOS, Hudson Pereira; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
Transgressive events recorded in many cratonic regions marked the Cambrian period, hypothetically related to the glacioeustasy and/or the progressive opening of the Iapetus ocean (~600 Ma). Such events influenced the paleoceanography of this period, including the progressive biota evolution – the ‘Cambrian Revolution’. Although the Gondwana Supercontinent margins, entirely amalgamated in the Lower Cambrian (540 Ma), were flooded, the inner part of this supercontinent was emergent, probably triggered by postcollisional epirogenic uplifts. Epeiric seas covered subsiding areas with projections towards the interior of the Western Gondwana, developing shallow platforms that covered ancient colisional suture zones. In the southeastern Amazon Craton, the recurrence of platform environments dates from Upper Cryogenian (~635 Ma) until the Cambrian with the installation of glacial deposits, overlaid by carbonatic and siliciclastic successions. Despite the previous insertion in the context of a foreland type basin related to the evolution of North Paraguai Belt (650-640 Ma), these deposits have been included in an inverted intracratonic basin in the Ordovician. The bottommost deposits of the Cambrian sequences, here presented, are comprised dominantly by siliciclastic rocks. These consist in the Upper and Lower members of the Raizama Formation and the base of Lower Member of the Sepotuba Formation, Alto Paraguai Group, exposed in the central and northeast portions of the inverted intracratonic basin, Mato Grosso state. Two depositional sequences (DS1 and DS2) characterize the Cambrian successions of the base of Alto Paraguai Group. The DS1 presents as a sequence boundary (SB1) an erosional hiatus previously interpreted in the southwestern basin. This stratigraphic surface becomes a correlative conformity towards the central and northern portions, where this covers the Araras carbonates and Cryogenian glacial deposits from Puga diamictites. The SB1 represents an erosional or non-depositional period of approximately 80 Ma developed over the carbonates of the Lower Ediacaran Araras Group, related to the epeirogenic uplifts of the basin. A second thermal subsidence phase would have led to the installation of a siliciclastic platform during the Cambrian, characterized by DS1 composed by two facies associations denominated FA1 and FA2. FA1 consists of subarkoses, quartz-wackes and pelites dominated by wave and storm processes, inserted in the offshoretransition, lower-middle shoreface and upper shoreface zones. The presence of infaunal vertical trace fossils belonging to the Skolithos Ichnofacies (Skolithos linearis; Diplocraterion parallelum; and Arenicolites isp.) at the base of the lower-middle shoreface deposits indicated a Lower Cambrian age, or younger, to the Raizama Formation, previously considered as Ediacaran. The FA2 comprehends subarkoses, quartzarenites, sublitarenites, quartz-wackes and sandstone/pelite rhythmites interpreted as complex tidal plain deposits, unconformably overlaid (SB2) by braided fluvial channel deposits of (FA3), which belong to the DS2. The DS1 would have been deposited during lowstand to transgressive system tract, organized in progradational parasequences. This stacking pattern is not compatible with the traditional stratigraphy sequence for TST, which is attributed to a slow subsidence rate concomitantly to a high sediment supply indicated by the Skolithos Ichnofacies. Subsequently, a less expressive drop in the sea level promoted a progradation of distal braided deposits (FA3) over the DS1, related to the lowstand system tract (LST) characterized by an abrupt change of the tidal heterolitic deposits to medium and coarse-grained quartzarenites from fluvial deposits. Paleoflow data oriented preferentially to NE and SE obtained in coastal beds from FA2 and FA3 allied to the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic U-Pb detrital zircon ages have indicated provenance exclusively from SW and NW sources from Amazon Craton. Besides that, the detrital quartz grains analysis of sandstones of the bottommost Cambrian deposits indicate mainly igneous and metamorphic sources. Previous works indicated that the fluvial deposits of DS2 were succeeded by a transgressive system tract, marking this as the last transgressive event that influenced the Cambrian deposits of the intracratonic basin. Slowly, the ocean connection was interrupted as a consequence of the closing of Iapetus Ocean (~500 Ma) as a result of basin uplift. In this way, Cambrian epeiric seas were confined and consequently started the lacustrine phase of the basin in the Ordoviacian, represented by the Diamatino Formation deposits. Posteriorly, the intracratonic basin of the southeast Amazon Craton would have been inverted by the transtensional tectonics which propitiated the implantation of post-Cambrian intracontinental basins of the Western Gondwana.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Camp nas bacias dos Solimões, Amazonas, Parnaíba e Parecis, Norte do Brasil: implicações geotectônicas e deposicionais para o jurássico do Gondwana Ocidental.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-08-23) REZENDE, Gabriel Leal; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
Geological studies in conjunction with applications of geophysical techniques are being widely used to highlight and characterize CAMP gravimetric anomalies throughout Northern Brazil, including the Solimões, Parecis, Amazonas and Parnaíba basins. Interpretations of a residual gravimetric anomaly from these basins were used to expand the understanding of the distribution of CAMP throughout the subsurface. This study was carried out through qualitative and quantitative interpretations of gravimetric data, supported by surface geological information, mainly stratigraphic data based on outcrops. From direct gravimetric modeling, based on available crustal gravitational structure models to separate a residual gravity signal from observed gravity data, realistically detailed geological and tectonic features were interpreted, providing useful information for a geophysical interpretation of geological sources. With the residual gravity anomaly, a map of the elastic thickness (Te) of the basins was obtained, using a new procedure, presumably allowing some gaps presented in the current literature on the CAMP to be filled. For each Te value, the residual gravimetric signal was calculated, considering the surfaces described by topography and Moho for a regional model with standard density and discretized into prisms. The cross-correlation between the observed gravity signal and calculated gravity signal made it possible to obtain a map of the elastic thickness of the studied areas. The highest correlation value is directly related to the best value of elastic thickness and Moho depth associated with crustal deformation. Our study used a combination of these techniques to presumably define the possible extent of Jurassic magmatism, the basin rheology of igneous body intrusion and history of thermal subsidence that largely controlled depositional control during and after the CAMP. The presence of low gravity values is closely related to the less dense lithological units of the upper crust, while the high gravity values are related to high-density rocks correlated to the continental tholeiitic flood basalts of the CAMP. The use of residual gravity anomaly based on crustal modeling combined with previous geological data was effective in identifying the CAMP record in these Amazonian sedimentary basins. Furthermore, some gravimetric signatures correlate well with the main structural discontinuities, particularly with the Monte Alegre Dome and Xambioá, Serra Formosa and Vilhena arches, respectively, in the Amazon, Parnaíba and Parecis basins. This interpretation provides a reasonable explanation for understanding structural lineaments without exclusively tectonic connotations, assuming a new interpretation for the gravitational field related to intracrustal density contrast or residual gravity field for these basins. Eastern Gondwana was gradually uplifted by subvolcanic bodies of the Penatecaua magmatism in the Amazon and Solimões basins. In contrast, extrusive volcanism characterizes Mosquito magmatism in the Parnaíba basin interspersed with intertrap sediments. Information obtained from the elastic thickness map, Moho depth and residual gravity signal indicate a thinner crust in the Parnaíba basin favoring the magmatic eruption induced by a hot spot installed on the western edge of the basin. On the other hand, in basins with denser and thicker crust, magma accumulates mainly as sills, providing greater resistance to rupture due to the swelling of the CAMP. The Parnaíba Basin experienced three magmatic pulses at intervals of approximately 1 Myr, alternating with the development of aeolian-fluvial-lacustrine systems (intertrap sediments) during non-magmatic periods, indicating short intervals of magmatic resump-tion and cooling in the CAMP, contrasting with the longer and continuous magmatism in the Amazon and Solimões basins, which lack intertrap deposits. These results are important for a new disposition of the tectonomagmatic, structural and stratigraphic history for these basins, since from a new context or geological evolution for the area it will allow a better understanding of the studied basins in lava-sediment interaction, preserved from the Jurassic and related to the CAMP events, which preceded the main continental rupture in northwestern Pangea.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A capa carbonática marinoana do Sul do Cráton Amazônico: multiproxies aplicados na reconstituição paleoceanográfica e geobiológica do início do Ediacarano.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-08-30) SANTOS, Renan Fernandes dos; SANSJOFRE, Pierre; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
The post-Marinoan glaciation (~650-635 Ma) was the most severe event from the late Cryogenian period of the planet. The snowball Earth conditions induced a climate anomaly, triggering major changes in the paleoenvironmental and ocean chemistry recorded in the carbonate cap sequences. The dramatic effects on the global sea level were caused by glacial-isostatic adjustment (GIA) and ice gravity on the coastal zones associated with the ocean thermal expansion under greenhouse conditions. The fast input of meltwaters contributed to a stable density ocean stratification formed by hypersaline deep waters and meltwater surface layers. The ocean destratification occurred in a timescale ranging from tens of thousands to thousands of years. The Puga cap carbonate (~635 Ma), the basal deposits of the Araras-Alto Paraguai basin from the southern Amazon Craton, is revisited in the classical sections from the Tangará da Serra and Mirassol d'Oeste, Mato Grosso State. This succession is one of the best records for evaluating the supersaturation events under GIA and transgression conditions that controlled the accommodation space in the southern Amazon Craton. Sedimentological and stratigraphic data were integrated with new paleoceanographic, and paleo-redox data combined with diagenetic, crystallographic, geochemical (primarily rare earth elements and trace metals), and isotopic (whole rock 87Sr/86Sr, εNd(t), δ 13C, δ 18 O, Sm/Nd) results providing further insights to understand the post-Marinoan conditions. The Puga cap carbonate sequence spans approximately 90 meters, with the first 10 meters composed of glaciomarine deposits, diamictites, and dropstones from the Puga Formation. The basal contact with diamictites is plastically deformed, indicating rapid carbonate precipitation. The cap dolostone consists of stratiform doloboundstones with gypsum pseudomorphs and domal doloboundstones with tubestone, which were deposited in a shallow platform with intense microbial activity. Peloidal dolomudstone/dolopackstone with laminations parallel to bedding planes and peloidal dolograinstones/dolomudstone with quasi-planar laminations and low-angle truncation were formed in a wave-influenced shallow platform. The cap limestone conformably overlies the cap dolostone deposits, marked by dolomitic marlstone with calcite crystal fans (aragonite pseudomorphs) interbedded with mega-rippled limestone. The facies association of the cap limestone indicates moderately deep-water conditions dominated by waves and storms transitioning to a deep platform supersaturated with CaCO3. The main diagenetic process is dolomitization during syn-depositional and shallow burial stages. Rare earth element + yttrium patterns have been analyzed in these deposits. Low Y/Ho ratios (<36) in the cap dolostone suggest a mixture of meltwater and seawater, while the base records superchondritic Y/Ho values up to 70 and high Eu/Eu* values up to 3, indicating upwelling of hypersaline seawater with hydrothermal fluid interaction, suggesting dolomite precipitation during ocean destratification. The radiogenic isotopic compositions of Nd, combined with other proxies such as δ 13C and 87Sr/86Sr, indicate the influence of continental and marine contributions. The Nd isotopic system, less susceptible to diagenetic exchanges, revealed distinct signatures of water masses and enhanced weathering of the Amazon Craton during deglaciation. This process is indicated by geochemical trends (e.g., Y/Ho) and 87Sr/86Sr, εNd(t), δ 13C values. 87Sr/86Sr data in the cap dolostone range from 0.7264 to 0.7084, higher than pre- and postglacial seawater values. More radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr values associated with less radiogenic εNd(t) values, similar to those found in diamictites, reinforce coastal weathering contribution to meltwaters. This multiproxies approach is a reconciliation with the previous rapid cap carbonate precipitation model following the short-term timescale for ocean destratification. Redox-sensitive trace metal data, U, Mo, V, Ni, Cu, P, and δ13C isotopes, indicated paleo-redox states and paleoproductivity during the post-glacial transgression. The cap dolostone precipitated under oxygenated conditions with extensive microbial community contributions, transitioning to predominantly dysoxic conditions with wave action in the last deposition phase. The abrupt sea-level rise altered the biogeochemical cycle, indicating a direct relationship between oxygen production and rapid microbial community colonization. The rapid sea-level rise and continental weathering reduced seawater Mg/Ca ratios with substantial Ca2+ input, also demonstrated by εNd(t) values, causing the change of dolomitic platform to CaCO3 -supersaturated seas in the Amazon Craton margin. Additionally, low siliciclastic content in the cap dolostone is consistent with the siliciclastic starvation model, and the abrupt increase caused the decline of microbial communities coincident with the predominance of dysoxic conditions and longterm transgression. During specific Cryogenian-Ediacaran deglaciation scenarios, anomalous sedimentary and geochemical processes generated one of the most complex paleoenvironmental disturbances in the biogeochemical cycle. They strongly influenced the rapid primary productivity, directly impacting microbial life. The analysis of Precambrian scenarios in the Amazon Craton unraveling the extreme climates sheds critical light on extremophile life proliferation and has strong implications for understanding other planetary surfaces.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização geomorfológica estratigráfica e geoquímica da Planície Costeira do município de Itarema-CE.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2011-09-01) PEREIRA, Lamarka Lopes; FREIRE, Geoerge Satander Sá; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6803944360256138; 6803944360256138; EL-ROBRINI, Maâmar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5707365981163429; 5707365981163429
The Itarema coastal plain, situated at the western coast of Ceará, in the area dominated by the Cenozoic sedimentary cover. This thesis shows the geomorphological, sedimentological and geochemical features of this coastal plain. The Itarema coastal plain is subdivided in two major morpho-structural units: pre-coastal ¨plateaus¨ and coastal plain, that is subdivided into lithostratigraphic units, lagoon plain, tidal plain with and without mangroves, marine and fluvial plain, mobile and fixed dunes, beach ridges, tidal channels, sand bars and beaches. The supply and sediment transport in the area are closely linked to the climatic, meteorological and oceanographic conditions. The sedimentary, stratigraphy, geomorphological and geochemical data have been defined: (1) five lithological units: Lagoon Deposits, dune deposits, eolianits deposits, beach deposits and alluvial deposits and (2) seven lithofacies: mud sandy, mud, Sand mud, fine sand, medium sand, thick sand, conglomeratic sand-clay with different characteristics which have been drawn through the lateral and vertical correlations, thus allowing the interpretation of depositional paleoenvironments related to the evolution of the Itarema Coastal Plain. The analysis of the lithological units allowed the reconstruction of the processes indicative of a transgressive sucession prograded during which the lagoon-barrier system was installed on the system of alluvial fans, the bus of small streams, forming the lagoon plain, it was also noted that the lagoon has undergone changes in their size both by progradation of the barrier and subsequently by the deposition of sediments within the same wind. The Itarema coastal plain presents physiographic features of an coastal promontory or embaiments of central nuclei as a spiral, that would have provided the evolution to the current environment and the current model of coastline with beaches of the barrier beach-type and suggests that is occurring repetition in the construction of comparative morphology morphogenetic active in the region's past.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O cenozoico superior do centro-oeste da Bacia do Amazonas: paleobotânica do embasamento cretáceo e evolução do Rio Amazonas
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-11-08) BEZERRA, Isaac Salém Alves Azevedo; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
At the end of the Neogene and during the Quaternary, the development of the Amazon River caused significant paleoenvironmental and geomorphological changes that generated current ladscape at Amazonia. Previous models elaborated on a continental scale were based on data obtained from a drill core carried out on the Atlantic continental shelf, distant 200 km of the Amazon River mouth, suggesting the establishment of this drainage with Andean provenance from the Middle to Upper Miocene. In contrast, studies based on outcrops in the western and central portions of the Amazon have indicated younger ages for this ecosystem, from Pliocene to Quaternary. The sedimentological-stratigraphic study of the fluvial terraces of the Amazon River, exposed in the center-west portion of the Amazon Basin, assisted by luminescence geochronology, allowed to sequence the sedimentation events and discuss the paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic since Late Neogene. The studied Neogene- Quaternary deposits overlies Cretaceous rocks whose sedimentological and paleobotanical study revealed the preservation of impressions and counter-impressions of leaves and other macro-plant remains in pelites interpreted as flood plain and abandoned channel deposits of meandering rivers. The first record of angiosperms in this unit with possible affinities to the families Moraceae, Fagaceae, Malvaceae, Sapindaceae and Anarcadiaceae with appearance from Late Cretaceous, and the family Euphorbiaceae with record starting in the Mid- Cretaceous confirm the Cretaceous age for these rocks. The terraces of the Amazon River informally subdivided into lower and upper units are composed of sand, gravel and clay, organized in finning upward cycles representative of channel filling and overbank deposits. The lower unit was interpreted as a record of the proto-Amazonas, with migration to the east and deposition around 2 Ma. During this stage, the alluvial plain was restricted, preferentially following weakness zones coincident with fractures in the Paleozoic and Cretaceous basement. The climatic oscillations during the Quaternary and the increase of the volume of orographic rains in the headwaters region of the fluvial systems, in the eastern flank of the Andean ridge modified the hydrological regime, amplifying the escarpment erosion. The gradual expansion of the alluvial plain formed a large area of 120 km around 1 Ma to 140 ka, recorded by the upper unit deposits. At this stage, the eastern portion of the Amazon Basin topographically higher restricted the Pleistocene sedimentation in minimum accommodation space. The lower unit deposits are correlate in part to the Miocene-Pliocene deposits of the Amazon Basin, while the upper units are correlate with the Pleistocene deposits of the Solimões and Amazon basins. The dynamics of the construction of the Amazon River valley during the end of the Neogene and Quaternary was influenced by neotectonics (106 yr) and climatic oscillations (104-105 yr). The landscape of the central-eastern portion of the Amazon dominated no Pleistoceno by terra firme in elevated areas was governed by the dynamics of expansion and contraction of the alluvial plain. At the end of the Quaternary, the várzea formed by floodplains within the alluvial plain, which used to occupy a wide area, became increasingly restricted by the continuous processes of fluvial incision during the glacial maximum (18 to 22 ka). The continuous lateral migration of the meandering channel to the north led to the confinement of the channel by the fluvial scarps developed in the Cretaceous basement, which culminated in the current landscape in the Center-East of the Amazon. Testing the reliability and accuracy of some Pleistocene and older OSL ages for Amazon River deposits revealed that are much more minimum ages than buried ages for pre- Quaternary deposits.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A dinâmica dos manguezais no Nordeste do Brasil: uma abordagem a partir de dados de sensores remotos e SIG.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-11-27) PEREIRA, Edson Adjair de Souza.; SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3282736820907252; 3282736820907252
This study assesses the dynamics of mangroves in the northeastern Brazil in the last four decades from the classification of remote sensing images based on geographic objects (GEOBIA). This methodology combines spectral, temporal and spatial information of multi-temporal images to create consistent objects (mangrove areas) for a statistical analysis from classified images. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in mangrove forest cover in all states of the northeastern Brazil between 1975 and 2008, with regard to the increase or decrease mangrove areas in response to natural (erosion and accretion) and anthropogenic (Aquaculture / salinicultura) variations. In this study were processed and analyzed remote sensing images (RADAMBRASIL, ALOS PALSAR, TM Landsat and SRTM) from GEOBIA approach. During the studied period, there was a reduction of ~ 1,545 km2 mangrove forest area in 1975 to ~ 1480 km2 in 2008. This represents a net loss of ~ 65 km2, which is equivalent to a decrease of 13% in the mangrove forest area. Of the nine states studied, only Ceará and Pernambuco showed a gain in coverage of mangroves, while all others were reduced. Among the total mangrove forest area lost during the study period (~ 953 km2), the aquaculture/saliniculture ponds represent ~ 10%. Importantly, in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará the conversion of mangrove areas for aquaculture/saliniculture ponds already represent ~ 41% and 32% of the total area of mangrove lost, respectively. Therefore, it concludes that the methodology used to assess the dynamics of mangroves in northeastern Brazil from different sources of remote sensing data was extremely effective. New strategies for recovery and sustainable use of mangrove areas should be established in order to conserve this ecosystem for future generations.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeitos das mudanças climáticas nos limites austral e boreal dos manguezais americanos durante o Holoceno e Antropoceno
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-09-08) RODRIGUES, Érika do Socorro Ferreira; KAM, Biu Liu; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
During the Holocene, mangrove distributions were primarily controlled by climate change and sea level fluctuations. In particular, low winter temperatures in the subtropical coastal areas limited these ecosystems to expand beyond 30°N and 28°S in the North and South Hemisphere. Therefore, under the continuous warming trend during the Anthropocene, mangroves are expected to migrate to more temperate regions previously occupied by saltmarshes (e.g., Spartina sp.). The purpose of this Thesis is evaluate the effects of climate changes and SLR fluctuations on the distribution of American mangroves along the Holocene and Anthropocene, based on satellite and drone images, sedimentary facies, diatoms, pollen, geochemistry (LOI, XRF, TOC , TN, TS, C: N, C: S, δ13C and δ15N) as well 210Pb and 14C datings .To achieve the aforementioned objectives, studies were conducted on the tropical coast of southeastern Brazil - south of the Espírito Santo State (20°41'S), the subtropical coastal regions located on the north (26°6'S) and south (28°29’ S) coast of Santa Catarina, and Louisiana littoral (29° 09' N). The results of this research are presented in four scientific papers. The first one (see, chapter II) deals with the effects of global warming on the establishment of mangroves in the Louisiana littoral (29° 09’ N) during the Holocene. The second scientific paper (see, chapter III) shows southward migration of the austral limit mangroves in South America, according to the increase in minimum winter temperatures in the Anthropocene (southern Santa Catarina coast, 28°29' S). The third manuscript (see, chapter IV) assesses the impacts of sea level rise on tropical mangroves in southeastern Brazil (southern Espírito Santo coast, 20°41'S) during the Holocene and Anthropocene, using a multi-proxy approach. The fourth scientific paper (see, chapter V) addresses the establishment of mangroves in the São Francisco do Sul Bay (north Santa Catarina coast , 26° 6'S), in response to global warming in the last 1000 years. The results indicated a marine transgression off the southern coast of Santa Catarina (28°29’ S) and the Louisiana littoral (29°09’ N) during early Holocene. This natural process converted a lake into lagoons colonized by herbs adapted to an estuarine environment. On the Brazilian tropical coast, the middle Holocene high sea-level stand (2-5 m above the current level) was decisive for the establishment of mangroves. This comportment was observed in an estuary located on the south coast of Espírito Santo (20°41'S) where a herbaceous plain was gradually replaced by a lagoon surrounded by mangroves between ~6300 cal yr BP and ~4650 cal yr BP. However, between ~ 4650 cal yr BP and 2700 cal yr BP the lagoon colonized by mangroves on its margins was converted to a tidal flat occupied by herbs, palms and trees/shrubs reflecting the reduction of estuarine influence in the late Holocene, according to with the fall and/or stabilization of the RSL. From the last thousand years there has been a significant decrease in the occurrence of mangrove pollen in the sediments of the tidal flats of southern Espirito Santo (390 cal yr BP (1560 AD) and 77 cal yr BP (1873 AD), probably caused by a RSL fall associated with Little Ice Age (LIA). Paleoclimatic studies have indicated temperature fluctuations during LIA (380 to 50 cal yr BP) and MCA – Medieval Warm Period (950 to 750 cal yr BP) in the late Holocene and consequent change in the Brazil southern vegetation. These climatic events probably influenced the appearance of the mangrove genera succession in the São Francisco do Sul Bay (north Santa Catarina coast, 26°6' S). The effects of the sea level fall and/or stabilization during late Holocene were recorded on the southern coast of Santa Catarina (Laguna, 28° 29 ′ S) through changes in coastal geomorphology. In this same period at the Louisiana coastline (29°09 ′ N), sandy sediments (overwash sediments) were deposited in these estuaries reflecting the gradual migration of these sediments towards land likely a result of storm events. The position of RSL on the southern Brazilian coast (Laguna, 28° 29 ′ S) and north american (Louisiana coast, 29° 09 ′ N) from the middle Holocene were the same presenting suitable physicochemical conditions for mangrove development, as occurred on the coast of Espírito Santo (~6300 cal yr BP) and São Francisco do Sul Bay (~1500 cal yr BP). However, no mangrove pollen grains were recorded in the sediments of the current austral (Laguna, 28° 29 ′ S) and boreal (Louisiana coast, 29° 09 ′ N) limit of American mangroves during the Holocene. During this time interval, there was a significant contribution of organic matter of estuarine source in tidal flats occupied by Spartina sp. Regarding to global warming and RSL rise during Anthropocene an increase mangrove pollen of Espírito Santo sedimentary cores (20° 40' S) reflected mangrove migration to topographically higher sandy plains previously dominated by herbaceous vegetation. Regarding Laguna mangroves (current southern limit of the American mangroves, 28° 29 ′ S), pollen analyzes, 14C and 210Pb datings indicated that the mangroves were established under estuarine influence between ~1957 and 1986 AD, represented by Laguncularia sp. trees. Spatio-temporal analyzes based on satellite and drone images indicated that mangroves have been expanding in recent decades with the introduction of new mangrove genera. In our study area in São Francisco do Sul Bay (north coast of Santa Catarina, 26°6' S), palynological analyzes and 14C dating revealed that mangroves were established around ~ 1500 cal yr BP represented by Laguncularia sp. followed by Avicennia sp. (~500 cal yr BP) and Rhizophora sp. in the last century. This mangrove succession genera were likely caused by a warming trend in South America during the late Holocene and Rhizophora sp. by warming during the Anthropocene. In relation to the mangroves located on the Louisiana littoral, historical records indicated the presence of small shrubs of Avicennia sp. at the beginning of the 20th century. Currently, remote sensing studies coordinated by Cohen (2021) indicate a latitudinal expansion of Avicennia sp. colonizing areas that were previously occupied by Spartina sp. after two decades of warm winters. Therefore, mangroves migrated from the tropics to temperate zones as winter minimum temperatures increased during the Holocene. The Laguna and Louisiana mangroves (currently South and North American mangroves limit) were only established in the early and mid-21st century, respectively. Such dynamics were likely caused by the natural global warming of the Holocene and intensified during the Anthropocene. This process also caused a RSL rise which resulted in the migration of mangrove from lowlands to new higher tidal flats.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Estratigrafia e eventos da transição Neoarqueano-Paleoproterozoico da Bacia de Carajás, sudeste do Cráton Amazônico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-09-18) ARAÚJO, Raphael Neto; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
The Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic transition is marked by a series of paleoenvironmental, paleoclimatic and tectonic changes that resulted in dramatic events, which imposed to the Earth novel conditions, some of them with irreversible characteristics. On the paleoenvironmental aspect, it is highlighted the rise of oxygen in the hydrosphere-atmosphere system, onset the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at around ca. 2.45 Ga. The rise of this gas caused consequently the decrease of the greenhouse gases such as CH4, which promoted the emergence of glacial episodes at around ca. 2.45–2.22 Ga, generically termed the Huronian Glacial Event (HGE). Although several studies support the hypothesis that these glacial episodes represent the first global glaciation of the Earth's history (Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth), stratigraphic and geochronological contradictions impose doubt as to its global extension. Strangely, although this set of events is widely recognized in several cratonic areas around the globe, these events are still poorly understood and/or not yet reported in the Amazonian Craton. In this study, the stratigraphic, sedimentological and geochronological investigation of the volcano-sedimentary succession (ca. 5-km-thick) of the Carajás Basin, situated in the southeastern Amazonian Craton, northern Brazil, allowed the recognition and sequencing of some of these events in this basin. Two new units are being formally proposed to this basin: the Serra Sul and Azul formations. Glacial diamictite intervals of the Siderian–Rhyacian (ca. 2.58–2.06 Ga) occur stacked within the Serra Sul Formation, and are the first reported occurrence of glacial deposits of that age in South America. In paleogeographic terms, the occurrence of Paleoproterozoic glacial deposits in this part of the globe, expands the reach of these glaciations to the Amazonian Craton for the first time, although the Serra Sul diamictite may be correlated with any of the know Paleoproterozoic glaciations, or none of them. Well-preserved textures, such as glacial foliation and dropstone features, indicate that the deposition of the Serra Sul Formation occurred in a coastal subglacial setting, in which glaciogenic sediments were resedimented in submarine fan system, and through ice rafting process in distal waters of the marine environment. The Serra Sul glacial system was developed immediately above of pre-glacial strata represented by the Neoarchean banded iron formation and volcanic rock units, which not was the main substrate, but also was the main source of sediments to this glacial system. Additionally, the stratigraphic results indicate that the immediately above of the Serra Sul diamictite, rhythmite deposits of the Azul Formation, locally enriched in manganese, were deposited in a shallow marine environment (offshore and offshore transition/shoreface zones), as a result of the sea level rise during the deglaciation phase. The manganese-bearing strata were possibly deposited in association with black shale deposits—which allowed the formation of rhodochrosite during diagenesis—in deep zones of the marine basin. Petrographic and mineralogical evidences, supported by field observation, indicate that manganese oxides were secondarily remobilized through faults to zones with low strain and high permo-porosity within red bed strata of the Azul Formation, similarly to that observed in hydrocarbon migration. In stratigraphic terms, the Azul Formation represents the same interval previously arranged in the lower member of the Águas Claras Formation. This formation was redefined to designate exclusively sandstone, conglomerate and jasper conglomerate strata, deposited in a braided fluvial system, which occur in unconformably immediately above of the Azul Formation. Moreover, it is suggested that the Azul and Águas Claras formations are the stratigraphic record associated with a transgressive-regressive sequence (T-R). The dating (U-Pb) of detrital zircon grains separated from the Azul and Águas Claras formations indicate that Meso- to Neoarchean rocks, possibly of the Rio Maria and Carajás domains, were the main source of sediments. The 207Pb/206Pb Age distribution of the 76 concordant analysis of the Azul Formation indicate a youngest population at ca. 2.27 Ga, interpreted as the maximum deposition age of this unit. The occurrence of Rhyacian to Siderian zircon grains in this unit strongly suggest that the Bacajá Domain may have been a subordinated source of sediments, and in paleogeographic terms, suggest a possible connection between this domain and the Carajás Domain at that time period. The integration of the results obtained from this study, supported by previous data on the regional geology, allowed the proposition of a tectono-sedimentary evolutive model to the Paleoproterozoic succession of the Carajás Basin. It is envisaged that this basin evolved during the greater part of the Paleoproterozoic in a foreland style, as result of the collision of the Bacajá and the Carajás domains during the Transamazonian orogenetic cycle at ca. 2.2–2.0 Ga. The convergent movement of these blocks caused the gradual uplift of the Carajás protocontinent; the closure of the Azul Sea, and installation of a wide fluvial-alluvial system, in which the Águas Claras and Gorotire formations were deposited. This scenario of profound changes is directly related to the Columbia supercontinent assembly at the end of the Paleoproterozoic, that promoted the continentalization and amalgamation of the ancient landmasses that later formed the proto-Amazonian Craton at the end of Paleoproterozoic.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A evolução dos manguezais nos litorais Nordeste e Sul brasileiros durante o Holoceno
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-09-30) FREIRE, Neuza Araújo Fontes; COHEN, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8809787145146228
It is possible that climate changes and sea level fluctuations (allogenic processes) are and will cause major changes in mangrove dynamics. However, other driving forces may be significantly affecting this system. Distinguishing allogenic and autogenic influence on mangroves is a challenging question, because mechanisms related to the natural dynamics of depositional environments (autogenic processes) have strong influences on the establishment and degradation of mangroves. Thus, impacts on mangroves caused by autogenic processes may be erroneously attributed to allogenic mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the ‘fingerprint’ of global changes in modern mangrove dynamics. This thesis integrates palynological, geochemical, sedimentological data, 14C dating of sedimentary organic matter, geomorphological and vegetation data in order to evaluate the influence of autogenic and allogeneic processes on Brazilian mangroves during the Holocene. Tropical estuaries from Rio Grande do Norte and southern Bahia, and subtropical estuaries in northern and southern Santa Catarina estates with different climatic, geomorphological and oceanographic characteristics were studied. The Relative Sea-Level (RSL) along the Rio Grande do Norte reached modern level and stabilized at about 7,000 cal yr BP, allowing the mangrove establishment at the edges of the Ceará-Mirim River estuary until the nowadays. However, changes in the spatial distribution of mangroves have occurred since then due to channels dynamics in the region (autogenic processes). Considering the mangroves of the Jucuruçu River in southern Bahia, their horizontal and vertical distribution were controlled by the interactions of the changes in the RSL and fluvial discharge. Therefore, the dynamics of these estuarine mangroves during the Holocene was mainly controlled by changes in sea level and precipitation that affected fluvial discharge. These allogeneic mechanisms were the main drivers of the dynamics of these mangroves. However, during the last 600 years, factors intrinsic to the depositional system gained relevance by controlling the establishment and migration of mangroves by deposition and erosion of muddy tidal flats, abandonment and reactivation of channels (autogenic processes). In the case of Santa Catarina mangroves, the RSL rise up to the middle Holocene was decisive for the establishment of tidal flats appropriate for the expansion of saltmarshes. However, mangroves did not tolerate the Holocene low temperatures in the southern littoral of Santa Catarina. The pollen data indicate the establishment of mangroves with Laguncularia around 1,700 cal yr BP, followed by Avicennia and lastly Rhizophora trees, a cold less tolerant genus, around 650 cal yr BP in São Francisco do Sul, north of Santa Catarina. The mangroves of Laguna, south of Santa Catarina, composed of Laguncularia and Avicennia, were established in the current southern limit of the South American mangroves only in the last decades. No evidence was found for the presence of mangroves in Laguna during the Holocene. The establishment of these mangroves in the region probably started during the Anthropocene, as a consequence of the increase in minimum winter temperatures in southern Brazil. Considering changes in precipitation rates over drainage basins that feed mangrove estuaries, as well as trends in RSL rise and temperatures until the end of the 21st century, tropical estuarine mangroves will likely migrate to higher topographically sectors in the interior of the river valleys, where its extension will depend on the volume of river discharge interacting with the RSL rise. Subtropical mangroves are expected to expand to more temperate zones as minimum winter temperatures increase. This process should cause an increase in the diversity of mangrove species, such as the introduction of the Rhizophora genus in the current southern limit of the mangroves, positioned in Laguna-SC. However, in the case of high rates of RSL rise, the relatively new subtropical mangroves are also expected to migrate to topographically higher sectors of the coast.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fácies deposicionais, estratigrafia e aspectos estruturais da cobertura sedimentar paleoproterozoica na serra do Tepequém, Escudo das Guianas, Estado de Roraima
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010-12-09) FERNANDES FILHO, Lucindo Antunes; TRUCKENBRODT, Werner Hermann Walter; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5463384509941553; 5463384509941553
In the northern South America, occurs the largest continuous exposure of Paleoproterozoic sedimentary deposits related to the Roraima Supergroup, forming the Pacaraima Block with 73,000 km2. This siliciclastic succession of more than 2 km thick is inserted in the Guyana Shield, northern Amazon Craton, extending from in the border of Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname. Near of the Pacaraima Block occur isolated mountains with little-known siliciclastic successions of the faciologic and stratigraphic point view, which does not allow a better correlation with the Roraima Supergroup and, consequently, hinders the paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental reconstitution of the Paleoproterozoic in this part of Amazonia. Outcrop-based stratigraphic and facies studies in the Serra do Tepequém and Uiramutã region, State of Roraima, northern Brazil, allowed redefined and redescribed the lower unit of Roraima Supergroup as Arai Group. The Arai Group of approximately 400 m thick overlies acid volcanic rocks of the Surumu Group, is covered by siliciclastic deposits of the Suapi Group and has been subdivided into two formations. The lower one, similar in both areas, generally consists of polymictic conglomerates, cross-bedded sandstones with microplacers of hematite, and subordinate mudstones interpreted as braided stream deposits. In contrast, the upper formation, in the Uiramutã region, is composed of silty fine-grained sandstones with medium-scale trough cross bedding and convolute lamination deposited in a more distal braided stream environment. This unit, in the Serra do Tepequém region, consists of fine to medium-grained cross-bedded sandstones with mudstones, sandstone/mudstone rhythmites and subordinate conglomerates and breccias interpreted as coastal, tide-influenced deposits. The top of the Arai Group is marked by an expressive unconformity covered with diamond-bearing conglomerates and pebbly sandstones of the basal Suapi Group, interpreted as braided stream deposits. This study confirms the previous interpretation of a big braided stream system migrating to southwest in the central part of the Guyana Shield. In addition it could be shown that the fluvial system in its distal part (Serra do Tepequém) was influenced by tidal processes. The stratigraphy of the Arai Group has established the basis for a regional correlation included deposits of isolated occurrences in the Guyana Shield and points to the presence of a large intracratonic Paleoproterozoic basin connected to the open sea. The structural framework of Serra do Tepequém indicates that major sinistral oblique, normal and reverse NE-SW fault zones bound domains whose bedding dips mainly towards SE and NW. Regional scale forced folds are represented by kilometer scale kink bands and chevron folds compatible with upper-to-middle crustal level. These findings differ from previous regional models based on folding under ductile conditions related to collisional tectonics and evidence the importance of Guiana Shield early basement structures, reactivated probably during the K'Mudku event (~ 1.2 Ga).
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fácies e proveniência de depósitos siliciclásticos cretáceos e neógenos da bacia do Amazonas: implicações para a história evolutiva do proto-amazonas.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-06-23) MENDES, Anderson Conceição; NOGUEIRA, Afonso César Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8867836268820998
Siliciclastic deposits exposed near the channel of the modern Amazon River and overlaid by Neogene units have been attributed to the Cretaceous, formally named as Alter do Chão Formation. Integrated studies based on sedimentology, stratigraphy, trace fossils, petrography of sandstones and heavy minerals, as well as, U-Pb dating of zircon grains allowed reconstitute the depositional paleoenvironment and infer the probable source areas of these Cretaceous deposits in the Amazon Basin. Despite its wide geographical distribution throughout the Amazonas Basin, stratigraphic and sedimentological studies of Alter do Chão Formation were located in areas where there was not allowed a better paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic reconstruction. These deposits record the evolution of a large-scale fluvial system or “Big River”, with meandering pattern in the central-eastern Amazonas Basin, while in the western portion of the basin, predominate an anastomosed configuration with large overbank zones colonized by animals and plants. The recorded of this biologic activity are traces fossil of Taenidium, Planolites, Diplocraterion, Beaconites, Thalassinoides, adhesive meniscate burrows and excavations of insects and vertebrates, as well as, root marks. The fluvial succession consists of kaolinitized and locally silicified conglomerates, sandstones and pelites, grouped in eight architectural elements, Gravel Bar, Sand edforms, Lateral Accretion Bar, Levee, Channels, Crevasse Splay Lobes, Abandoned Channel Fills and Overbank Fines. The expressive terrigenous supply probably came of uplifted areas related to Gurupá Arch, eastern limit of the basin, and zircon grains ages range from 1.8 to 2.9 Ga, indicate the Maroni-Itacaiúnas and Central Amazon provinces as main cratonic sources of sediments. The massive sediment input reflected in the hundreds of meters thick of cretaceous deposits, extense for thousands of kilometres, suggests expressives drainages from the craton, feeding an approximate E-W-oriented "Big River”. Probably, the Late Cretaceous paleogegraphy will be similar to current configuration of the modern Amazon River, but with opposite migration, directioned to the Pacific Ocean. The unconformity between Alter do Chão Formation and Neogene deposits attests long period of subarial exposure in the Amazon Basin during the Paleogene, coincident with the development of lateritic-bauxitic profiles. Paleocurrent measures confirms the flow reversion to the east, in direction of Atlantic, during the Neogene. Additionally, the spectrum of zircon grains ages, ranging from 0.5 to 2.7 Ga, comparable to obtained for Quaternary deposits, indicates cratonic and mainly Andean sources, recording the beginning of the Amazon River. The results obtained here allowed, by first time, to propose a transcontinental drainage model for the Late Cretaceous, as weel as, to record the initial sedimentation of proto-Amazon river during the Neogene.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A fragmentação do Gondwana na região meio-norte do Brasil durante o mesozóico
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007-08-09) SOARES JÚNIOR, Adilson Viana; COSTA, João Batista Sena; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0141806217745286; 0141806217745286
South America, Africa, India, Antarctic and Australia continents formed a great and complex supercontinent called Gondwana at the end of the Precambrian. From the Mesozoic this mega-continent underwent extension and regional uplift with volcanism associated, resulting in triple junctions which evolved to rift systems. These events are related to the Wealdenian Reactivation or South-Atlantic event witch took place in the interior and the boundary of the South America plate, been followed by intense basic magmatism and extensional systems formation, with listric and planar faults. Some basin architecture are controlled by ancient shear zones reactivations. From Triassic the extension gave rise to uplifts associates to the magmatism in the weakness areas of the basement, including the Paleozoic basins in the northern Brazil. This event responds to the Pangaea break-up, the formation of the Central Atlantic Ocean and the individualization of the Laurasia and Gondwana supercontinents. The arm of the Central Atlantic in the South America evolved to rift system in the Foz do Amazonas basin and volcanism in the Parnaíba Basin during the Triassic and Jurassic. This rifting event died out towards the south and propagated to the Caribbean region, resulting in North America plate formation. From the early Cretaceous (end of Barremian and beginning of the Aptian), new phase of rifting is registred in the region, without linkage to the Central Atlantic. This had been increased the Foz do Amazonas basin and Marajó basin formation and a new phase of uplifting followed by volcanism and rifting concentrated at the Ferrer-Urbano Santos Arc, Parnaíba Basin, and the formation of the Gurupi Graben System (Bragança-Viseu, São Luís and Ilha Nova basins) and Grajaú Basin. This event includes two distinct phases: early rifting resulting in the formation of the Bragança-Viseu and Ilha Nova basins; and thermal subsidence with the formation of the São Luís and Grajaú basins, separate by short time span. These basins underwent rapid evolution, with sedimentary environment records since fluvial and lacustrine until transgressions. In the Lower Cretaceous continued the evolution of the Foz do Amazonas Basin witch the fragmentation propagating towards the SE, resulting in the formation of the Pará-Maranhão Basin and Barreirinhas Basin at the beginning of the Albian. This event is resposible for the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean individualization, with associated transgression in the Pará-Maranhão and Barreirinhas basins, as well in the São Luís, Ilha Nova and Grajaú Basins, controled by NE-SW fractures and faults in the São Marcos Bay and by partial collapse of the Ferrer-Urbano Santos Arc. During the Late Cretaceous it had reducted the extension at the Marajó Basin, stopped the fragmentation in the Gurupi Graben System and the South America and African continents were completely pulled apart, with formation of oceanic crust and passive margins in the Foz do Amazonas, Pará-Maranhão and Barreirinhas Basins. From the Upper Cretaceous, the east margin of the South America and the west margin of Africa had assumed its current configuration, withchanges related to drifting and to the Neotectonic.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fundamentos para o gerenciamento integrado dos recursos hídricos na microbacia urbana do rio Maguari-Açu com vistas à sustentabilidade hidroambiental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2012-08-24) SILVA, Valdinei Mendes da; ABREU, Francisco de Assis Matos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9626349043103626
The city of Ananindeua, as part of the Belém Metropolitan Region - BMR, has received the negative impacts resulting from the disorderly occupation of territorial space. The natural conditions of the region have been ignored in this process of urban settlement, which is verified by analyzing the current status of surface and underground water resources, which are being rapidly degraded, because of the lack of interventions, that are primarily that guarantee government control of these impacts or the implementation of actions merely reproduce historical actions without success. The analysis of socioeconomic and hydro-environmental conditions demonstrated the hydro unsustainability of this region, as well as the existence of the various conflicts that refers specifically to water resources. In order to counter this situation, are presented basis for the integrated management of water resources in the urban watershed of the river "Maguari-Acu," which seek to reach this sustainability. Such basis were structured in five (05) actions: 1) Division of BMR in six (6) river basin, 2) Environmental zoning in River Basin of Maguari-Açu, 3) Management of soil sealing and runoff, 4) Strategies of social organization for the management of urban watersheds and 5) management of information from the integrated data base. To support such basis, future scenarios were developed, anchored in the legal framework and the existing technological apparatus, instruments sufficient for integrated actions between the government and society in general, making it possible to undertake the processing needed for the construction or reconstruction of cities from principles of sustainability.
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Geologia e Metalogênese do Depósito Au-Ag (Pb-Zn) do Coringa, Sudeste Província Mineral Tapajós, Pará.
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-09-16) GUIMARÃES, Stella Bijos; KLEIN, Evandro Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0464969547546706; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4598-9249
The Tapajós Mineral Province (TMP) is located in the south-central portion of the Amazonian Craton and is considered one of the main metallogenic provinces of Brazil. A significant part of the province comprises felsic volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks and granites, which formed predominantly in two intervals, 2.02 to 1.95 Ga and 1.91 to 1.87 Ga, belonging to several stratigraphic and lithodemic units. Fieldwork, petrography, and high-resolution airborne geophysics allowed us to produce a new map at the 1:100,000 scale for the southeastern portion of the TMP, where the gold and silver (Cu-Pb-Zn) Coringa deposit is located. We identified two new geological units: (1) the volcanic and pyroclastic rocks of the Vila Riozinho Formation, previously attributed to the Iriri Group, including a facies defined here of this formation, which comprises a group of rocks with the largest magnetic content in the region (Vila Riozinho Formation - magnetic pyroclastic facies), and (2) the Serra Alkali Feldspar Granite, which intruded into the Vila Riozinho Formation (VRF). These units are the host rocks of Coringa deposit. The FVR rocks represent a magmatic arc with high K calcalkaline to shoshonitic affinities. There are similarities in the patterns of LILE and HFSE and the multielementar diagrams with the granitic rocks from Creporizão Intrusive Suite (CIS). The contemporaneousness between these units reinforce a possible petrogenetic correlation and converge to the hypothesis of similar sources, of probable remelting of arc rocks. Isotopic data revealed similar behavior between VRF, SAFG and Maloquinha Intrusive Suite expose similar behavior and present negative εNd values; however, it indicates rocks derived from enriched sources (ancient crustal rocks). Therefore these units had the same source during tectonic setting and crustal evolution of TMP. It is a transcurrent post-collisional stage that followed the collision of the Cuiú-Cuiú Magmatic Arc related to the Orosian volcano-plutonic event (2033-2005 Ma). Based on available geochronological information these units can be associated with a volcano-plutonic event that occurred in the Orosirian period, at about 1.98 Ga. The Au-Ag (Cu-Pb-Zn) Coringa deposit, occurs essentially in veins and veinlets whose match the regional trend (NNW-SSE). The host rocks are volcanic and pyroclastic rocks of the Magnetic Pyroclastic Facies (MPF) from the Vila Riozinho Formation (ignimbrites, tuffs, and breccia), and the Serra Alkali Feldspar Granite, with a predominance of the supracrustal rocks The hydrothermal processes affected all lithotypes associated with mineralization, producing distal alteration (carbonate-chlorite-epidote), intermediate-proximal alteration (sericite-pyrite) and proximal alteration (chlorite-hematite). The mineralized veins are generally composed of quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite + galena + sphalerite + electrum + chlorite + sericite. Gold grains occur as inclusions or fractures in pyrite. The fluids presents low salinity, rich in H2O and poor in CO2, with evidence of mixing (magmatic-meteoric), and the presence of adularia and Mn-carbonate are outstanding features of this deposit. All characteristic converge to confirm an intermediate- sulfidation epithermal deposit as a genetic model to Coringa deposit.
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Geologia e metalogênese do ouro do greenstone belt da Serra das Pipocas, Maciço de Troia, Província Borborema, NE - Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-12-13) COSTA, Felipe Grandjean da; KLEIN, Evandro Luiz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0464969547546706
At the Archean–Paleoproterozoic Troia Massif, in Borborema Province, NE–Brazil, two major Paleoproterozoic greenstone belts are recognized (Algodões and Serra das Pipocas). These share similar ages and lithostratigraphic characteristics with other 2.2–2.1 Ga greenstone belts of the surrounding cratonic domains (e.g. Guiana shield and São Luis–West Africa craton), and also host gold mineralization. In this thesis, a U–Pb zircon age of 2185 Ma was obtained for a pre–collisional metatonalite (Mirador tonalites) with geochemical affinity similar to adakites–like rocks. For syn– to post–collisional potassic plutons (Bananeira suite) we obtained U–Pb zircon ages of 2079 Ma for a deformed quartz monzonite and of 2068 Ma for the less–deformed equigranular granite. These granitoids of the Bananeira suite are both of high–K calc–alkaline affinity, and probably derived from partial melting of crustal sources. Zircon Hf crustal model ages of all granitoids range between 2800 and 2535 Ma, indicating that Archean crustal components contributed to their magma genesis. However, two analyzed c. 2.3 Ga old inherited zircon grains showing Ɛ_Hf (t) values of c. +4.9, indicate that crustal reworking of less–radiogenic Paleoproterozoic sources also participated. Gold mineralization in the Serra das Pipocas greenstone belt is associated with a regional NE-trending shear zone. The mineralized areas (the Pedra Branca gold deposit) are located near–parallel to the stratigraphy, siting on shear zones, between metavolcanic and metasedimentary unit boundaries. The main stage of gold mineralization is found in association with quartz veins, high–temperature calc–silicate alteration (diopside, K–feldspar, amphibole, titanite, biotite, pyrite, albite, magnetite ± carbonates) and albitization. Free–milling gold commonly precipitates in close association with magnetite and gold/silver tellurides. Two fluid inclusion assemblages were identified in mineralized quartz veins. Assemblage 1 is characterized by pseudo–secondary trails that show the coexistence of CO₂–rich and low salinity (0 to 8 wt% NaCl equiv.) CO₂–H₂O–NaCl and H₂O–NaCl inclusions, suggesting formation during phase separation (fluid immiscibility). The mean isochores intersection of CO₂–rich and H₂O–NaCl inclusions of assemblage 1 suggests PT conditions of 495 °C and 2.83 kbar (c. 10.5 km depth), akin to hypozonal orogenic gold deposits. Assemblage 2 is represented by late secondary low–temperature (Th<200°C) H₂O–NaCl inclusions, probably unrelated to gold mineralization. The δ¹⁸O, δD and δ¹³C values of hydrothermal minerals (quartz, calcite, biotite, hornblende and magnetite) define fluid δ¹⁸O values ranging from +8.3 to +11.0‰ (n=59), fluid δD from -98 to -32‰ (n=24) and δ¹³C values of calcite from -6.35 to -9.40‰ (n=3). Oxygen isotope thermometry for quartz–magnetite pairs gave temperatures from 467 to 526°C (n=7, average 503°C), which probably represents the temperature of gold deposition. The association of gold with magnetite and tellurides strongly suggests an ore–forming fluid sourced by oxidized magmas, similar to those interpreted as ‘orogenic oxidized intrusion– related gold deposits’ in other Precambrian greenstone belts (e.g. Abitibi and Eastern Goldfields). Four deformation events (Dn, Dn+1, Dn+2 and Dn+3) are recognized in the Serra das Pipocas greenstone belt. The Dn event is responsible for the early Sn foliation, parallel to bedding (So) of the greenstone pile. The Dn+1 event is characterized by a pervasive, southeasterly–dipping Sn+1 foliation that is axial–planar to a number of asymmetric, tight to isoclinal and recumbent folds. The Dn+2 event represents a transcurrent deformation phase and the late Dn+3 event is characterized by ductile–brittle deformation. The main stage of gold mineralization is found as deformed quartz veins and associated high–temperature alteration, but some lower temperature gold (±Te, Ag) occurrence along the late stage brittle structures (Dn+3 event) is also observed. The U–Pb titanite age of 2029 ± 28 Ma for the high– temperature calc–silicate alteration (and gold mineralization) is presented here. However, the strong Pb loss of titanite grains defines a 574 ± 7 Ma lower intercept age, evidencing that early gold mineralization were broadly affected by Neoproterozoic deformational events and metamorphism (Brasiliano/Pan–African orogeny). The U–Pb zircon age of 575 ± 3 Ma for syn–tectonic diques bracketed the age of late Dn+3 deformation event. Then, the progressive deformation recorded (Dn+1, Dn+2 and Dn+3) is probably of Neoproterozoic age, with the maximum compressive stress (ζ1) in the WNW–ESE direction. However, at local scale, Paleoproterozoic deformation records (Dn) still preserved. The genetic model for the Pedra Branca gold deposit is suggested here by a two–stage exhumation–drive gold mineralization; represented by a (1) early oxidized hypozonal orogenic gold mineralization (main stage) that occurred at c. 2029 Ma, shortly after the high–grade Paleoproterozoic metamorphism and first exhumation processes of the greenstone pile, and later on, at c. 580 Ma, a (2) late gold mineralization (remobilization?) occurred at shallow levels (second exhumation process) associated to late Neoproterozoic Brasiliano/Pan–African orogeny.