Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Trópico Úmido - PPGDSTU/NAEA
URI Permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/2294
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Trópico Úmido (PPGDSTU) pertence ao Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos (NAEA), da Universidade Federal do Pará. O NAEA existe desde 1972, quando foi concebido como uma unidade de Pós-Graduação e de Pesquisa Interdisciplinar voltada à análise da dinâmica social, econômica e ambiental da Amazônia. No plano institucional, tinha a finalidade, enquanto instituto interdisciplinar, de propiciar a integração da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) em suas diversas áreas de conhecimento, além de iniciar propostas de integração de pesquisas e ensino de pós-graduação no plano internacional, principalmente no que diz respeito à Pan-Amazônia.
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Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Agricultor familiar horticultor do Amapá e sua força impulsionadora no desenvolvimento agroecológico(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-11-18) PEDRADA, Ana Karolina Lima; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279Agroecology is a science with an interdisciplinary approach that has been built over generations, integrating traditional and scientific knowledge, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and building social movements, increasingly political, emancipatory and territorial. Studying this construction is seeking to understand the man in the field and how he contributes to agroecological development. The objective of this work is to understand agroecological family production as a driving force of rural development and how this producer is a key player in the formation and consolidation of a formal institutional environment in the state of Amapá. To achieve this objective, the research explored the forces that led to the institutional structuring of agroecology in the region; analyzed the historical structures of this family farmer, their agrarian trajectories and how they infuse their economic activity, directly influencing the preservation of biodiversity and local knowledge in the region when promoting food sovereignty; sought to identify the rationality and nature of the economic motivation of the family farmer in the state of Amapá and how he promotes agroecological rural development based on participatory strategies. Finally, it also sought to identify the agroecological practices used by family farmers in the state of Amapá to analyze the perspective of organic certification in their small agricultural productions focused on horticulture. The methodological approach used in the work was historical-structural and case study, where the research sought, from document analyzes and interviews carried out with the community leadership of agroecological family farmers and agents linked to institutional technical assistance bodies, about family profile and process of productive. As a result, the research concludes that, at first, the institutionalization of agroecology in the state was driven by local welfare agencies, but that the small production of family gardeners is increasingly present in this construction, boosting institutional agroecological development. The research also showed that the family farmer in the state is a multifaceted and diverse man, and his formation occurs according to spatial and territorial elements, so the family farmer from Amapá can be caboclo, riverside, quilombola, descendant of slaves, descendant of northeasterners , or former rubber tappers among others, making it impossible to reduce it to a single term or category. Also, the agrarian technologies promoted in its agricultural establishments are focused on agroecology, promoting biodiversity and food sovereignty in the state and proposing solidary economies with the formation of short circuits for the commercialization of its products. The research also identified two rationalities with different natures of motivation in the region: the capitalist family farmer, driven by capital accumulation given the growing formation of new social and economic needs; and the organic family farmer, a plural, diverse and territorial man, with a character of resistance, where his main motivating agent is the family. The research also showed that one is not an impediment to the existence (or not) of the other, nor is one an evolution of the other, they coexist in the same space, holding different social rationales and both promote rural development based on participatory strategies, such as formation of associations in order to promote collective practices. Finally, a prognosis was raised for a possible organic concession, issued by MAPA, in horticulture promoted by family farmers in the state and it was identified that 85% of family farmers in Amapá do not use pesticides in their production, 59.8% of family farmers promote some type of agroecological practice, such as crop rotation and/or fallow land, promoting socio-biodiversity, based on their traditional knowledge that is passed on to the next generation. The research also identified bottlenecks for the concession, which are predominantly bureaucratic, such as documentation, lack of a community bank of creole seeds, potability control and water use, compliance with sanitary standards for cleaning its products as recommended by law and strengthening of short marketing channels. Even so, the research concludes that the organic concession for family farmers, horticulturists in the state, is entirely feasible. Finally, the research shows that the family farmer in the state of Amapá is a key element in the structuring of agroecological production in the state and in the consolidation of a formal institutional environment, given their histories, motivations, resistance and struggles.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Agro não é tudo: a expansão da monocultura da soja sobre os territórios quilombolas na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-08-09) DIAS, Gustavo Francesco de Morais; RAVENA, Nírvia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0486445417640290The Amazon biome has undergone intense transformations in the last two decades, primarily due to the advancement of agriculture. In this regard, the current Federal Constitution recognizes quilombola communities as cultural groups with the right to the demarcation of their lands. However, in the Amazon, this right has been threatened by the expansion of agribusiness. Therefore, the research question of this thesis is how the dynamics of land use and land cover affect the territories belonging to traditional populations and conservation units. Additionally, the influences of the Brazilian Forest Code (CFB), Soy Moratorium, and Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) on the expansion of soybean cultivation in the region were investigated. This study focused on the municipalities of Belterra, Mojuí dos Campos, and Santarém-PA, in the state of Pará, Brazil. In addition to the municipalities, the Tapajós National Forest (FNT) and the quilombos (traditional Afro-Brazilian communities) present in the municipality of Santarém were also analyzed, including Murumurutuba, Bom Jardim, Maria Valentina, Arapemã, Tiningu, and Murumuru. Mapbiomas data from the period 2000 to 2019 were used for the analysis of the region's images. The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) methodologies were employed to describe the interaction among the actors involved in the expansion of soybean production in the Santarém Plateau region. Fuzzy Logic was used to describe the data derived from questionnaires, interviews, and secondary sources. The analyses conducted revealed significant deforestation in the municipalities of Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra due to the expansion of soybean production and pasture, which has increased exponentially in recent years. In addition, inconsistencies were observed between the Forest Code and the soy moratorium, allowing producers to advance with soybean production in the Amazon. Furthermore, it was observed that the expansion of soybean cultivation is driven by a series of public and private investments in infrastructure, particularly in road and highway construction, port development, and subsidies to large-scale farmers. In the Santarém Plateau region, it was observed that quilombola communities face difficulties related to access to public health services, infrastructure, and lack of state support. The study identified an expansion of soybean cultivation within and near quilombola communities starting in 2014, which raises concerns among these peoples regarding the preservation of their territories, way of life, and the increasing damage to local natural resources. It was also identified that forest and soybean variables are necessary conditions to explain changes in land use and land cover concerning traditional populations. Therefore, only when analyzed together are they sufficient to explain the phenomenon, meaning that improvements in forest and soybean conditions are necessary to prevent damages resulting from changes in land use and land cover on the quilombola populations in the Santarém region.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) A Ameaça aos habitats: avaliação da cobertura e uso da terra na área do município de Tailândia (PA) pela monocultura da palma de óleo(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-10-01) FERNANDES, Bianca Moraes; RAVENA, Nírvia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0486445417640290One of the main catalysts for endangered species is habitat loss. Therefore, the assessment of land cover and use in the municipality of Tailândia, which is the largest producer of palm oil in the state of Pará, seeks to understand how monoculture can impact on the region's biomes and subsequently the habitats of endemic species. This understanding is based on the theoretical framework of ecological economics, the counter-discourse of sustainable development and Indigenous authors. To understand how biodiversity loss occurs, we use literature on mass extinctions and the Anthropocene. Finally, we seek to trace the path of palm oil to the Amazon, where its monoculture has affected the entire region socio-environmentally. The maps were produced with images from MapBiomas, which monitors different land uses in Brazil, with the Geographic Information System, using the free software QGIS (3.34), as well as data from the IBGE. Extinction is evaluated using the threat scale established by the IUCN, which together with ICMBio, and its SALVE system, SiBBr and GBIF, are used to assess which species occur in the Amazon biome area that are threatened with extinction and could be impacted by palm oil monoculture in the region. As a result, it is possible to observe that there is a large occurrence of species in the geographical area, and there are also records of endangered species that inhabit or pass through the area of the municipality of Tailândia (PA). The SALVE system has records of 223 endangered species that occur in the state of Pará. In SiBBr, there are records of 2,211 species occurring in the municipality of Tailândia. In GBIF, 1,362 occurrences of species were recorded in the municipality of Tailândia.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise da qualidade de Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) para licenciamento de mineradoras no estado do Amapá(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-09-20) LOBO, Ivonês Damasceno; RAVENA, Nírvia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0486445417640290In the context of sustainable development, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) emerges as an essential instrument in the environmental licensing process for public or private ventures with significant impacts. In Brazil, the Resolution No. 01/1986 of CONAMA (National Environmental Council) established basic criteria for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Impact Report (RIMA). However, globalization has driven changes in production patterns, leading to the emergence of corporate interests seeking to relax environmental licensing rules. This trend, particularly evident during the administrations of Temer and Bolsonaro, has resulted in policies more favorable to the business sector, including proposals for mineral exploration in indigenous lands. In the Amazon, this translates into a history of Large Projects that often exploit the region to the benefit of other parts of the country, leaving negative socio-environmental impacts. The quality of EIAs for mining enterprises in the state of Amapá is a point of concern, especially considering the dismantling of the environmental licensing process in Brazil since the 1980s. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the quality of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) of mining ventures in the state of Amapá. The research problem to be addressed is: How have quality standards been implemented in Environmental Impact Assessments conducted by mining enterprises in Amapá? To achieve this, the quality of three mining EIAs for mining projects in the state of Amapá will be assessed using the internationally recognized Lee and Colley Review Package methodology. The results indicate that the studies are “unsatisfactory due to important omissions or inadequate points”.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Análise dos impactos de mudanças nas precipitações pluviométricas sobre produtos florestais não madeireiros e as lavouras permanentes do Estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-04-27) NOGUEIRA, Ana Karlla Magalhães; SANTANA, Antônio Cordeiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2532279040491194The objective of the thesis was to analyze the impacts of the changes in rainfall on non-timber forest products (NTFP) and permanent crops in the state of Pará from 1999 to 2013, measured by means of a panel data and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Hence, the socioeconomic and environmental benefit of extraction and commercialization of Brazil nut, andiroba and copaiba oils were calculated. The influence of changes in rainfall levels on the permanent crop market in the mesoregions in the state of Pará were also measured from 2000 to 2013 by estimating the supply and demand equations in the form of fixed-effects dynamic panel data. It was verified in the analyzed period that the demand and the supply of Brazil nuts, andiroba and copaiba oils and products from permanent crops were inelastic in price. The income elasticity of demand encompassed Brazil nuts and andiroba and copaiba oils as superior goods and the permanent crops as essential to consumption. The cross-elasticity of demand indicated a complementary relationship between acai and Brazil nuts and substitution between products of permanent and temporary crops. The cross-elasticity of supply indicated that the production of oils and Brazil nuts does not compete with the use of labor, land and capital in the local market, since they are considered as joint products. In contrast, in relation to temporary crops, the cross-elasticity of the supply of permanent crops indicated a competitive relationship with the factors of production. Changes in rainfall have a negative influence on the supply of Brazil nuts, andiroba and copaiba oils and products from permanent crops in the mesoregions of Pará state. Regarding Brazil nuts, the results also showed that due to changes in the levels of the rainfall, a decrease has occurred in the socioeconomic environmental benefit for the population of western Pará since 1999, which is a decrease of 16.46% in relation to the benefit obtained before the change in the rainfall levels. As for the distribution of benefits after changes in rainfall, consumers were those who had the main losses, with a drop of 10.22% (-R$ 5,406.03 thousand) of total benefits. With respect to the oils of andiroba and copaiba, a decrease of 1.45% (-R$68.72 thousand) was also verified in the socioeconomic environmental benefit for the population of the western Pará. Consumers were the main losers, with a loss of -R$124.67 thousand/year. The objective of this research was to analize the impacts of changes on rainfalldy about forestItem Acesso aberto (Open Access) Os Ativos naturais e as comunidades tradicionais na Amazônia: o caso da Reserva Extrativista Verde para Sempre, Porto de Moz-PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-01-28) PARAENSE, Vinicius de Campos; SANTANA, Antônio Cordeiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2532279040491194; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-9178The natural products of the Verde para Semper Extractive Reserve include an extensive range of environmental services that, in most cases, do not have differentiated values by the formal market. It so happens that even the importance of the flow is in nature, its relative is minimal or non-existent from the point of view of the financiers of the conventional economy. In this way, more comprehensive costs and costs than forest facts can incorporate the value of forest and environmental products of importance, in view of all the costs that, all the costs of paramount importance, in all the costs of activities with the externalities generated to society, the total economic value of these environments must be incorporated. Therefore, the objective of this work is to estimate the value of the natural assets of the RESEX Verde para Semper, considering the carbon stock of the area of the trees and the total volume of the trees (benefit-cost analysis) and the Total Economic Value (VET) of the area to be managed sites from the perception of socioeconomic residents and created externally by the Community Forest Management (MFC) activity (contingent valuation method). In the benefit-cost analysis, the tree individuals included in the forest inventories of the Annual Production Units (UPA) of the Nossa Senhora do Perpétuo Socorro (Arimum), Por ti meu Deus and Paraíso do Acaraí communities were considered, obtaining the net present value forest capital (VPLCF) of: R$ 2,725,134.00 (R$ 6,776.41/ha); BRL 1,836,391.92 (BRL 4,045.36/ha-1); and R$ 650,151.92 (R$ 6,922.40/ha), respectively. The second methodology, designated by the integrated contingent valuation method (MIAC) was specified by the equations of willingness to pay (DAP) and willingness to receive (DAR), whose values were extracted from socioeconomic variables and indicators of the environmental dimension (DA) and dimension (DE), being included in the specification of the proposed econometric model. These results represent: the value that the interviewed residents are willing to pay for the preservation of the RESEX's natural assets and, thus, continue to enjoy the economic and environmental benefits promoted by the ecosystem products and services in the way that is currently being done; in addition to capturing the magnitude that they will be willing to accept, as a form of compensation, for the use of the natural capital in question. Based on the results generated by the MIAC, the average DAP value of R$ R$ 4.509,19/ha was obtained, considering the average total economic value (VET) of R$ 4.279.221,31 of the RESEX. The estimated average value of DAR was R$5.569,39/ha, reflecting a VET of R$5.285.351,11. The difference between the DAP and DAR values of only 19%, corroborates the innovative specification of the model and the efficiency of the field research. Finally, the estimated values show that local residents are aware of the magnitude of the natural resources and the socioeconomic potential of the RESEX's environmental asset, in addition to the essential role they play in their lives, as they are willing to pay high amounts for the maintenance of this asset and, thus, continue enjoying the economic and environmental benefits promoted by ecosystem products and services in the way they are currently being carried out.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Avaliação do modelo de monitoramento ambiental no Estado do Pará: estudo de caso da SEMA/PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013-05-24) SOUSA, Rodolfo Gadelha de; SZLAFSZTEIN, Claudio Fabian; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1348005678649555One of the approaches to prevent and control environmental crises must be originated in public environmental management, particularly in the integration of its instruments: licensing, monitoring and enforcement. Monitoring has a strategic role in this process, because it is essential to decision-making in licensing activity and in supporting enforcement. However, environmental monitoring is a complex issue. In Pará, the structure of the Secretariat of State for the Environment, qualified to perform this function and the demands arising from the decentralization of environmental management and Complementary Law 140/2011, require that the state agency enhances its monitoring mechanisms of environmental management. Although there is no universal solution to do environmental monitoring, this research intends to discuss a model of government monitoring beyond the requirement of formal and bureaucratic licensing agencies to monitor its projects approved. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the model of environmental monitoring as a tool for environmental management in the state of Pará, through the description of the model adopted, as well as the analysis of the causes and consequences of this model, particularly for forest management plans licensed by SEMA/PA. It also aimed to propose a strategy for environmental monitoring in the state. For this reason, the object of study at was SEMA/PA and the case study method was used, following three steps: data collection, through the agency reports and interviews; data processing, based on route guidance to characterize both the monitoring model, as well as the institutional capacity of the state agency; and, generation of results, producing a descriptive matrix of the monitoring model, which allowed to identify the strengths and barriers to the purpose of environmental monitoring in Pará, thus guiding the adaptation and recasting of the model adopted. The results show that in general there is not an institutional strategy of SEMA/PA systematic environmental monitoring, both for licensing programs and projects, as for environmental quality standards. Specifically, there are several shortcomings in the monitoring model adopted by SEMA/PA and described in this study, related to the low transparency of information, lack of procedures and work routines, lack of resources and functions of systematic monitoring in systems SIMLAM and SISFLORA, as well as gaps in monitoring of forest management plans. To address this situation it is necessary to build participatory construction by SEMA/PA of an institutional model based on principles of administrative transparency and systematic monitoring, which subsidizes and gives feedback cyclically to the instances of (re-) planning of environmental licensing and enforcement, generating alerts for immediate actionItem Acesso aberto (Open Access) As Cadeias de valor alimentar inclusivas e sustentáveis do açaí e do peixe: o caso de Abaetetuba, PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-01-15) SALGADO, Mayany Soares; SANTANA, Antônio Cordeiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2532279040491194; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-9178The inclusive and sustainable food value chains of assai and fish are activities that generate income, employment, foreign exchange, with exports to Brazilian and international markets, as well as being fundamental to supplying the local market and preserving the natural stocks of assai trees in floodplains and fish in regional rivers in the territory of influence of the city of Abaetetuba. Due to the importance of these products in functional food, demand has been growing faster than supply, causing pressure on the stocks of these natural assets and generating environmental externalities in all links of these chains. In this context, the general objective of the thesis was to analyze the configuration of the assai fruit and fish value chains and the interaction between extractivism and the consumer market, taking into account the agents that act and define the peasant territoriality of the municipality of Abaetetuba. The methodology includes descriptive and interpretive analyses of the literature review and of the primary and secondary data collected. The field research, for the collection of primary data, contemplated the qualitative approach, with the use of the in-depth interview technique, aiming to capture the dynamics of the riverside peasants in their survival, based on the exploitation of natural resource stocks, and the quantitative approach, from the application of questionnaires, for the analysis of market information, via specification of consumer demands for assai and fish. The representative sample included 342 interviewees, with a confidence level of 95% and a sampling error of 5.4%. The results showed the lack of commitment of the agents that operate in the processing and marketing links of the products with the preservation of the floodplain in Abaetetetubense, due to their lack of knowledge and experience of the dynamics and preservation needs of the natural ecosystems of the floodplains, and because they only aim at short-term economic results. Consumers of fish and assai extractivism on the islands of Abaetetuba are willing to pay R$ 58.20 and R$ 98.74 per family per month to maintain the preservation of natural stocks of assai and fish, in order to ensure market supply and provide families with a healthy food consumption pattern of 43.12 l of assai and 30.27 kg of fish, respectively. It is concluded that the riverside territoriality, composed of peasants and local intermediaries, showed a high conception of the importance of the environment, related to its existence in the floodplain, from the practice of fishing and assai extraction carried out with the use of techniques of sustainable bases and by the family unit, which provided greater scope for the inclusion of this link in the chain. The main contribution of this thesis was to show the interconnected configuration of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of the assai and fish chains, from significant results, to potentiate local development, from the stimulation of social organization and vertical integration of the production of riverside peasants with the agroindustry of functional foods in the territory of Abaetetuba.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Certificações aplicadas a produtos da sociobiodiversidade na Amazônia: desafios para a sustentabilidade(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-10-25) SOUSA, Pollyanna Coêlho de; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279Certifications focused on sustainability are a series of practices that can help improve the quality of life of traditional populations in the Amazon, by providing advantages such as the use of sustainable agricultural production methods, increased productivity, reduced socioenvironmental impact, management forestry that helps conserve biodiversity and generate income. The general objective of the research was to analyze how sustainability certifications are being implemented with community organizations in the Amazon, using the cumaru almond and açaí fruit production chains as a case study. The hypothesis that motivated the research was the following: the implementation of sustainability certifications brings benefits to community organizations, which can result in a better quality of life for traditional populations in the Amazon, compared to those that do not adopt any standards. The results indicate that the benefits can be perceived in dimensions such as: Quality Management; Handler Management; Environmental management; Risk management. The use of certifications with community organizations is recommended, as long as other development models are equally recognized and respected, encouraging the promotion of inclusive and sustainable Amazon sociobiodiversity chains. It is noteworthy that it is possible that the benefits identified in community organizations that adopt some sustainability standard are related to other factors, linked to the historical and regional context, which may have resulted in more evident advances in some communities than in others.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) A Cogestão de recursos em reserva extrativista da Amazônia: o caso da Resex Terra Grande-Pracuúba, Pará, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-11-24) MAGNO, Giselle Gomes; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619The Extractive Reserves (Resex) of the Amazon represent a natural laboratory for studies of models of co-management of shared resources between the State (manager) and communities (residents). The premise of a shared management or co-management model starts from the construction of cooperation between individuals and/or institutions that use resources through participatory mechanisms and processes implemented to create support for the cooperation of groups that use resources (eg, territory, extractive area and natural resources). This study analyzes the adherence of the governance system of the Resex Terra Grande-Pracuúba, located on Ilha de Marajó, Pará, Brazil, to the principles considered necessary for the construction of an effective co-management for the governance of common use resources. In addition to identifying the relationship of forces between the State and the traditional population in the management of resources and in the use of the territory, mainly in decision-making and in conflict resolution, evaluating the arenas of concertation and their relationships. The study made it possible to identify, through documents and interviews, some principles that reached greater maturity in the implementation eg: Defined limits, Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions, Minimum recognition of organizational rights; Nested enterprises) and where improvement is needed (eg, Collective Choice Arrangements; Monitoring; Graduated Sanctions; Conflict Resolution Mechanisms). The hierarchical relationship between the decision-making arenas exist (local meetings would support the meetings by poles, which in turn would support the Management Board). However, they are still fragile in terms of their frequency, functioning and protagonism of communities and ICMBio in issues associated with co-management of the territory. The transgression of governance principles for the use of resources and territory can be illustrated both by the lack of fundamental management instruments for the administration of the RESEX, such as a Management Plan, which makes it difficult to organize economic and environmental actions on the use of resources within the Unit, but also (and mainly) due to the ineffectiveness of the co management instruments already implemented. The good participation of the actors indicates that there is interest in these spaces, however bureaucratic and unilateral interests can inhibit active participation. The analysis of the co-management of the Terra Grande-Pracuúba Extractive Reserve concludes that the governance system implemented was not effective in the shared management of the use of natural resources and territory. In addition, decision-making in collective arenas presented difficulties in applying the rules for the use of natural resources and territory for the pacification of conflicts, for the reproduction of the traditional way of life and for the support of cooperation between groups of users.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Consumo, sustentabilidade e origem: segmentação e estratégias para mercados locais de produtos da Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-02-08) FERREIRA, Mariana Faro; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619The Amazon is widely regarded as a realm of abundant possibilities within the context of the bioeconomy, owing to the vast size and diversity of its biocultural resources. However, scant attention has been paid to the consumption perspective concerning factors that could impact the development of local markets for products embodying the unique characteristics of the region. This research, grounded in the theoretical framework of marketing and consumer behavior studies, seeks to a) scrutinize elements linked to the concept of sustainable consumption and associated consumer behaviors; b) identify consumption patterns of the population of Belém city, Pará, Brazil; and c) propose market segmentation-based marketing strategies that contribute to the growth of local markets for Amazonian products. A literature review, employing Content Analysis (CA), revealed key elements of the sustainable consumption concept. These encompass the multidimensionality of the concept, encompassing social and environmental aspects alongside economic considerations; its robust association with the notion of Sustainable Development, thereby affording it a broad scope easily embraced as discourse by diverse sectors, yet posing challenges in guiding production and consumption practices. To guide practices, we consider that operational definitions must include: a) emphasis on multiple dimensions (social, environmental and economic), b) scope of product and processes, c) inclusion of production and consumption impacts and e) indication of the levels of action considered (whether individual, collective or public/governmental). Findings from a survey involving a probabilistic sample of the population in Belém (PA) indicated that consumers in the capital prioritize functionalities, fragrance, price, and ingredients as their primary criteria when selecting shampoos. Concerning origin, both generally and specifically in local production within the Amazon, this was not deemed a significant attribute by any of the demographic profiles in the studied population. Strategies for Amazon-based businesses were subsequently proposed based on the discussed results, encompassing all four levels of the marketing mix (product, place, promotion, and price). These strategies incorporate elements for differentiation based on origin, capitalizing on the region's unique features for product development, and acknowledging the idiosyncrasies of three distinct segments of Pará state consumers. In summary, a focus is suggested on: a) the development of products oriented to local demand; b) differentiation by origin; c) increased availability; and d) positioning by quality. In a scenario of growing interest in the bioeconomy, the development of marketing strategies aimed at the sustainable consumption of products originating in the Amazon will still face broad concepts and lack of knowledge about the behavior of local consumers, difficulties that can be overcome by focusing on product attributes, greater information about consumption and economic and cultural valorization of its socio-biodiversity.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Dendê na Amazônia: reflexo socioeconômico, crescimento de cidades e dinâmica espacial do desmatamento no polo de produção do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-05-25) FERREIRA, Susane Cristini Gomes; CARVALHO, André Cutrim; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1089731342748216; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-9424; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619The cultivation of oil palm in the Amazon was conceived as a policy to promote biofuels associated with inclusive and sustainable local development, especially in rural areas. Studies involving oil palm plantations in the state of Pará, a producer hub, focus on the rural socio-environmental impacts of the crop, highlighting aspects such as changes in land use and socio-economic implications for family farmers. However, the expressive growth of oil palm in Pará cannot be dissociated from its impact on municipalities and, mainly, cities that develop around this culture. The potential of this export-oriented agricultural system to generate externalities that lead to urban and non-agricultural economic growth, and to cause potential spillovers from deforestation to neighboring municipalities is still little known. In this study, the social consequences, the growth of cities and the spatial dynamics of deforestation in the production pole of the state of Pará were evaluated. Specifically, the objective was: (1) To review and evaluate the main public policies that encouraged the cultivation of oil palm in the Amazon and the socio-environmental effects of these plantations in the northeast of Pará, specifically in the microregion of Tomé-Açu; (2) Assess the spillover effects of oil palm production in the largest Brazilian producing region, focusing on the urban and non-agricultural impact on economic growth, demography and the labor market in the period from 2002 to 2017; and (3) Investigate the spatial-temporal dynamics of deforestation in the oil palm agribusiness hub through empirical evidence on the importance of neighborhood effects (spatial effect) in the response to deforestation in the state's oil palm producing municipalities in the period between 2003 and 2017. To meet the first objective, this study carried out a documentary analysis for the period 2005 to 2016, in which family farmers were satisfied with the income from the production of oil palm fruits, while there were non-conformities between the original sustainability guidelines and the social inclusion provided for in government programs to encourage oil palm production, which suggests a lack of monitoring and inspection by the State. The second objective was achieved through econometric data analysis on a random effect panel and with structural break analysis. The results showed that the oil palm activity fostered non-agricultural sectors (eg, service sectors), contributing to the formal non-agricultural labor market, generating taxes in the surrounding cities and industrial dynamization, mainly from 2010, coinciding with the period implementation of the incentive policy. The third objective was achieved via spatial lag models. The results showed changes in the variables correlated with deforestation over the period studied. Before the incentive policy (Sustainable Palm Oil Production Program - PPSOP), pasture area was directly correlated and GDP per capita was inversely correlated with deforestation. Oil palm production was not correlated with deforestation. In the year of launch of the PPSOP, the number of inhabitants was strongly correlated with deforestation, probably associated with an increase in immigration rates. In the post-PPSOP period, the value of oil palm production was negatively correlated with deforestation. Therefore, in the period studied, oil palm did not affect deforestation or was associated with its reduction. After the PPSOP, once again, pasture area was positively correlated and GDP per capita was negatively correlated with deforestation. Furthermore, the spatial dynamics of deforestation showed that neighboring municipalities influenced deforestation behavior mainly through two types of classifications: high (High-High) and low (Low-Low) deforestation. The general conclusion of this study was that oil palm has generated economic growth in the surrounding cities, contributing to the reduction of deforestation in the production hub of Pará, but still with difficulties in the mechanisms of social inclusion advocated by the incentive policies. The spatial effect, represented here by the interaction of deforestation rates between neighboring municipalities, proved to be a relevant factor in the investigation of deforestation dynamics in the region. Given the observed intersectorial links and lesser environmental impact on remaining forests, it constitutes a promising economic activity for the region, although with a potential effect on other variables that produce negative externalities. The limitations imposed by the scope of this study keep open the understanding of other dimensions of sustainability pursued by policies to encourage oil palm. Strengthening the sector's competitiveness and permanent monitoring of the direct and indirect socio-environmental impacts of oil palm production could contribute to promoting improvements in the development indicators of the region of production.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Desastres naturais e pobreza absoluta na Amazônia: uma análise quantitativa(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-02-11) NINA, Alex Santiago; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279The Amazon is one of the poorest Brazilian regions and, in recent years, it has been hit by intense natural disasters. In this sense, this Ph.D. thesis aims to analyze how the occurrence of natural disasters affects the variation of absolute poverty in the Amazon between 2000 and 2010. The beginning and the end of this period coincide with the latest measurements of data reduction from demographic data, while in this interval, three major natural disaster events hit in the Amazon: the dry of 2005 and 2010 and the floods of 2009. Numerous studies, in international literature, point out that natural disasters affect the poor more severely than the rich and tend to maintain or increase levels of poverty in the regions where they occur. Based on these surveys, the following hypothesis was raised: “absolute poverty, both in terms of percentage and intensity, increased or decreased less in the Amazonian municipalities most frequently affected by natural disasters”. To test this hypothesis, a regression model was elaborated, which includes indicators of absolute poverty as a dependent variable and, as explanatory variables, indicators of natural disasters, economic growth and public assistance policies. The results showed that absolute poverty was accentuated in the municipalities most affected by natural disasters, but while droughts and gradual floods affected the percentage of poor, sudden floods decreased the income of the poor.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Desastres, infraestrutura e desenvolvimento: interrupções nas rodovias e impactos ao desenvolvimento na Amazônia(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-02-02) FLORES, Rafael Almeida; SZLAFSZTEIN, Claudio Fabian; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1348005678649555The development of a region is related, in part, to its ability to establish relations with other regions and the efficiency with which it operates internally and streamlines their intra relations. The study of the impacts in the availability of transport infrastructure in regional development interests by the influence it has on the location decisions of investment. This work describes a systematic, organized and distributed within that shape the relationship between the operation of transport infrastructure and natural disasters impacting regional development. Location data, causes, frequency of events, resulting impacts and potential occurrence of disasters that cause disruptions in the transportation system of the Brazilian Amazon region are presented, explaining how all of this impacts regional. The network of transport infrastructure in the Brazilian Amazon region is susceptible to interruptions in its functioning by pressures arising from the interaction of coupled human and natural systems, impacting regional development mainly by isolating regions raising concerns about human security of local residents and the economic development to the extent that regional production does not circulates temporarily, eliminating one of the economy dynamics main stages. The susceptibility indicators of transport infrastructure system in the Amazon are unclear being here presented temporal data, distributed in the geographic space, in order to describe the Amazonian transportation network scenario in the natural disasters context. This study presents disruptions causes, frequency, potential risks and impacts in this system functioning through an infrastructure disaster impacts evaluation methodology on the case of the BR-364 highway flood study and the respective impact on the 2014 Acre and Rondonia states, demonstrating that even action plans could be the origin element to more impacts, further aggravating the situation, showing a clear lack of the State preparation to deal with natural disastersItem Acesso aberto (Open Access) A Descentralização e a gestão ambiental municipal no Estado do Pará, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-04-04) SILVA, Benedito Evandro Barros da; AZEVEDO-RAMOS, Claudia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1968630321407619The state of Pará has made a major effort to decentralize its environmental management, although the lack of mechanisms to monitor and evaluate this process undermines the transparency, monitoring and improvement of the decentralization policy. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze municipal environmental management in the state of Pará from the analysis of decentralization policies and municipal performance in environmental management. The history of the policies was carried out through documentary analysis and the legal framework. The performance was evaluated based on the development of a municipal environmental management performance index (iGAM) and the perception of local public agents on the environmental management of their municipality. The methodology was applied to 143 municipalities in Pará and the performance of the municipal environmental management was evaluated for the year 2009 and 2015. The perception of the agents on the management was evaluated through a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale applied to two groups of environmental technicians belonging to municipalities with “good” and “poor” performance in management. The results showed that the decentralization of environmental management had its greatest evolution since the year 2009, motivated by public policies and strong pressures to reduce deforestation, however, they lack mechanisms to monitor the quality of environmental management. The iGAM, characterized by land use change variables, which explained more than 70% of the total variance, categorized the municipalities into four performance classes (good, fair, bad and very bad), which were shown in maps. Between 2009 and 2015, there was some improvement in the performance of municipalities. However, the decentralization measures seem to be more political than environmentally effective, since only 21.7% of the 143 municipalities were classified as having good environmental management in 2015. Municipalities in eastern Pará had the poorest management performance in both periods, illustrating regions where unsustainable and misguided national policies have been fostered since the 1970s. In general, iGAM was positively affected by factors such as population, communication and protected areas in municipalities and negatively affected by rural credit, GDPm and rural environmental cadastre. Public agents, with more optimistic perceptions than reality, tended to qualify management differently than expected from empirical data, suggesting the need for mixed monitoring. The variables associated with changes in land use were also key to differentiate the perception of agents from different groups. A cost-effective monitoring of agents’ perceptions by public environmental agencies could focus on the variables that actually differentiate them in terms of perception: degraded area, secondary vegetation, abandoned pasture, deforested area; pasture area; rural credit and rural environmental cadastre. There is still a lot of room for improving the effectiveness of municipal environmental management in Pará. However, it is important to note that many policies with a profound impact at the municipal level are elaborated at higher hierarchical levels and, therefore, responsibility must be shared. The monitoring of environmental management in a synergistic way is as important as it is indispensable to improve the performance of municipalities by enabling the different levels of state public administration to evaluate, plan, monitor, implement and guarantee development in order to preserve environmental quality in the Amazon.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Desempenho das diretrizes socioeconômicas e ambientais nas compras governamentais das Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior do estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-05-11) SILVA, Jayme Nascimento; SANTANA, Antônio Cordeiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2532279040491194; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-9178Sustainable Public Procurement must follow sustainability criteria in the acquisition of goods and services by Federal Public Administration bodies, being an important tool to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals. The adoption of these criteria is intended to encourage good Circular Economy practices as a requirement for environmental sustainability, especially in public organizations. The Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES) play a key role in the development of research and practical actions, especially to contribute to Sustainable Development. The theoretical foundation is related to the concepts that lead to the understanding of environmental issues through the economic sciences, especially based on the perception of the law of thermodynamics and the dynamics of natural ecosystems, and their influence on the Sustainable Public Procurement policy. The general objective of the thesis is to analyze the behavior of government purchases of Federal Institutions of Higher Education in the state of Pará in relation to socioeconomic and environmental guidelines, as well as to build a sustainable purchase indicator to identify and qualify the performance level of IFES in Pará. The methodology covers the application of quantitative methods to analyze the set of data referring to the purchases of the IFES in the period from 2010 to 2021 and, for this, the extraction of data from the biddings was used for the application of a survey aligned with the revision of the literature and application of Exploratory Factor Analysis and identify the factors of biosocioeconomic benefits of purchases; knowledge of legislation; procurement chain governance. The research demonstrates that, despite the set of incentives in Brazilian legislation aligned with international agreements to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, the applicability of the legislation had a restricted scope due to the low availability of sustainable goods and the limited participation of public servants in this process, whose engagement is fundamental for the success of the Sustainable Public Procurement policy.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) O Direito à participação para a governança de manguezais em áreas protegidas do sul indiano e da Amazônia brasileira(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019-04-12) PINHEIRO, Elysângela Sousa; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279The mangrove is a dynamic ecosystem that is in a continuous state of erosion and accretion, which forms a singular form of forest with up to 73 species of known trees. This ecosystem is distributed by 150,000 km ² in coastal wetlands of 123 tropical countries. For centuries, the human populations of these countries enjoy the environmental assets of the mangrove ecosystem. Brazil and India are signatory countries of the Ramsar Convention and the Convention on Biological Diversity, which recognize the importance of the mangrove ecosystem for biodiversity. The purpose of this Multiple Case study is to analyze the mangroves governance process in two protected areas: Extractive Reserve of São João da Ponta (RESJP), in the Brazilian Amazon and the Kadalundi Vallikkunnu Community Reserve (RCKV), in South India. Data were obtained through participant observation in the field and interviews with local communities and institutions representatives, as well as through the documentary analysis. The research found that the creation of protected areas in Brazil and India represents a significant strategy to give effectiveness to international environmental norms and constitutes an advance towards the conservation of the mangrove ecosystem. The conditions of social opportunities in the two reserves are very similar, but the right to participation is better ensured in the RESJP. However, it is necessary to broaden the opportunities for community participation in the governance and conservation of environmental resources in the protected mangrove areas.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Dos cercamentos contemporâneos à necropolítica dos territórios: análise do Projeto Volta Grande a partir da política fundiária brasileira(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-06-27) MELO, Herena Neves Maués Corrêa de; CASTRO, Fábio Fonseca deIt is intended to analyze the effects of conduct of the State, at its level of administrative action through INCRA and certain legal and jurisdictional actions and the Canadian Company Belo Sun, minning corp in relation to the Volta Grande Project, located in the municipality of Senador José Porfírio, for the populations that are in its area of direct and indirect incidence, especially relating the concept of public interest for mining on global market bases and the public interest, (de)constructed by the current agrarian reform policy, structuring the studies from the documents of the official organs of the State and theoretical categories extracted from the context observed in the field diary. Thus, in addition to the social diagnosis with fieldwork of the communities involved, we studied documentally the processes and norms of affectation and disaffection of the Hangover Settlement Project (P. A), revealing the guidelines of the Brazilian State, when confronting the interests of peasants and large international mining companies. To what extent is the content of the main theoretical category Necropolitics of Territories recognized from the empirical-theoretical observation of the underlying theoretical categories, namely, enclosures, deterritorialization, tolerated illegalities, accumulation by exploitation, biopolitics and necropolitics when confronted with the study of the land and mining policies of the state organs confronting the historicalsocial realities? From the qualitative, theoretical-exploratory and bibliographicaldocumentary research, we revisited the construction of hermeneutics for the performance of the State, as a legal guarantor, intricate to the neoliberal market, explaining the evolution of state action in several points of intersection, concluding that by guaranteeing Brazilian neocolonialism in the local subsystem of the Volta Grande do Xingu, with the empirical observation of theoretical categories, from the promotion of the mining megaproject, it provides secure bases, especially legal, for the global mining market generating the reproduction of the necropolitics of the territories of the Amazon, feeding cycles of Brazilian land policy, which discontinue the founding guidelines of effective agrarian reform.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Educação ambiental e gestão de recursos hídricos: a Bacia Hidrográfica da Estrada Nova, Belém/PA(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-29) RIOS, Naiara de Almeida; SANTANA, Antônio Cordeiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2532279040491194The Estrada Nova Hydrographic Basin has been receiving, since 2009, urban and environmental infrastructure works, from the implementation of the Estrada Nova Sanitation Program, PROMABEN. Inserted in this program, environmental education ap-663pears as a management tool that assists in the transformation of the relationship between human beings and nature. And it is thinking about the importance of environmental education in the management process, especially in water resources, that this study intends to evaluate the influence of the environmental education actions developed by PROMABEN in the Estrada Nova Hydrographic Basin, Belém / PA. To that end, the perception of the residents and schools of the neighborhoods of the basin was analyzed, and an Environmental Education Indicator was created for the area. For the development of the research, there were on-site visits and interviews with residents of the area, with teachers and school technicians, and a representative of PROMABEN. The qualitative-quantitative method was used for the analysis of results, and the Factorial Analysis technique for the creation of the Environmental Education Indicator. The results demonstrate that PROMABEN has not developed environmental education in the Estrada Nova Hydrographic Basin and is therefore inconclusive as to the execution and finalization of its objectives and results, which compromises the role of environmental education in the management process. Thus characterizing, on the one hand, the accumulation of certain actions and on the other, incomplete results that need to be evaluated, and validated or not, by the municipal public power. Based on this study, it is hoped to contribute to the deepening of discussions on public policies, environmental management, and, above all, the need to develop environmental education in programs such as PROMABEN, especially in the city of Belém. an instrument of change of social values that prepares subjects for citizenship from a new world view, where water resources, as well as the other natural elements, are inherently thought of human beings.Item Acesso aberto (Open Access) Elemento de benção, região de maldição: uma análise da gestão de recursos hídricos no Estado do Pará(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2019) CIRILO, Brenda Batista; ALMEIDA, Oriana Trindade de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0325909843645279The main objective of this study was to analyze the existing limitations for the management of water resources in the State of Pará, related to the implementation of management instruments and base entities for decentralization, as set forth in the Water Resources Policy of the State of Pará (Law No. 6,381 of 2001). For this purpose, it was necessary to investigate: a) the limitations existing in the historical trajectory of the process of water regulation in Brazil, which hinder the implantation of these legal devices; b) regional and local limitations; c) the limitations of the State Water Management Authority (SEMAS/PA); and d) the role of municipal public authority in the management of water resources on a local and inter-municipal scale. Field research was carried out in two stages: the first with environmental secretariats of the municipalities comprising Marapanim river basin and Itacaiúnas river basin, and the second with employees and former employees of SEMAS/PA. Based on common resource management theories, with emphasis on the Resource Curse Hypothesis and its deployment, it was found that the institutional system designed by the State for the management of water resources in the Amazon does not effectively comply with the principles of decentralization and participation from the Water Resources Policy, compromising the implementation and effectiveness of legal provisions by promoting a model of regional development that privileges the interests of specific economic groups, which reflects in state and local management.
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