Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal - PPGCAN/Castanhal
URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2335
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal (PPGCAN) é um programa do Campus Universitário de Castanhal (CCAST) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) e Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). O Programa iniciou o nível de Mestrado em 1999 junto à CAPES/MEC, tendo aprovação de sua proposta de Doutorado junto à agência em 2008, com início da primeira turma em 2009, o que certamente contribuirá à formação de massa crítica regional.Se caracteriza por apresentar um conjunto de disciplinas que repassam aos alunos um embasamento teórico e prático, capacitando os mesmos a aplicarem os conhecimentos adquiridos no avanço regional da produção animal. Direcionando as linhas de pesquisa do curso à nutrição, biotecnologia, pastagens, conservação de recursos genéticos, reprodução, sanidade animal, bovinocultura, bubalinocultura, animais silvestres, ecologia aquática e aquicultura.
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Crescimento e produção de pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, sob diferentes densidades de estocagem em associação com búfalas leiteiras(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2001-10) IMBIRIBA, Emir Palmeira; LOURENÇO JÚNIOR, José de Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2919433679918544With the objective of evaluating four stock densities of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) and to identify the one that provides the best productive performance, in length and weight gain to make possible its intensive culture, a research was carried out, during 360 days. using the densities of 5, 10, 15 and 20 fishes per 100 m2 of inundate area. Live tilapias (Tilapia nilotica), captured in a dam used for milk buffaloes management, equivalent to 6% of the pirarucu live weight, were used during four days per week. The design was completely randomized with four treatments and two replications. The data were analyzed on the basis of the application of the exponential model of growth. Mathematical expressions were obtained for each stockage density. Simple linear regression analysis were made. - However, until the first 120 days, no significant difference in weight could be observed among the four study densities. The values of the angular coefficient of the relation weight/length of pirarucu showed that its growth is of the allometric type. The maximum total size was 107.66 cm and the maximum weight was 13.43 kg, in the density of five fishes per 100 m2. However, the highest biomass, of 85.69 kg per 100 m2, was observed in the density of 10 fishes per 100 m2, suggesting that this density would be the most adequate for using in intensive systems. The excellent ponderal development of pirarucu, indicates the potential use of this species, in intensive systems associated with buffaloes.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmica populacional do pargo, Lutjanus purpureus Poey, 1875 (Pisces: Lutjanidae) na plataforma norte do Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-05-20) SOUZA, Rosália Furtado Cutrim; IVO, Carlos Tassito Correa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0470299408088177; SOUZA, Raimundo Aderson Lobão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4922849102516924Growth, mortality, biometry and reproduction of the red snapper, Lutjanus purpureus was researched from samples obtained from landings of commercial catches in the northern Brazilian coast with auspicious of REVIZEE program and Biology and Fishing of the red snapper in the northern Brazilian Project of the CEPNOR/IBAMA . Total and zoological length data obtained from approximately 500 individuals were collected monthly in the cities of Belém, Vigia and Bragança, from January 1999 to December 2000. Sub-samples of 150 fishes were obtained monthly from April 1998 to January 2000 to study reproduction and biometry. In the CEPNOR/IBAMA laboratory were carried out biometry, identification of sexy type and gonadal maturation stages. The total of 16. 733 specimens, presents percentile superiors at 50% of young individuals. The amplitude of total class varied from 13 to 112 cm of length and the length averages were 45,72 cm and 51,91 cm, respectively for the year of 1999 and 2000. The morphometric and weight/length relationships show positive allometry. The weight/length relation of male and female differ significantly from Student statistic method. The reproduction was researched determining the sexual proportion under chisquare statistics, the size of first maturation and spawning period, that was analyzed temporal variation of frequency of the gonadal stages and gonadal-somatic relation. The whole research period was observed a female predominance in the month analysis only in April 1998, May and June 1999 do not present significant differences between male and female. In sexual proportion, by class length the predominance of female was highly significant from 28 to 45 cm. The total length class of first maturation was estimated between 43 a 46 cm from females by graphic extrapolation method and the 43,67 cm by adjust of Galton ogive. The reproductive period was defined in two points, one more intense in the second quarter of the year, with a larger amplitude in may/1998 and another one reduced in the fourth quarter same year. Growth parameters were estimated by ELEFAN I system, Bhattacharya, Gulland & Holt and Appeldoorn methods in FiSAT program. The Appeldoorn method presents the better adjust to red snapper with value of L= 115 cm, K= 0,091 year-1, and determine von Bertalanffy equation Lt = 115 (1-e 0,091t-to). The natural mortality was estimated in 0,25 year-1 e 0,31 year-1 by Pauly and Rikhter & Efanov equations, respectively. The total mortality estimated by converted length in curve of linearized catch and Beverton & Holt method reached values of 0,59; 0,664 respectively. Mortality by fishing and exploitation rate were also calculated and obtained values F = 0,34 year1 e E = 0,57. The longevity estimated by Taylor equation was 33 years. The red snapper presents slow growth and longevity life with periodic spawn. The fishing in the northern Brazilian coast happen high percentile of young fishes. That can contribute to overfishing growth , compromising the sustentability of the species and the fishing activity in the northern Brazilian coast. It is indispensable to adopt regulation measures to red snapper fishing, at least about minimum size capture.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Perfil da nutrição mineral dos rebanhos leiteiros, na microrregião de Castanhal e no município de Uruará, Estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2002-12-10) MANESCHY, Rosana Quaresma; CARDOSO, Elyzabeth da Cruz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8805703740727765This study is part of a research project entitled “Sustentability of milk cattle production into the agriculture family systems in the Amazon eastern region” developed by Embrapa with objective to evaluate problems envolving small and medium farms in the micro-region of Castanhal (local 1) and in the county of Uruará (local 2), State of Para, Brazil. The objectives of this research were define the features and effected the mineral supplementation, analyze the mineral content of forage (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) planted in two different regions during the dry and rainy season of the year and identified the practical factors of restriction of mineral nutrition management used by farmers. There were developed two studies, in the first were study the localities using the questionnaire/interview methodology when defined the features that define the mineral supplementation used in the both locals. The dates gotten by questionnaire/interview permited obtain twenty-two important variables that were grouped in four main groups to characterize the practical management of mineral supplementation used in the two different locals. There was used descriptive statistic and the Qui-square test at 5% of probability for determination of the degree of significance when the different locals variables were compared. In the second study the pastures (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) in two locals samples of forage were harvested in two different periods of the year, end of dry season (November of 1998) and end of rainy season (June of 1999) with objective to analyses the calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), cupper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mg) and cobalt (Co). A casual randomized design was used to compare the regions (local 1 and local 2) and for seasons (dry and rainy) was used a sub-plots design. The variance analyses was carried by the method of minimum square and the test of Fisher (F) was used to obtain the significance considering 5% as probability of effect. The Tukey’s test was used to compared the medium values. That was observed for both properties a high cost of mineral mixture used by farmers and this means an important significance in the economic costs for cows during the lactation period. In the local 1, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu did not attempt the P, Na, Cu and Zn requirements for dairy cows during the lactation period and this is an indicative to procedure the mineral supplementation in a mineral feeder. The milk production is important for the economy of this region and farmers have problems to understand how in important supply different mineral mixtures for animals in different stages of production. Particularly in this micro-region was observed low concentration of P in the forage during the rainy season and this observation disagree from the other experiments concluded in this region, and can be an important problem during this period when the forage is more available and the level of protein and energy in the animal diet is high than an more intensive P imbalance can be present and this evidence is one more important feature responsible for low productivity of livestock. In the local 2, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu did not attempt the P, Na and Cu requirements proposed by NRC (1996) for beef cattle, cows during the lactation period what indicated the importance to procedure the mineral supplementation in a mineral feeder. In this region was observed a low intake of mineral supplement and the condition of mineral feeder was neglected. The location of mineral feeder inside the enclosure, the limitation of animal access permited only during the milking activities were problems that indicated the reason to low intake of mineral supplement by cows. It was indicated a change of this management for one system that provide the mineral supplementation as the cows requirement. The main anormality frequency observed was abnormal appetite that was characterized when another problems were related which ould be characterized in reproduction problems, loss of appetite, bone abnormalities, and low body weight of the animals. These problems were more intensive when clinical deficiency of P and Cu were suggested.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação da técnica de aspiração ovocitária transvaginal (Ovum Pick Up) e produção in vitro de embriões da raça nelore (Bos taurus indicus) oriundos de doadoras com alterações da fertilidade(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2003-09-11) SOUSA, Alysson Jorge de Oliveira; OHASHI, Otávio Mitio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5547874183666459The objective of this experiment was evaluate the possibility of the use of zebu cattle females with raised genetic quality presenting problems of fertility, acquired after a program of conventional transference of embryos, as oocyte donors in a program of Ovum Pick Up and In Vitro embryo production. Sixteen females of Nelore breed (Bos taurus indicus) with average age of 11 years and 7 months, had been submitted to the same conditions of enviroment, feeding and management. These animals were removed of the program of embryo transfer due fertility problems (ovarian cysts, genital infections and some cases of repeat breedings). The animals had been divided in two groups in agreement the type of pathology: Group I (n=08) formed by animals that had presented ovarians patologies (cysts) and GROUP II (n=08) formed by animals with extra-ovarians patologies, both groups had been submitted to aspiration follicular (OPU) using two types of needles (21G ; 19G ) and pressures (55 e 70mmHg). The two groups were divided in four treatments (T1 =55/21G; T2 = 55/19G; T3 = 70/21G e T4 = 70/19G) and after oocites collection they were submitted to IVP. In this work, 149 aspirations were realised and 879 oocytes were collected (5,9 4,88) GRADE I = 16%; GRADE II = 43%; GRADE III = 21% e GRADE IV = 20%. The averages of oocytes collected in Group I were (T1 = 7,06 5,10; T2= 7,00 3,64; T3 = 10,60 6,51 and T4 = 2,78 2,59) and the second group (GROUP II) (T1 = 4,90 4,47; T2= 2,93 3,05; T3 = 6,11 4,11 and T4 = 2,70 2,00). For the averages of viable oocytes, the results had been the following ones (T1 = 4,35 3,01; T2 = 4,88 2,96; T3 = 6,87 3,91 and T4 = 1,89 1,90) for GROUP I and (T1 = 2,70 2,22; T2 = 1,92 1,98; T3 = 3,47 2,27 and T4 = 2,00 1,05) for GROUP II. In this experiment, 538 oocytes had been taken to the IVP, 161 (32,85%) of these oocytes had clived and 65 (13,26%) had resulted in Morula or Blastocysts. The statistcs analysis of the results did not demonstrate significant difference in the oocyte number of the diferent groups, caused for the suction pressure. It was observed that the type of needle is related of pressure of the vacuum bomb, the best results were finding with T3 treatment, moreover It can be observed through these findings that the best averages of oocytes collected had been gotten in the group of animals that had presented ovarians cysts (GROUP I), We concluded in this experiment that the use of OPU/IVF technique is an great option in the prolongation of the reproductive life in problems zebu cattle.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Emprego do cloridrato de xilazina e do maleato de acepromazina na exteriorização do pênis de búfalos (Bubalus bubalis, Lin.)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2004) BITTENCOURT, Ruth Helena Falesi Palha de Moraes; VALE, William Gomes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7486151987920142Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dinâmica dos sistemas de produção familiares da Ilha de Marajó: o caso do município de Cachoeira do Arari(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005) BARBOSA, Tienne Milena Farias; VEIGA, Jonas Bastos da; TOURRAND, Jean-François; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8639491246142272; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6059507906010877The traditional Amazonian is the Rivers Amazonian. It is a spacial and economic occupation standard very important for regional development. The empirical general space of this research is the Marajó Archipelago, part of the Rivers’ Amazonian. The Amazonian spacial organization has changed in the past years. This change contains a lot of dynamics about the agriculture productive systems and complex economic, social and ambient results. Many realized studies have produced different interpretations about the agriculture activities support in the brazilian and international Amazon. For example, some studies of cattlebreeding to the bovines and buffalo identify that this activity is not been practiced only in the big establishments, like in the past decades. The “pecuarização” process brought it into the little scale creation in familiar economy. This research approaches fundamentally which dynamics have been processed or formed in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari, situated in Marajó Island-PA, specially from 1994 to 2004. The work was carried with peasant families from six communities (Bacuri, Camará, Caracará, Gurupá, Jabuti and Retiro Grande). The principal objective of this work was to characterize the socioeconomic dynamics occurred in the above period. The results of this study can subsidize future researches and public politics that seek the agriculture production support perspectives. It was used a methodology based in three important aspects: the production system diversity study; the photography through a typology of the production system dynamic study; and the movie through the typology evolution analysis. The identified types as results from the making up data were: subsistence, açaizeiro, abacaxizeiro, pecuaçaí, pecuarista and outrarenda. This study verified a great variation of production systems and identified different dynamics in proprieties, as well as the determining facts of viability of production systems and public policies demands.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Diagnóstico da paratuberculose em bovinos de corte do estado do Pará - Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-04-01) SILVA, Érica Bandeira da; DIAS, Hilma Lúcia Tavares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4501155453484456514 blood samples from beef cattle were examined of to find anti- M. avium (subsp.) paratuberculosis antibodies, using commercial ELISA test kit. The animals from samples were all compous from cross between Indicus x Taurus race, between male and female, with two age class, over 36 months old and below 36 months old, from of the 23 municipality of Para State. Also were collected 100 samples of small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes of bacteriological test through Ziehl-Neelsen method to detect the M. avium (subsp.) paratuberculosis. Were at random collected in slaughterhouse of Belem. In ELISA test, through these 514 samples, 182 (35,4%) were seropositive and 332 (64,6%) samples were seronegative. All the middle region were found soropositives animals. The female with over 36 months old presented larger response test, of the 92,06% seropositives animals. Among male the prevalency larger (76,79%,) were obtained between the most new, with below 36 months old. Of 100 samples stained through Ziehl-Neelsen method, not were found either Mycobacterium spp.. The conclusion, is the biggest number of seropositive animals of anti- M. avium (subsp.) paratuberculosis sign of disease is presented in all the regions studied, watching the risks of this disease with the elaborate more covering stud ies about the paratuberculosis with the appling of directs and indirects diagnosis methods.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Composição e distribuição espaço temporal de ovos e larvas de peixes, nos estuários dos Rios Curuçá e Muriá (Curuçá-Pará)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-06-01) PALHETA, Glauber David Almeida; PAIVA, Rosildo Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0510818763187669Estuaries are surrounding of Transistion enter and the continent and the ocean, where rivers find the sea, resulting in the measurable dilution of the salty water. This study was carried through in order to determine the composition and distribution of eggs and larval periods of training of fish (ichthyoplankton) of the estuaries of the rivers Curuçá and Muriá, located in the northeast state of Pará (Br). For this semimonthly collections in receding tides diurne and of quadrature from September of 2003 until July of 2004 had been carried through. They had been daily pay established four stations to the long one of the estuary of the two rivers. They had been carried through measured of condutivity, pH, temperature and oxygen dissolved and carried through samples to a meter of depth that had been made with a net with mesh of 500μm and 50 cm of mouth opening, in which was connected a fluxgate Samples had been conserved with formol 4%. They had been registered 1,326 larvae, being that of these, 451 had been showed in the river Muriá and 875 larvae in the Curuçá river. The identified larvae of fish belong to the 11 families (Engraulidae, Clupeidae, Gobiidae, Scianidae, Carangidae, Pleuronectidae, Tetraodontidae, Beloniidae, Soleidae, Achiriidae and Scorpaenidae). The biggest densities had been registered in the months of July, January and March. It did not have a space standard of distribution of the larvae with the ambiental variables. The estuary of the city of Curuçá was represented mainly by clupeiformes (family Engraulidae and Clupeidae), that they play important role in the trophic net of this ecosystem as well as excellent paper in the local feeding.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação de sistema silvipastoril através do desempenho produtivo de búfalos manejados nas condições climáticas de Belém, Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-06-03) CASTRO, Anderson Corrêa; LOURENÇO JÚNIOR, José de Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2919433679918544A development was lead to study the relations between productive, physiological variable and of animal comfort of buffalos and factors of the physical environment, in silvipastoril system, involving african mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) and indian nim (Azadirachta indica) and intensive rotation grazing of Cynodon nlemfuensis, in the period of may of 2003 the november of 2004, in the Unit of Animal Research "Senator Alvaro Adolpho", Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belem, Para state, in the climatic type Afi, with the rainier of december to may and less rainy time, of june to november. The area of experimental pasture, 5,4 ha, is divided in six plots, with animal permanence of five days and 25 days of rest. Had been used 26 buffaloes Murrah race, no castrated, with age between 231 and 303 days. Descriptive analysis of the experimental data was effected, for attainment of averages, shunting line standard, minimum and maximum values, correlations and variances, considering weight gain, availability and chemical composition of the pasture, physiological variable of the animals, climatic variable, development of the forest essences, Comfortal Index (CI) and Temperature – humidity Index (THI). Excellent performance of the experimental animals was observed, with 0.911 average gain of kg/day and 510 kg of final alive weight. In the periods more and less rainy, the availability, the crude protein levels of stem, leaf and entire plant and the digestibility "in vitro" of the dry and the organic matter of the pasture had been satisfactory, taking care of the minimum necessities for maintenance and detached productive performance. Occurred interferences of the meteorological variable in the cardiac beatings, respiratory frequency, rectal temperature and ruminal movement of the animals. The CI exceeded the critical level, mainly in the period less rainy, as well as the THI levels had been raised, supplanting considered of emergency, indicating the necessity of practical of manipulation of the physical environment to raise the animal performance. The development of the forest essences already supplies better ambience to the animals, in function of the shade, which contributes for the reduction of thermal stress and promotes better performance productive of the buffalos.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Pesquisa de helmintos em musculatura e serosa abdominal de peixes de importância comercial capturados no litoral norte do Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-09-05) OLIVEIRA, Silvio Abner Lameira de; SOUZA, Raimundo Aderson Lobão de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4922849102516924With the objective of research the presence of helminthes, their frequencies and infection intensity in musculature and abdominal serose of commercial fishes process in Belém, State of Pará, Amazonian Region, it were examined 175 fish specimens belonging to four species caught in the North Coast of Brazil, among which three sea species Sciaenidae - Cynoscion acoupa, Cynoscion virescens and Macrodon ancylodon, and the estuarine catfish Ariidae - Arius proops. The fishes was measuring as for standard length, analyzing the musculature and adjacent abdominal serose in a “candling table” after filleted the samples. Just was founded parasitism for plerocercoids of cestode Trypanorhynch. The blastocysts captured were observed among of morphology and size, the same was mading with the scolices when liberated. All the species of fishes studied were parasitizing, with 16% in M. ancylodon, 77,78% in A. proops, 79,17% in C. virescens and 82% in C. acoupa, reaching an overall frequency to 61,71% (108 specimens) and an intensity of infection average about six blastocysts per fish. The parasitizing species, as well as frequency of infection, were as follows: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (52,57%), Pterobothrium heteracanthum (13,71%), Poecilancistrium caryophyllum (12%) e Pterobothrium crassicolle (3,43%). Between infested fishes, 85,19% presented occurrence in the abdominal region (abdominal musculature and serose) and 81,48% muscular involvement (abdominal e body musculature). The specie P. heteracanthum showed preference to infect the abdominal region of fishes and the specie P. caryophyllum the musculature. There was significative association (P < 0,01) between the species of fishes analyzed and the frequency of infection.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Interação genótipo x ambiente para a produção de leite na espécie bubalina utilizando inferência Bayesiana por meio de Amostradores de Gibbs(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2005-12-21) CARDOSO, Adriana Maciel de Castro; ARAÚJO, Cláudio Vieira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5049897507837031With the objective to verify the existence of the interaction genotype X enviroment, under the form of heterogenity of variances for the milk production in buffaloes and its impact in the genetic evaluation of the animals, using the Bayesiana inference by means of Gibbs Sampler, form used 5,484 registers of referring milk production to the productions of 2.994 females predominantly Murrah, calves of 150 sires, mateds with 1130 matrices, whose birth had occurred between the years of 1974 and 2004. The records had been proceeding from the Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Bubalinos (PROMEBUL) with the addition of records proceeding from the flock of the EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental - EAO, located in Belém, Pará, State. Class of herd-year of birth had been established and in accordance with the standard deviation of milk production of each class had been classified in class of high and low phenotypic standard deviation. Later the data had been analyzed disrespecting and considering the standard deviations class. The used model used the referring fixed effect to the herd-year class, month of parity and covariable age of the female to the birth and length of the lactation, beyond the random effect of animal, permanent environment and temporary environment effects. For the fixed effect uniform was assumed distribution to priori and for the components of (co)variances, had been assumed distributions priori inverse qui-square and inverted Wishart. The observed averages and shunting line-standard for milk production in the class of high, low standard deviation and in general analysis, had been equal 1870,21±758,78, 1900,50±587,76 and 1885,48±677,98, respectively. The posterior averages for the components of variances had been bigger in the classroom of high standard deviation. The genetic correlation for milk production between standard deviation classes was equal the 0,58. The correlations of Spearman between the breeding values for the milk production obtained in general analysis with the values in the class of high and low standard deviation were 0,94 and 0,93 , respectively, for all the sires. For one it shows of the 10 better sires, the same correlations had been equal 0,94 and 0,47, respectively. Such results disclose presences of heterogenity of variances between herds and this heterogenity of variances is resultant of environmental factors, that can take to a wrong classification of the breeding value to best sires for the production milk.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Biologia reprodutiva e crescimento do muçuã Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1776) em cativeiro(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) CASTRO, Andréa Bezerra de; GUIMARÃES, Diva Anelie de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2891287458034896The data for this work was acquired in the dependences of the Zoo Botanic Park of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi during the years of 1992 to 1997. The objective was to study the reproductive biology and the growth of the Scorpion Mud Turtles in captivity. Thus, a verification was made of the biometrical correlations and the sexual dimorphism between males and adult females, the type of reproduction and the number of eggs per clutch, the incubation period and the percentage of eclosion, the connection between the size of the eggs and the hatching, and between the biometrical data of the female with its eggs and hatchling, the biometric growth and the weight of the species, the age when the sexual dimorphism occurs in the young ones and the age of the first oviposition. A group of adults and 70 hatching of the Zoo Botanic Park was used. Data obtained demonstrated that the adult males (n=75) had a long tail and a black pigmented head and presented an a average weight of 314,05 g, carapace length of 14,79 cm, carapace width of 9,79 cm, plastron length of 12,3 cm, plastron width of 7,46 cm and 4,5 cm of height. The adult females (n=176) had a short tail and yellow head, and had an average weight of 430,08 g, carapace length 1,26 cm, carapace width of 11,31 cm, plastron length of 13,35 cm, plastron width of 8,01 cm and 5,51 cm of height. All the studied variants showed significant differences between the values of adult females and the adult males. The mating season was from April until August, characterizing a seasonal reproduction. The nest building occurred between the months of May and September and was divided in the following phases: deambulation, opening of the hollow, oviposition, closing of the hollow and abandonment of the nest. There was no difference between the number of eggs laid by young or adult females. The average number laid by an adult female was 2,45 with a variation of 01 to 07 eggs and by a young one was 2,7 with a variation of 02 the 07 eggs. However, the eggs of the adult females were bigger in weight, length and width than that of the young females. The eggs had a pink colored elongated form, with a white spot in the center and the rind was hard and smooth (n=701), and they presented average weight, length and width of respectively 9.6 g, 3.8 cm and 2.0 cm. The incubation period was 136 days, varying between 111 and 164 (n=426) and an eclosion of 86,61%. The carapace weight, the width, and the width of the plastron of the females were determinative for the weight and width of the eggs. The weight and width of the eggs were determinative for the weight, carapace length and plastron length of the newborn. The young (n=887) were born with an average weight of 6,5 g, carapace length of 3,1 cm, carapace width of 2,2 cm, the plastron length of 2,7 cm, plastron width of 1,8 cm and carapace height of 1,6 cm. The weight and measures of the female were determinative for the weight, and measures of the newborn. At 22,49 months of age, there appeared the first signals of sexual dimorphism. The species showed a positive correlation between the weight and the biometric length, width and hight until the 37,95 months of age, after that age the ponderal continued to increase while the rate of increase of the length was smoother. With 37,94 months the standard deflexion of the ponderal weight was the largest seen on all ages, probably as the result of the sexual dimorphism already present at this age. At this age it was seen the first oviposition of the group that had a carapace with 11,84 cm of length. At 47.02 month the group showed an average weight of 410,9 g and 14,15 carapace length, values similar to the ones found in the studied adult animals.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Elaboração e caracterização do “Queijo Marajó”, tipo creme, de leite de búfala, visando sua padronização(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) FIGUEIREDO, Elaine Lopes; LOURENÇO JÚNIOR, José de Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2919433679918544This work objected the elaboration and physical-chemical, microbiological and sensorial characterization of the “Marajó Cheese”, type cremate, processed with buffalo milk, besides evaluating shelf life, for 28 days and economical income. The two places were produced the derivates (Place A - University of the Para State and Place B - Dairy industry, Soure, Para). The milk and cheese were processed levels of humidity, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, caloric value, acid, pH, mesophylla bacteria, coliforms at 35ºC and 45ºC, mould and yeasts, Staphylococus aureus and Salmonella. Just in the cheese cholesterol and minerals analyses were accomplished. The sensorial analysis consisted of profile of characteristics and acceptance test. The similarity of the averages of the physical-chemical variables of the buffalo milk indicated that this was adapted for the elaboration of having standard derivate. Anyone sample of milk presented contamination for coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella. The largest contamination was verified for aerobic bacteria (mesophyllas), mould and yeasts. The fat levels in the dry extract and of humidity they classified the derivate as fat and of average humidity. The “Marajó Cheese” came inside of the established standard for quality food, until the 21º day of storage. The more perceptible sensorial attributes and that they characterized the sensorial profile of the derivate were white color, milk and acid aroma, tastes acid and salty e softness. The Test of Acceptance indicated that the cheese was very appreciated by tasters. “Marajó Cheese” elaborate appropriately there is need of Good Practices of Production, inside which stand out the control of the acidity and fat of the milk and the mass used for derivate, standardization of the quantity of cream, chloride of sodium and potassium sorbato were added, besides the hygiene in the milk obtained and processing.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Freqüência de anticorpos anti-Borrelia burgdorferi em eqüinos na mesorregião metropolitana de Belém, Estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) GALO, Katiany Rocha; FONSECA, Adivaldo Henrique da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4411441162862608; BARBOSA NETO, José Diomedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1516707357889557Lyme borreliosis is a multisistemic disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi latu sensu and transmited by ixodide ticks, affecting both humans beings and domesticated animals and having wild animals as Its natural reservoirs, besides of being a zoonosis of wide geographic distribution. We picked 300 blood samples of apparently health horses from the cities of Ananideua, Belém, Benevides, Castanhal, Marituba and Santa Izabel of the Pará, all included in the metropolitan mesoregion of Belém – Pará. The samples were picked up by the jugular vein and the serum analised through indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. The aim of this work was to verify the serum epidemiology of Borrelia burgdorferi in the metropolitan mesorregion of Belém. The frequency of serum positivity was 26,67% (n=80), being 72 (24%) with title of 1:800, six (2%) with 1:1600 and two (0,6%) with 1:3200. The serum frequency by gender was approximately 13,67% of females and 13% of males. The thoroughbred and the half-breed animals had 9% and 18% of frequency, respectively. There was no significative difference in the serum positivity with regard to cities, gender, race and age. The frequency found corroborates the hypothesis of occurrence of Borrelia sp. in the studied region.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Consumo e digestibilidade de silagem de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) como alternativa para alimentação suplementar de ruminantes na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) SIMON, Jaime Édson; CAMARÃO, Ari Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1649891765946593; LOURENÇO JÚNIOR, José de Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2919433679918544This work was realized through in the Embrapa Amazon Eastern, in Belem, Para State, Brazil (1º28´S 48º27´W de Greenwich) to evaluate the effect of four levels (0%, 15%, 30% and 45%) of concentrate, with by-products of the regional agroindustry, in substitution to the ensilage of sorghum, in the voluntary consumption and apparent digestibility of the dry matter, crude protein, crude energy, fiber in neutral detergent and fiber in acid detergent. A metabolic test was realized in fourteen days of adaptation and seven days of experimental period, using sixteen ovines, of five months and 23 kg of live weight, in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments and four repetitions. The data was analyze by software SAS. The concentrated inclusion of in the diet influenced the voluntary consumption and the apparent digestibility of all nutrients, being described for quadratic function. One evidenced a quadratic increase in the apparent consumption’s of the dry matter and organic matter. However, had been observed, with increase of the concentrated level of in the ration, significant reductions in contents of fiber in neutral detergent and fiber in acid detergent. The concentrated percentage of 30% to 45% of in the diet ration to better consumption’s and digestibility of the nutrients, except of fiber in neutral detergent and fiber in acid detergent. The concentrated use in the ensilage of sorghum, provides to better availability of dry matter in the fodder plant and rise of the nutritional value of the ration, is capable to promote increase of the animal productivity.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Estudo estrutural e ultra-estrutural das gônadas masculinas dos diferentes morfotipos de Macrobrachium amazonicum.(Heller, 1862) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae)(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) SILVA, Gicelle Maria Farias da; ROCHA, Rossineide Martins da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4371300451793081Macrobrachium amazonicum is the most commercially-explored fresh water shrimp in the Amazon, finding great acceptance in the consuming market. The objective of this work is to characterize the structure and the ultrastructure of the gonads of different M. amazonicum morfotipos in natural population. The shrimps (500 specimen) were collected in Furo das Marinhas (Mosqueiro – PA), by local fishermen and brought alive to the Laboratório, in an appropriate box containing local water. Fifty males were selected, weight, measured and killed. Gonads were collected and fragments were fixed in 2,5% glutaraldehyde 4% paraformaldehyde in sodium caccodylate buffer at 0,1M pH 7,2. For light microscopy the fragments were processed according to the standard histological technique for paraffin embedding. The sections were stained with Hematoxilin and Eosin. For transmission electron microscopy the gonads were post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide in sodium caccodylate buffer at 0,1M pH 7,2 and processed for embedding in Epon resin. Semithin sections were stained with toluidin blue. For scanning electron microscopy the fixed and post-fixed specimens were dehydrated, submitted to the critical CO2 drying point and then coated with gold and examined in electron microscope. Four morfotips in natural population were observed, in agreement with corporal dimensions and coloration. The morfotips were denominated as TC, CC, GC and GC’ according to Moraes-Riodades (2002). The biometric relation total/length cephalothorax and total/weight had presented negative allometrie.The testicles and are located in the cephalothorax. The testicle is constituted by seminiferous tubules; each tubule presents a very thin capsule of conjunctive tissue that divides the parenquime of the organ. The tubule is covered by flat cells and in its interior we observed a cell population of spermatogenic lineage in different maturation phases that were denominated as: spermatogônias, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoids. The spermatogonias are the largest cells with cromatina organized in clots, located eccentrically in the tubule. The spermatocytes are round cells with cromatina in dense clots. The spermatids are small cells with great amounts of mitochondria. The spermatozoids are concave cells in the apical portion and convex cells in the distal portion, presenting a small spike assuming an aspect similar to a cup. In cross section, the vas deferens come covered by conjunctive tissue and they can present from a cubic to a cylindrical epithelium; they present in their interior an agglomeration of feeder cells located in the eccentric portion and spermatozoids located in the lumen of the ducts.The structural analysis of the M. amazonicum gonads, demonstated the of three distinct morfotips in the Furo das Marinhas.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação nutricional da torta de dendê para suplementação de ruminantes na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) COSTA, Dayana Alves da; CAMARÃO, Ari Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1649891765946593; LOURENÇO JÚNIOR, José de Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2919433679918544The study was carried out at the Eastern Amazon Research Center of Embrapa, in Belem, Para State, Brazil (1º28'S 48º27'W of Greenwich), with the objective of evaluate the influence of the addition of the palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis) as alternative feed supplementation of ruminants, in the critical periods of forage production of in the Amazon Eastern. The nutritional characteristics of palm kernel cake was determined during twenty one days, using sixteen sheep, in individual metabolic cage, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments and four replications. The experimental rations (T1, T2, T3 and T4) contained Brachiaria humidicola and palm kernel cake, at four levels (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%). The consumption of dry matter (g/day) and % of live weight were 666.6 and 2.5; 686.9 and 2.4; 649.4 and 2.4; e 540.9 and 2.0, of organic matter 706.5; 710.8; 708.1 and 632.3 g/day, and of crude protein 37.3; 42.9; 58.7 and 56.4 g/day. The fiber in neutral detergent consumption in g/day, were 584.7; 583.5; 565.2 and 527.0. The coefficients of digestibility were 50.3; 47.8; 52.3; and 55.2%, in dry matter basis, and 50.8; 49.6; 53.5; and 56.3%, in organic matter basis, and the crude protein contents were 48.0; 38.7; 66.8; 69.4%, in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The palm kernel cake shows good feeding potential, with high dry matter and good nutritional value, being considered as an alternative for feeding supplementation for ruminants, mainly at the level of 30%, and allows greater consumption and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, with adequate supplement of energy.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Diversidade e densidade ictiofaunística em lagos de várzea da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Amazonas, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006) CHAVES, Rose Cristine Queiroz; QUEIROZ, Helder Lima de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3131281054700225The structure of the fish community in amazonian várzea lakes is determined by the flood pulse and seasonal and daily variations in the physico-chemical parameters of the water. The objective of this work was to characterize the fish community structure of four lakes in different stages of the seasonal cycle. Fish samples were taken bimonthly along one year in four lakes at Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The richness of species and the fish biomass were analyzed, in order to investigate how much the community patterns were regulated by the environmental variables. A total of 6,058 individual fish were collected, representing 6 orders, 21 families, 76 genera and 116 species. The orders Characiformes and Siluriformes presented the largest variety of families and species, reaching together around 90% of the captured specimens. The fish fauna varied between different periods and lakes, and the highest richness and biomass values were found in the water level dropping season, except in Taracoá Lake with greater richness in the flooding season. The species Potamorhina latior, Potamorhina altamazonica, Mylossoma duriventre, Amblydoras hancokii, Amblydoras sp., Liposarcus pardalis, Psectrogaster amazonica and Osteoglossum bicirrhosum showed the highest number of individuals. Oxydoras niger, Colossoma macropomum, Cichla monoculus, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, Arapaima gigas and Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum were the dominant species in biomass. The analysis of the physico-chemical parameters indicates that the changes along the year and the flood pulse influence determine the fish community structure, and the set of parameters composed by dissolved oxygen, pH and water temperature seemingly explains the fish community pattern. Similarity Analysis indicates that the fish fauna composition in the same time of the flood pulse in consecutive years are much alike. Therefore, it is probable that the fish community composition is re-established every cycle, with the connection of the different water bodies during the flood.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Massa de forragem e dieta selecionada por bovinos em pastagens cultivadas e consorciadas com leguminosas, estabelecidas com e sem queima da vegetação secundária(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-02-24) GUIMARÃES, Andréa Krystina Vinente; CAMARÃO, Ari Pinheiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1649891765946593It was carried out a study in the city of Igarapé-açú, Pará State, Brazil, with the objective to evaluate the mass of forage and botanical composition of bovine diet on pasture of braquiarão grass and quicuio grass, with the association of legums Arachis pintoi, Cratylia argentea and Leucaena leucocephala with and without burning of the secondary vegetation. The area was divided into plots, with three repetitions. Two experiments were realized, one with burning and another with mulching. Three pastures were tested for each experiment: 1. QB - B. humidicola + B. brizantha cv. Marandu. 2. QBAL - B. humidicola + B. brizantha + A. pintoi cv. Amarilo + L. leucocephala cv. Cunninghan . 3. QBAC - B. humidicola + B. brizantha + A. pintoi cv. Amarilo + C. argentea. The diet composition consumed by the animals was estimated through microhistological analysis of feces. The experiments took place from April 15th of 2002 to the 18th of March of 2003. The feces and mass of forage collects were performed every eighteen days. The samples of forage were taken at random, in the plots of grasses six places were sampled, while in the consorted plots twelve places were sampled. The data of forage mass and botanical composition of the diet were evaluated through software SAS 8.0. There were seasonal differences in the total mass, braquiarão’s leaf mass, araquis’, capoeira’s species and dead material. As to the methodology of area preparation, all the response variables showed differences. The total mass, leaf and stem of braquiarão and dead material were greater in the pasture of grasses (QB). The mass of leaf and stem of quicuio and araquis’ were greater in the pasture of QBAL and the mass of capoeira’s species was greater in the pasture of QBAC. All the variables presented significant differences between cycles, and the greater total masses were obtained in cycles three and four. The consumption of quicuio and capoeira’s species were greater in the dry season, while, the percentage of braquiarão was greater in the rainy season. The percentages of quicuio were greater with the burning method, while the braquiarão’s were greater in the mulch method. There were not significant differences among the pastures as to the quicuio’s percentages and capoeira’s species. The braquiarão’s percentages were greater in the pastures of QB and QBAL and the legums’s were greater in the consorted pastures with legums of QBAC and QBAL. 14 families and 23 species were found. The methodology of area preparation influenced the forage’s mass and botanical composition of the animal’s diet. The botanical composition of the diet was influenced by the forage’s mass. Capoeira’s species had a little participation in the botanical composition of the animal’s diet due to sufficient availability of forage in most parts of the year.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Caracterização do uso comercial e de subsistência da fauna silvestre no município de Abaetetuba, PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-02-24) BAÍA JÚNIOR, Pedro Chaves; GUIMARÃES, Diva Anelie de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2891287458034896This work analyzed the use of local fauna by rural and urban populations in the municipality of Abaetetuba, PA (1°42.008’ W 048°54.009’), to study the feasibility of commercial breeding of wildlife in that region. Interviews were conducted with vendors and customers of the local street fair; local fauna destined for food consumption was monitored in the year 2005; riverside communities were visited and interviews conducted with the inhabitants of Capim, Xingu and Quianduba islands; captive breeding know-how of local rural producers was verified. Approximately 5,970 kg of wildlife meat belonging to eight ethno-species (opossums, deers, capybaras, paca, armadillos, black caiman, spectacled caiman e matamata) were sold at the local street faire, capybaras and caiman accounting for most of the sales, 64% and 34% respectively. Vendors were financially highly dependent on this activity, which generated a monthly income of as much as 600 reais. Consumers in Abaetetuba or near regions would purchase these products mostly due to cultural habits rather than for financial reasons. The primary subsistence activities (fishing and extraction of cabbage palm’s fruit) practiced by riverside populations have been declining or do not meet their feeding necessities. Hunting is still a common practice for some of the riverside inhabitants. 55 (38%) of them have hunted at least once in the one year period before this research was conducted and removed a total of 68 small sized animals, including opossums, agouties, armadillos, pacas, spiny rats and iguanas. Local farmers mentioned as favorable factors for breeding wildlife animals the protection of wildlife species and income generation; and as unfavorable the lack of technical and financial support, red tape, and high production costs. The formation of a participative management system, involving the community, government and private sectors is mentioned as a necessary condition for the implementation of commercial breeding of wildlife animals in this municipality.