IFCH - Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 299

Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Mito e política: notas sobre o conceito de destino no "jovem" Benjamin
(1994-01) CHAVES, Ernani Pinheiro
The concept of myth is one of the keys to understand the thought of Walter Benjamin. The aim of this paper is to follow its genesis from the first formulations of the concept of "destiny", as presented in Destiny and character, written in 1919. The present paper is divided in two parts. The first reconstructs Benjamin's arguments, showing them tobe within the domain of the theory of rights and their necessary insertion in a "temporality" mode, defined by "repetition"; the second part attempts to demonstrate that Benjamin's positions were closely linked to a political stand: their aim was, in name of an avowed anarchism, to fight against all nationalist "myths" (that brought Germany to war) and the need of "leaders" (Führer) for the people. Examples of this political bias, based on Benjamin's confrontation with Zionism, are presented.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Um projeto civilizador: revisitando Faoro
(1995) MENDONÇA, Kátia Marly Leite
Raymundo Faoro's interpretation of the formation of a ruling "bureaucratic status group" in Portugal and afterwards in Brazil is examined. Unlike his great contemporary Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Faoro's conception is "civilizing", it is argued: it is more concerned with the search of the "Other" than with proposals that imply the approval of the origins.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O espaço e o tempo feminino num dia qualquer: Belém 1960
(1995) ÁLVARES, Maria Luzia Miranda
Embora até hoje incipiente, não se pode dizer que o cinema paraense inexista. Alguns filmes realizados têm apresentado esparsas demonstrações, por vezes corajosas, de cineastas conterrâneos esforçados em usar a linguagem das imagens para captar aspectos documentais e/ ou ficcionais da sociedade, em épocas variadas. Libero Luxardo, paulista de Sorocaba, radicado em Belém desde a década de 40, insere-se entre os que já tentaram fazer cinema no Pará. Com uma obra premiada e clássica (Alma do Brasil - A Retirada da Laguna/ Mato Grosso/ 1931), pode ser visto competindo com alguns cineastas da sua época. Introduziu-se no meio paraense através da profissão que abraçara no sul, realizando documentários. Os filmes de ficção vieram depois, mas os dois gêneros usaram como background, a místico-exótica Amazônia. Uma de suas primeiras iniciativas cinematográficas para fixar-se no Pará foi Amanhã Nos Encontraremos, filme inacabado realizado na década de 40. Na segunda Interventoria de Magalhães Barata, o cineasta procurou registrar as benfeitorias governamentais dessa fase populista da política paraense. Entre os dados recolhidos da imprensa deste período, há notícias sobre os projetos a serem desenvolvidos por ele. Um outro dado muito significativo é dado pelo pesquisador Alfredo Wagner sobre a existência, na Região do Arari, de um caboclo que teria sido ator de filmes de Luxardo. A cinebiografia mais recente do cineasta aponta os seguintes filmes: Um Dia Qualquer (1962), Marajó, Barreira do Mar (1964), Um Diamante e Cinco Balas (1966) e Brutos Inocentes (1974). Da fase partidária e política, ressalta-se o documentário O Enterro de Magalhães Barata (1959), entre os inúmeros que realizou ao registrar as obras oficiais do governo baratista. O resgate histórico da passagem de Libero Luxardo pelo Pará está merecendo a atenção do pesquisador de cinema. Por ora, meu interesse em contextualizar sua obra deve-se a um tópico instigativo a ser desenvolvido: qual o olhar de Libero sobre as mulheres paraenses da década de 60 no filme Um Dia Qualquer? O tema pretende recobrir uma fase do cinema paraense, momento em que as mudanças culturais e sociais estão fazendo-se no mundo. Objetiva pensar também, nestes cem anos de cinema, as contribuições a ele dadas pela cultura paraense.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Gênero, o que é isso?
(1995) GUEDES, Maria Eunice Figueiredo
Aceitando o desafio que é discutir um tema tão complexo e ainda não bem delimitado pelos vários ramos das ciências, sejam elas humanas ou naturais, propomo-nos rastrear o conceito GÊNERO, no âmbito do seu significado lingüístico, passando pela utilização do termo pelos movimentos de mulheres e pela Academia. Neste caminhar, percebe-se uma articulação entre movimentos sociais, especificamente o Feminismo, e as concepções teóricas emergentes no Brasil hoje.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Abordagem biocomportamental: síntese da análise do comportamento?
(1997) CAVALCANTE, Simone Neno
This papel provides a general discussion of the biobehavioral approach as discussed by Donahoe, Burgos, and Palmer, (1993) and Donahoe and Palmer, 1994). It raises the hypothesis that a synthetic theory on the origin of complex behavior would show how the cumulative effects of relatively simple reinforcement processes lead to the diversity and complexity of human behavior. These authors used computer simulations to generate analogues of complex behavioral phenomena, integrated with neurological processes that have been established through experimental analysis. This integration between behavioral and neuroscientific findings may constitute a synthesis which might claim behavioral complexity as being of its domain.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Notas sobre o fenômeno depressão a partir de uma perspectiva analítico-comportamental
(1997) SILVA, Simone Maria Neno
Este trabalho aborda a depressão de acordo com o referencial teórico da análise do comportamento e, a partir do trabalho de Dougher e Hackbert (1994), discute alguns sintomas desse fenômeno em relação a conceitos e princípios comportamentais estabelecidos, sem a intenção de avaliar estratégias de tratamento. Basicamente, argumenta-se que no âmbito de uma perspectiva analítico-comportamental a depressão deve ser entendida como um conjunto complexo de comportamentos; um padrão de interação com o ambiente. Por essa ótica, não há como compreender o comportamento depressivo sem recorrer a uma análise funcional do mesmo em relação ao contexto particular no qual ocorre.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Campo minado: vidas esfaceladas
(1998) BARP, Wilson José
No presente trabalho, objetivamos discutir alguns elementos do fenômeno da violência na Amazônia, dentre eles: poder, dominação e espaço agrário. Ao situar o objeto de estudo no contexto brasileiro entendido como um espaço especial no interior da ordem nacional, estabelecer-se-á o pano de fundo para analisar a natureza desta violência. Iniciando a discussão sobre o fenômeno da violência, optamos por estabelecer, como pressuposto teórico, a concepção de alguns pensadores clássicos da ciência política. Mostramos que o fenômeno da violência não é novo e existem várias maneiras de concebê-lo. Ademais, ao introduzirmos na reflexão autores contemporâneos com diferenciadas abordagens, constatamos que geralmente a violência acompanha a dominação e o poder. Observamos que as práticas de violência transcendem as diferenças de classes sociais ou ideológicas. Posteriormente, procurou-se conceituar o espaço agrário e identificar as atuações dos diferentes agentes sociais no caso da Amazônia brasileira. Passo seguinte, tentamos conciliar os métodos quantitativo e qualitativo nas análises. Relaciona-se o desmatamento às diferentes formas de violência na Região Amazônica. Constata-se que os Estados que sofreram as maiores agressões contra a floresta são, pela ordem, Pará e Rondônia que foram responsáveis também pelos maiores massacres, na mesma ordem. Assim, detalhamos os fatos que envolveram o massacre de Corumbiara-RO e de Eldorado dos Carajás-PA e as alternativas encontradas pelas vítimas que sobreviveram a chacinas na busca pela terra na fronteira. Finalmente, analisamos as tendências da violência no contexto da Amazônia.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Interação entre irmãos em situação de cuidados formais
(1999) FERREIRA, Eleonora Arnaud Pereira; METTEL, Thereza Pontual de Lemos
This research aims at describing the characteristics of families where older children are responsible for carrying out chores and looking after their younger siblings while in their parents absence. Twenty families from Vila Paranoá (a slum in the outskirts of Brasília, Brasil), with one to sixteen year-old children were the subjects of this study. The data were picked up from interviews and sessions of systematic observation of behavior in natural environment. These sessions were carried out during lunch time. The analysis placed emphasis on family organization, performance in home tasks and sibling interation. It has been possible to classify the families into three qualitative groups. The results are discussed in terms of need considering factors of social order in the analysis of family group.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Escala de significado do dinheiro: desenvolvimento e validação
(1999-08) MOREIRA, Alice da Silva; TAMAYO, Alvaro
The lack of reliable measurement tools has delayed the development of psychological research about money and related phenomena. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a Meaning of Money Scale. To develop the scale, preliminary data were collected using a heterogeneous sample of 61 subjects and organised through procedure including content, combinatory, semantic, by judges, and based on social sciences theoretical analysis. This resulted in a 10 factors hypothetical model. The scale was validated in a heterogeneous sample with 1464 subjects from all Brazilian regions. Results pointed to an orthogonal multifactorial structure, separately confirmed to men and women, and composed by 9 components: Cronbach alpha ranged from 0,70 to 0,88 to 6 components, and the others were 0,66, 0,67 and 0,57. Comparing to previous studies, this scale presents advances and generates new possibilities to psychological research about money related subjects.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Perversidades da ausência: política habitacional na Região Metropolitana de Belém
(1999-12) RAVENA, Nírvia
O tema central abordado pela autora é a política habitacional na região metropolitana de Belém, buscando entender a relação entre a retomada do processo decisório e de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas em um contexto democrático e os movimentos de ocupação de áreas urbanas. Nas discussões são considerados, então, duas instâncias: uma relacionada à dinâmica da formulação de políticas habitacionais nas instituições estatais e outra que busca entender a representação que os “ocupantes” dos espaços invadidos têm desse processo.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Faoro e o encontro entre ética e política
(1999-12) MENDONÇA, Kátia Marly Leite
The ethical question is central in Raymundo Faoro's writings argues the Author, for whom Faoro's work, since his classic Os Donos do Poder forty years ago, shows his quality as a political educator throughout.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fronteiras entre análise do comportamento e fisiologia: Skinner e a temática dos eventos privados
(2000) TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; TEIXEIRA, Eveny da Rocha; MACIEL, Josiane Miranda
This study examines B. F. Skinner´s references to physiology in publications dealing with private events, in order to identify elements for a clearer definition of the relations between behavior analysis and physiology. Skinner´s contributions were analyzed with reference to six thematic categories: a) biological variables as constitutive, albeit non-defining properties of private behavioral phenomena; b) the autonomous nature of the behavioral-analytical approach in the face of biological/physiological facts; c) limits of behavior control by internal/physiological events; d) private behavior as behavior of the organism as a whole; e) a distinction between privileged access and privileged knowledge; f) retention of the behavioral analytical approach in applied behavior analysis. Skinner´s propositions concerning the described categories are discussed as original in defining the field of a science of behavior and capable of providing a coherent guide for establishing clear-cut limits between behavior analysis and physiology as independent and complementary disciplines.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O antropólogo Herbert Baldus
(2000) SILVA, Orlando Sampaio
Herbert Baldus was a German-Brazilian anthropologist who played an important role in the development of anthropological research and knowledge in Brazil. His scientific work was intimately linked to his own life, spent mostly in this country, where he devoted himself to teaching, to research and scientific divulgation, as well as to the establishment of an official Indian policy bent on the preservation of indigenous populations. His theoretical contributions ranged from initial investigations on material culture and non-material culture to functional and structural approaches, while he also established the foundations for the study of cultural change of Indian societies in contact situations.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O imaginário social sobre a Amazônia: antropologia dos conhecedores
(2000-09) SÁ, Samuel Maria de Amorim e
The text is grounded on a theoretical base that sees the imaginary as a part of social reality and a pertinent way of shaping knowledge makers. Reference is made to situations and authors that address this topic directly or indirectly. One vein also explores the social imaginary regarding public health. The conclusion underscores the importance of the imaginary in averting an a-critical consumer-society importation of solutions. Instead, institutions or solutions should be sourced from both the outside and the inside, or from endogenous and exogenous traditions, as part of a continuous reprocessing.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Comportamento privado: acessibilidade e relação com comportamento público
(2001) SIMONASSI, Lurismario Ernesto; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury; SILVA, André Vasconcelos da
This study empirically analyzed behaviors inaccessible to public observation. Using a procedure that experimentally turned public previously covert responses through the resolution of problems, it was possible to verify 1) the effectiveness of contingencies programmed to turn public previously covert precurrent responses; 2) the relationship between covert verbal responses and programmed contingencies; and, 3) the subsequent probability of behaviors under control of stimuli generated by the covert response to be positively reinforced. Sixty-four human subjects distributed in two conditions Complex and Simple participated in the study. After each attempt, informative responses and written responses about the resolution of problems were obtained. The results show that task complexity did not interfere with the private characteristic of the responses and that the social contingencies turned public the precurrent responses in the problem resolution. This procedure gives empirical evidence to some propositions established by radical behaviorists and offers new questions for the discussion of private events.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desempenho de crianças do ensino fundamental na solução de problemas aritméticos
(2001-06) OLIVEIRA, Marinalva Silva; TOURINHO, Emmanuel Zagury
Performance of children of the elementary school in arithmetics problems solving This study compared the performance of students of the first year of the elementary school (groups 1F and 1IN) and students of the second year of elementary school (groups 2F and 2IN), tested at the beginning (IN) or at the end of the school year (F), in mathematical problems solving. Thirty eight participants divided into 4 groups were submitted to the same procedure, that consisted in mathematical problems oral presentation. After each answer the participants were asked about form of solution. Data was analysed related to the amount of correct answers and the strategies employed. Correct answers and the use of writing were more frequent in Group 2F and less frequent in Group 1IN. Groups 2F and 1F showed a more frequent use of algorithms. Results also show a better performance of Group 1F related to Group 2IN, suggesting that the history of recent frequency to school favours the performance of the participants.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
A SUDAM e a crise da modernização forçada: reforma do estado e sustentabilidade na Amazônia
(2001-06) BRITO, Daniel Chaves de
This article presents a study of the crisis of the politics of development of the Amazônia. In a first level, it focus in the perspective of the State reform in the 1990s; in a second level it relates that perspective to the need of building a structure that makes possible developmental action based on proposals of sustainability. The analysis ends with the presentation of some proposals of reform made by developmental institutions (SUDAM/BASA) and, in this context, it shows the difficulties to transform a system that has been based on patrimonial principles in its political actions.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Perigo, probabilidade e oportunidade: a linguagem dos riscos na mídia
(2002) SPINK, Mary Jane Paris; DANTAS, Benedito Medrado; MÉLLO, Ricardo Pimentel
Based on the assumption that risk is a central concept in contemporary society, the study aims to understand the role of the media in the circulation and consolidation of the language of risks. The Folha de S. Paulo, a major Brazilian newspaper, was used as a source of data. Research procedures involved: 1) mapping the diversity of terms used for talking about the possibility of occurrence of events seen as occasions for loss or gain; 2) diachronic analysis of a representative sample of news-items with the word risk on the title (1921-1998); 3) analysis of the use of the language of risks by subject area (CD-Rom Folha, 1994-1997). The results suggest that the use of the language of risks in the media is recent and diversified with emphasis on both, the formal language of risk calculations and its metaphoric use for talking about disorder in contemporary society.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Autoridade médica e divulgação científica no Grão-Pará flagelado pelo cólera: século XIX
(2002-06) BELTRÃO, Jane Felipe
The increment of the Cholera epidemic in 1855 in Grão-Pará started a strong debate among the doctors of the Province regarding the conduct and treatment for the sick. Besides the academic discussion, therapeutical information was largely published in the local press. The documents appearing in the newspapers reveal a pedagogical and persuasive nature. In the Grão-Pará, voices of such nature were heard in the Treze de Maio and in the Diario do Gram Pará. in Rio, the capital of the Empire at the time, the debate took place in the pages of Jornal do Commercio and the Diario do Rio de Janeiro. The paper presents the efforts of science writing based on medical authority of the professionals at work during the Cholera epidemis in Grão-Pará.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Escola experimental de primatas
(2002-07) GALVÃO, Olavo de Faria; BARROS, Romariz da Silva; ROCHA, Aline Cardoso; MENDONÇA, Mariana Barreira; GOULART, Paulo Roney Kilpp
Equating, metaphorically, the terms "lab" and "school", this article presents an experimental research program aiming to develop procedures to build symbolic repertories in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). The metaphor "lab-school" arises from the similarity of the training procedures, used to teach discriminations or stimulus relations, to teaching programs used to introduce gradually more complex tasks. The challenge has been to keep the behavior of the "learners" under the control of the task properties, as programmed by the experimenter. Results document the acquisition of generalized identity and indicate the possibility of teaching more complex repertoires that are prerequisite for symbolic behavior and the possible application of the developed technology in teaching such repertoires to persons with difficulties to develop conventional symbolic functioning.