Artigos Científicos - IG

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Estudo de geração de campo uniforme para modelagem eletromagnética
(1998-03) CHAVES NETO, Antonio Maia de Jesus; VERMA, Om Prakash
In order to study the electromagnetic prospecting problems in geophysics through analog modelling, the full scale conditions are represented in the laboratory at a reduced scale according to the theory of similitude. Therefore, to investigate the problems of VLF, AFMAG and MT techniques, it is necessary to create a uniform field in the experimental set up. The systems studied generating uniform fields are a circular coil, a Helmholtz coil system, a solenoid, a rectangular coil, a plane of currents and a two parallel planes of currents. The percentage deviation maps were presented for all the systems studied here. A comparative study of these systems shows that the solenoid is the most efficient way to create an uniform field followed by a Helmholtz coil system. Nevertheless, the field created within a solenoid is a closed space where it is difficult to place models in order to carry out the experiments. Therefore, it is recommended the use of a Helmholtz coil system because it provides sufficient open space on an uniform field that facilitates the experiments.
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Morfoestratigrafia do noroeste da planície costeira de São João de Pirabas (Nordeste do Pará)
(2001) SILVA JÚNIOR, Osmar Guedes da; EL-ROBRINI, Maâmar
A sedimentary pattern, characterized by four marine successions, is identified at the northwestern portion of São João de Pirabas coastal plain (northeastern of Pará State) using morphostratigraphical analysis. The successions are: (i) basal retrogradational marine succession - SB, (intertidal mangrove muds, old beach ridges sand and tidal channel sand); retrogradational marine succession - S1, (sandy sediments of the shoreface); progradational succession - S2 (tidal flat and chêniers associated) and; actual retrogradational succession - S3 (dune-beach ridges, longitudinal sandy bars and bays, migrate over mangrove deposits). The evolution of this plain is related to sea-level changes associated with neotectonic movements since the Pliocene that gave origin to the SB succession during transgressive period related to Upper Pleistocene (?). The S1, S2, and S3 successions were developed due to transgressive and regressive cycles during last 5.100 years B.P. until today.
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Oscilações climáticas Plio-Pleistocênicas e sua influência na prospecção de ouro na área do garimpo do Manelão (PA)
(2001-07) SOUZA, Valmir da Silva; KOTSCHOUBEY, Basile
In the Manelão deposit the gold is associated with quartz veins hosted in the São Manoel metavolcano-sedimentary sequence. At period Plio- Pleistocene, under a humid climate, an autochthonous and immature lateritic cover was developed on the São Manoel sequence. This lateritic cover contains gold particules of high purity suggesting lixiviation or remobilization and redeposition processes of Au-Ag in a lateritic enviroment. During Pleistocene the climate changed to arid or semi-arid favouring the erosion of the lateritic profile through colluvial processes associated with periodical floods. This colluvial deposit cover lateritic profile destroying a possible geochemical disperson of pattern of the supergenic gold and harming the geochemical exploration surface. At the end of Pleistocene and beginning of Holocene the humid climate condition returned and associated with the intemperic processes form stone line and latosols. The lateritic and colluvial cover were the source area for the current alluvial material of the São Manoel river, in which the gold occurs free in the lower sedimentary strata and forms concentrations around 10 g/ton.
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Ocorrência de ostras perlíferas no Marajó, rio Pará
(2002-03) HOHN, Helmut; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da
The occurrence of perliferous freshwater oysters in the southern region of Marajó Island, at the mouth of Amazon River, is reported. The oyster's shell presents a thick layer of conchioline. A set of 12 freshwater pearls present white to dark gray colors with nacarous luster, some with golden metallic hue; sizes from 3 to 11 mm and spheric to cylindrical (with belts) to barroc forms. At long wave UV light, two samples present strong and one presents medium blue color. Paler blue colors are shown at short wave UV light. The inner side of the shell presents pale blue colors at both, long and short wave UV light. This occurrence represents, probably, the first important region in Brazil with natural pearls, opening a perspective for freshwater pearl cultivation.
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O Refinamento de Rietveld como um método para o controle de qualidade de minérios de ferro
(2002-04) KONIG, Uwe; POELLMANN, Herbert; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões
The Rietveld method is an innovative technique for quality control and processing. A Quantification of iron ores with 2 and more phases is possible in a fraction of the time needed till now. This paper shows the most essential bases to the conditioning, preparation and quantification of simple mixtures of hematite, magnetite, goethite and quartz as principle ingredients of iron ores. Special preparation methods are necessary due to the anisotropic hematite crystals. Different sample preparations parameters must be evaluated prior to Rietveld quantification, for instance, "side loading" or "back loading" are recommended. The duration of grinding depends on the respective ore and hematite variety, usually between 4 and 12 minutes. A quantification of a 3 phases mixture turned out well with a maximum relative standard deviation of 3%.
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Tectonics and paleogeography of the Marajó Basin, northern Brazil
(2002-09) COSTA, João Batista Sena; HASUI, Yociteru; BEMERGUY, Ruth Léa; SOARES JUNIOR, Adilson Viana; VILLEGAS, Javier M. Cahuana
The Marajó Basin area presents geologic and geomorphologic features chiefly due to the Mesozoic extension and post-Miocene neotectonics. The extension event with an Early and a Late Cretaceous phases originated four sub-basins that constitutes the Marajó Basin, with a thick continental clastic sequence showing marine influence. NW and NNW normal faults and NE and ENE strike-slip faults controlled the basin geometry. The extension, related to the Equatorial Atlantic opening, propagated into the continent along crustal weakness zones of the Precambrian Tumucumaque, Amapá and Araguaia orogenic belts. The neotectonic event is a strike-slip regime which developed transtensional basins filled in by Upper Tertiary shallow marine (Pirabas Formation) and transitional sequences (Barreiras Group), followed by Quaternary fluvial deposits and transitional sequences derived from the Amazon and Tocantins rivers and the Marajoara estuary. The current landscape has a typical estuarine morphology. The coast morphology presents sea-cliffs on transitional Upper Tertiary sequences, while inwards dominate hills sustained by Mid-Pleistocene lateritic crust, with a flat erosive surface at 70 m. In the eastern Marajó Island several generations of paleochannels associated with fluvial-estuarine sequences are recognized, while a fluvial-marine plain is widespread on its western side.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Geocronologia e evolução crustal da área do depósito de Cu-Au Gameleira, Província Mineral de Carajás (Pará), Brasil
(2002-12) GALARZA TORO, Marco Antônio; MACAMBIRA, Moacir José Buenano
The Gameleira Cu-Au deposit is hosted by rocks of the Igarapé Pojuca Group, Itacaiúnas Supergroup, Carajás Mineral Province, southeastern Amazonian Craton. This group is represented mainly by mafic metavolcanic rocks (MVR), amphibolite, biotite schist, banded iron formation and/or hydrothermalite and cut by intrusive mafic rocks (IMR) as well as by deformed Itacaiúnas granites of Archean age (2.56 Ga) and Pojuca and Gameleira granites of Proterozoic age (1.87 and 1.58 Ga). Zircon crystals from a saprolite (2615 ± 10 Ma and 2683 ± 7 Ma) and from an IMR sample (2705 ± 2 Ma) are coeval with those from gabbros of the neighboring Águas Claras deposit. Pb-Pb dating of whole rock samples and chalcopyrite from the MVR indicated ages of 2245 ± 29 Ma and 2419 ± 12 Ma, respectively, while leached chalcopyrite yielded ages of 2217 ± 19 Ma and 2180 ± 84 Ma. These ages are interpreted as due to partial resetting provoked by the Proterozoic granitic intrusions or by tectonic reactivation along the Carajás and Cinzento strike slip systems or alternatively, as due to total resetting provoked by the last one. The TDM ages between 3.12 and 3.33 Ga for the MVR and IMR, and the initial Nd ε (t) values of –0.89 to –3.26 suggest continental contribution from older crustal material and possibly magma generation in a continental rift or active continental margin environment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Use of synthetic aperture radar for recognition of Coastal Geomorphological Features, land-use assessment and shoreline changes in Bragança coast, Pará, Northern Brazil
(2003-09) SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are being used more extensively than ever before for geoscience applications in the moist tropics. In this investigation, a RADARSAT1-1 C-HH SAR image acquired in 1998 was used for coastal mapping and land-cover assessment in the Bragança area, in the northern Brazil. The airborne GEMS 1000 X-HH radar image acquired in 1972 during the RADAM Project was also used for evaluating coastal changes occurring over the last three decades. The research has confirmed the usefulness of RADARSAT-1 image for geomorphological mapping and land-cover assessment, particularly in macrotidal mangrove coasts. It was possible to map mangroves, salt marshes, chenier sand ridges, dunes, barrier-beach ridges, shallow water morphologies and different forms of land-use. Furthermore, a new method to estimate shoreline changes based on the superimposition of vectors extracted from both sources of SAR data has indicated that the shoreline has been subjected to severe coastal erosion responsible for retreat of 32 km2 and accretion of 20 km2, resulting in a mangrove land loss of almost 12 km2. In an application perspective, orbital and airborne SAR data proved to be a fundamental source of information for both geomorphological mapping and monitoring coastal changes in moist tropical environments.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização mineralógica e geoquímica e estudo das transformações de fase do caulim duro da região do Rio Capim, Pará
(2003-12) CARNEIRO, Bruno Santana; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; SCHELLER, Thomas; CASTRO, Elton Anderson Santos de; NEVES, Roberto de Freitas
The Capim region (Pará State, northern Brazil) is the most important kaolin district in the Amazon region, with the largest Brazilian reserves of high whiteness kaolin for the paper coating industry. The main ore (soft kaolin horizon) is located at a depth of about 20 m, being covered by a hard, iron-rich kaolin level, also called flint or semi-flint kaolin, besides a sandy-clay overburden. The beneficiation of this kaolin produces large volumes of wastes, composed mainly of coarse-grained kaolinite, deposited in basins that occupy extensive areas. The main objective of this work is to carry out mineralogical and geochemical studies of the hard kaolin, and to evaluate its thermal transformations through calcination up to 1500 oC. The results show a mineralogical composition dominated kaolinite. The evaluated thermal transformations allows us to describe a series of chemical reactions from kaolinite to metakaolinite and further development of spinel, cristobalite and mullite. For the two analyzed samples, such transformations can start at different temperatures as a result of the different chemical compositions, mainly the iron contents.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
The ceramic artifacts in archaeological black earth (terra preta) from lower Amazon region, Brazil: Mineralogy
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2004) COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; KERN, Dirse Clara; PINTO, Alice Helena Eleotério; SOUZA, Jorge Raimundo da Trindade
Several archaeological black earth (ABE) sites occur in the Amazon region. They contain fragments of ceramic artifacts, which are very important for the archaeological purpose. In order to improve the archaeological study in the region we carried out a detailed mineralogical and chemical study of the fragments of ceramic artifacts found in the two ABE sites of Cachoeira-Porteira, in the Lower Amazon Region. Their ceramics comprise the following tempers: cauixi, cariapé, sand, sand +feldspars, crushed ceramic and so on and are composed of quartz, clay equivalent material (mainly burned kaolinite), feldspars, hematite, goethite, maghemite, phosphates, anatase, and minerals of Mn and Ba. Cauixi and cariapé, siliceous organic compounds, were found too. The mineralogical composition and the morphology of their grains indicate a saprolite (clayey material rich on quartz) derived from fine-grained felsic igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks as source material for ceramic artifacts, where silica-rich components such cauixi, cariapé and/or sand (feldspar and rock fragments) were intentionally added to them. The high content of (Al,Fe)-phosphates, amorphous to low crystalline, must be product of the contact between the clayey matrix of pottery wall and the hot aqueous solution formed during the daily cooking of animal foods (main source of phosphor). The phosphate crystallization took place during the discharge of the potteries put together with waste of organic material from animal and vegetal origin, and leaving to the formation of the ABE-soil profile.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
The ceramic artifacts in archaeological black earth (terra preta) from Lower Amazon Region, Brazil: chemistry and geochemical evolution
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2004-09) COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; KERN, Dirse Clara; PINTO, Alice Helena Eleotério; SOUZA, Jorge Raimundo da Trindade
This paper carried out a chemical investigation of archaeological ceramic artifacts found in archaeological sites with Black Earth (ABE) in the Lower Amazon Region at Cachoeira-Porteira, State of Pará, Brazil. The ceramic artifacts, mostly of daily use, belong to Konduri culture (from 900 to 400 years BP). They are constituted of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O,3, Na2O and P2O5; SiO2 and Al2O3 together add up to 80 % and indicate influence of acid rocks, transformed into clay minerals basically kaolinite. The relative high contents of P2O5 (2.37 % in average) come out as (Al,Fe)-phosphate, an uncommon fact in primitive red ceramics, but found in some roman and egyptian archaeological sites. The contents of the trace elements are similar or below the Earth's crust average. This chemical composition (except P2O5) detaches saprolite material derived acid igneous rocks or sedimentary ones as the main raw material of the ceramics. The contents of K, Na and Ca represent the feldspars and rock fragments possibly introduced into saprolitic groundmass, indicated by mineralogical studies. The presence of cauixi and cariapé as well as quartz sand was confirmed by optical microscope, SEM analyses and by the high silica contents of ceramic fragments. Phosphorus was possibly incorporated into groundmass during cooking of foods, and ABE soil profile formation developed on yellow Latosols. The raw materials and its tempers (cauixi, or cariapé, feldspar, crushed rocks, old ceramic artifacts and quartz fragments) are found close to the sites and therefore and certainly came from them.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Caracterização mineralógica de azulejos de Salvador e Belém dos séculos XVI, XVII e XIX
(2004-12) SANJAD, Thais Alessandra Bastos Caminha; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; OLIVEIRA, Mário Mendonça de; COSTA, Walmeire Alves de Melo
The present article is a study about the mineralogical composition of ancient tiles from centuries XVI, XVII and XIX, found in Belém and Salvador, in order to interpret the possible raw material and burning temperature. Quartz was identified in all samples. Other crystalline phases found are mullite, cristobalite, calcite, anorthite, hematite, gehlenite, diopside and wollastonite. Based on the probable raw material and probable burning temperature it was possible to organize the samples into three groups: group 1 - kaolinite and quartz, T between 1200º and 1728º C; group 2 - kaolinite, calcite and/or dolomite and iron oxide or hydroxide, T between 900º e 1200ºC; group 3 - quartz, clay minerals (probably kaolinite), calcite and/or dolomite, iron oxide or hydroxide, and T between 1200º e 1565º C.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A turquesa de Itacupim, Pará
(2004-12) COSTA, Marcondes Lima da; CHOQUE FERNANDEZ, Oscar Jesus; TOLEDO, Maria Cristina Mota de; PASSOS, Camila Maria; PEREIRA, Patrícia Freitas
Veins and veinlets of aluminum phosphates with turquoise occur at the Itacupim Island in the coastal plain northeast the state of Pará. A thick mature lateritic iron crust rich in aluminum phosphates developed an apatite-bearing alkaline-ultramafic complex which constitutes the Island. The veins and veinlets are cm-thick, usually constituted by wavellite, fibrous to radialfibrous, with bony or porcelaneous aspect, and can turquoise. Pebbles of these phosphates inside of apatite-bearing ultramafic rocks are very common at the base of the hang wall, and locally form expressive agglomerates. Turquoise forms half spheroids and is bluish-green, microcrystalline, and is intergrown with kaolinite and Mn oxy-hydroxides. The mineral identification was carried out by XRD optic microscopy, chemical analyses by wet methods and by SEM/EDS. The lower CuO values, in comparison to turquoise elsewhere, are compensated by the higher Fe2O3 and ZnO. The spheroids display countless inclusions of micrometric goyazite or svanbergite. The turquoise relation to veins and veinlets with wavellite, goyazite or svanbergite, quartz and clay minerals, its porcelaneous aspect and well-known occurrence of turquoise in hydrothermal environment indicate that the Itacupim turquoise was formed by the same mechanism. It doesn't display any clear relationship to laterite profile. The color and compact aspect of this turquoise make it suitable for use as gems.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência da temperatura de formação do íon de Keggin no processo de pilarização de esmectitas
(2005) GUERRA, Denis de Jesus Lima; LEMOS, Vanda Porpino; FERNANDES, Erlyson Farias; ANGÉLICA, Rômulo Simões; COSTA, Marcondes Lima da
Clays pillared with Keggin ions (AL-PILC) have been synthesized at OH/Al=2 molar ratio and various pretreatment temperatures (ambient temperature to 105ºC) in order to determine the optimum preparation conditions of the pillaring agent (Al13). The evolution of basal spacing, FTIR spectra, TG-curves, surface area and pillars number in function of temperatures of Al13 formation were studied. It was observed an increase number pillars and surface area at low temperatures.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Geoquímica das águas da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Descoberto, Brasília/DF - Brasil
(2005-08) CARMO, Marcileia Silva dos Santos; BOAVENTURA, Geraldo Resende; OLIVEIRA, Edivan Costa
The objective of this paper is to investigate the physical and chemical quality of the water of the Descoberto River during the dry and rainy seasons by measuring pH, temperature, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, color, alkalinity and NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+, Cl- and HCO3-, and the elements Sr, Mo, Cd, Y, Ti, Ca, V, Mg, Fe, Si, Ni, Zr, Cu, Al, Cr, Mn, Ba, Co, Zn, P, Na and K. The results showed high concentrations in both seasons, with dilution along the course of the river, minimizing for a while problems that compromise the quality of the water of this source. However, a progressive deterioration can occur due to an increase in the discharge of pollutants, resulting from population growth, agricultural activities and other factors.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Bathymetric trends of northeastern Brazilian snappers (Pisces, Lutjanidae): implications for the reef fishery dynamic
(2005-09) FRÉDOU, Thierry; FERREIRA, Beatrice Padovani
The investigation of bathymetric distribution of five snappers caught along the Brazilian Northeastern coast by artisanal fleets through the analysis of the catch composition and relative abundance (CPUE) showed that, on the overall, fished mean size increased along depth and that particular species dominated the catch according to the depth strata. Mutton snapper, L. analis, yellowtail snapper, L. chrysurus, and dog snapper, L. jocu were mainly caught at intermediate depth (20-80m) whereas lane snapper, L. synagris, and silk snapper, L. vivanus, inhabit respectively shallow (<20m) and deep (>80 m) waters. Each fleet category exploited preferentially a particular combination of species and their size range. The fleet dynamic of the Northeast Brazil is technologically heterogeneous and determines the catch composition. Geographical distribution of the fishery and technical interaction between fleets and gears should be considered by the management of these species in order to maintain the sustainability of the stock and to guarantee the continuance of the resource.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Deconvolução de Euler: passado, presente e futuro – um tutorial
(2005-09) BARBOSA, Valéria Cristina Ferreira; SILVA, João Batista Corrêa da
In this tutorial we present a historical overview of the evolution of Euler deconvolution method consisting of three sections. In the first section, we recall the Euler deconvolution 2D and 3D classic formulation as a method to automatically locate sources of potential fields anomalies and point out the difficulties of this formulation: the presence of an undesirable spray of solutions, the empiric criteria used to determine the structural index (a parameter related with the source nature), the feasibility of applying Euler deconvolution to small ground data survey, and the determination of the dip and susceptibility contrast of geological contact (or the product of the susceptibility contrast and the thickness when applied to thin dike). In the second section, we present recent improvements aiming at minimizing some of the difficulties presented in the first section. They include: i) selecting the solutions essentially associated with observations presenting the largest signal-to-noise ratios; ii) using the correlation between the estimated anomaly baselevel and the observed anomaly itself or combining Euler deconvolution with the analytic signal to determine the structural index; iii) combining the results from (i) and (ii) to allow estimating the structural index independently of the number of solutions so that a small number of observations (such as in a ground survey) may be used; and iv) introducing additional equations, which are independent from Euler's equation to estimate the dip and susceptibility of 2D sources. In the third section we provide a short- to medium-term outlook into future developments. The main prospects are: i) furthering the improvements on the problems singled out in the second section; ii) developing methods to take vertical and lateral interferences into accounts; and iii) incorporating Euler deconvolution to constrain the source location estimates and use them in inversion methods to obtain a source delineation in a user-friendly computer environment.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Costa de manguezais de macromaré da Amazônia: cenários morfológicos, mapeamento e quantificação de áreas usando dados de sensores remotos
(2005-12) SOUZA FILHO, Pedro Walfir Martins e
De acordo com o Atlas de Manguezais, este ecossistema representa 8% de toda a linha de costa do planeta e um quarto da linha de costa da zona tropical, perfazendo um total de 181.077 km2. Este trabalho objetiva quantificar a extensão dos manguezais de macromaré da costa nordeste do Pará e noroeste do Maranhão, aqui denominada de Costa de Manguezais de Macromaré da Amazônia (CMMA). O reconhecimento das áreas de manguezais e sua quantificação foram realizados a partir da utilização de imagens Landsat-7 ETM+, adquiridas em 1999 e 2000 e de um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG). A integração dos dados de sensores remotos, dados geológicos e oceanográficos permitiu o reconhecimento de cinco setores geomorfológicos, que abrangem uma superfície total de 7.591 km2 de manguezais. Esta área representa a maior faixa de manguezais contínuos do planeta e corresponde a 56,6% dos manguezais do Brasil. Medidas prioritárias de conservação dos manguezais da Amazônia devem ser tomadas e pesquisas que busquem a melhor compreensão deste complexo e importante ecossistema devem ser financiadas e desenvolvidas.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Proveniência e idade do metamorfismo das rochas da Faixa Brasília, na Região de Tapira (SW de Minas Gerais)
(2006-07) SILVA, Carlos Humberto da; SIMÕES, Luiz Sergio Amarante; KRYMSKY, Robert Shamilevich; MACAMBIRA, Moacir José Buenano
The Brasília Fold Thrust Belt at Tapira area (SW of Minas Gerais State, Brazil) has four different litho-tectonic domains imbricated by thrust faults with vergency to the São Francisco Craton. Sm/Nd isotopic studies were undertaken and the results show different model and metamorphic ages for the thrust sheets. Rocks from the lower thrust sheet yield a metamorphic age of 543 Ma while the upper thrust sheet has a metamorphic age of 581 Ma. The TDM model ages are similar for both thrust sheets, between 1.7 and 2.2 Ga. Because of their lithologic characteristics, the thrust sheets are interpreted as having been deposited in a distal continental platform environment, their main source being Paleoproterozoic rocks of the São Francisco Craton. The upper thrust sheet rocks presents a metamorphism age of 612 Ma and a bimodal distribution of TDM model ages between 1.3 and 1.9 - 2.0 Ga, respectively. The lithologic and isotopic characteristics of this thrust sheet the rocks are interpreted as a result of deposition on a continental slope or oceanic floor environment, with mixed contributions from Paleo - and Mesoproterozoic rocks of the São Francisco Craton. In spite of the small number of analyzed samples and the uncertainties inherent to the Sm/Nd method the metamorphisms are not considered to be synchronous in the different thrust sheets. This is to be expected in a thrust belt system, in which the more metamorphosed thrust sheets are juxtaposed to less metamorphosed ones.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Petrography of gypsum-bearing facies of the Codó Formation (Late Aptian), Northern Brazil
(2006-09) PAZ, Jackson Douglas Silva da; ROSSETTI, Dilce de Fátima
An original and detailed study focusing the petrography of evaporites from the Late Aptian deposits exposed in the eastern and southern São Luís-Grajaú Basin is presented herein, with the attempt of distinguishing between primary and secondary evaporites, and reconstructing their post-depositional evolution. Seven evaporites phases were recognized: 1. chevron gypsum; 2. nodular to lensoidal gypsum or anhydrite; 3. fibrous to acicular gypsum; 4. mosaic gypsum; 5. brecciated gypsum or gypsarenite; 6. pseudo-nodular anhydrite or gypsum; and 7. rosettes of gypsum. The three first phases of gypsum display petrographic characteristics that conform to a primary nature. The fibrous to acicular and mosaic gypsum were formed by replacement of primary gypsum, but their origin took place during the eodiagenesis, still under influence of the depositional setting. These gypsum morphologies are closely related to the laminated evaporites, serving to demonstrate that their formation was related to replacements that did not affect the primary sedimentary structures. The pseudo-nodular anhydrite or gypsum seems to have originated by mobilization of sulfate-rich fluids during burial, probably related to halokinesis. The rosettes of gypsum, which intercept all the other gypsum varieties, represent the latest phase of evaporite formation in the study area, resulting from either intrastratal waters or surface waters during weathering.