Teses em Zoologia (Doutorado) - PPGZOOL/ICB

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.ufpa.br/handle/2011/3419

O Doutorado Acadêmico foi criado em 1999 e pertence ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL) do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) foi consolidado como um convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG).

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Abelhas das orquídeas (Apidae: Euglossini) e as plantações de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) na Amazônia Oriental: mudanças na composição de espécies, tamanho corporal e diversidade funcional
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-02) BRITO, Thaline de Freitas; MAUÉS, Márcia Motta; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0976385386657517; CONTRERA, Felipe Andrés León; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0888006271965925
In this study, we evaluated the role of legal reserves (LR) and areas of permanent protection (APP) in the maintenance of orchid bee species, and we tested the influence of abiotic and habitat parameters on taxonomic and functional diversity of this group. In addition, we investigated the occurrence of phenotypic variations (body and wing size, and fluctuating asymmetry) in response to environmental stress caused by oil palm plantations. Orchid bee males were sampled in nine areas (3 RL, 3 APP, and 3 oil palm plantations) in the municipality of Tailândia, southeast of the state of Pará. In each area, we installed six separate sampling stations, 500 m apart, each one with six scent traps; totaling 36 traps per area, and 108 per habitat type. We compared differences in observed abundance and richness using a One-Way ANOVA, we evaluated species composition patterns with a PCoA, and we also used a species indicator analysis. A partial RDA was applied to evaluate the influence of habitat attributes, space and habitat type on taxonomic and functional parameters of bees. In addition, we compared body and wing size variations of the individuals through the types of habitat. Our results indicate that oil palm areas are characterized by the presence of few individuals and species, low functional diversity, and by larger bees. Despite this, we recorded four species associated to LR, which can be useful indicators of orchid bee’s communities in the Amazon rainforest. The habitat structure was not a good predictor of both functional and taxonomic composition, and no levels of fluctuating asymmetry were detected, but bees from oil palm showed larger wings compared to forest areas. Our research highlights that APPs play an important role in maintaining both taxonomic and functional composition of orchid bees, which could reinforce the fact that bees use these areas as displacement corridors in a matrix formed by oil palm plantation. Thus, both LRs and PPAs areas fulfill their purpose of protecting the biodiversity of orchid bees.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos da plantação de palmas (Elaeis guineensis) na conservação de anuros na Amazônia oriental
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-06-30) CORREA, Fabricio Simões; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029; COSTA, Maria Cristina dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1580962389416378
In this thesis, we analyzed the effects of oil palm cultivation (Elaeis guineensis) on taxonomic and functional diversity of anurans in the eastern Amazon. In addition, we analyzed the response of anurans to environmental variation in oil palm plantations and surrounding forests. We surveyed for the presence of anurans in April 2012, 2015 and 2016, in 2100 m² plots through visual and acoustic searches. In April 2016, we also measured microclimatic (air temperature and humidity) and habitat structural variables (water body width and depth, leaf litter depth, canopy openness and number of trees) in both habitat types. We found higher functional diversity and species richness in forests, with difference in species composition and functional characters distribution between forests and oil palm plantations. Water body depth and width positively affected species richness and number of individuals, while water body depth and diurnal temperature influenced species composition in oil palm plantations. Only number of individuals was positively affected by diurnal temperature and nocturnal humidity in forests, while species composition and richness were not affected by any environmental variable in this habitat type. Our results make clear that conversion of forests to oil palm plantations negatively affects anurans taxonomic and functional diversity, making urgent the maintenance of forests surrounding the plantations as a way to reduce the negative impacts.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação dos efeitos de monocultura de palma de dendê na estrutura do habitat e na diversidade de peixes de riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-03-30) RUFFEIL, Tiago Octavio Begot; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099
In the Amazon, oil palm plantation has been growing exponentially in recent years, altering the landscape natural characteristics and being a possible threat to biodiversity. This environmental impact extends to aquatic ecosystems, which because they are highly related to the adjacent vegetation, also suffer the impacts resulting from this agricultural action, such as habitat structure alterations, affecting the species distribution and ecosystem processes. Thus, studies to test the impact of this monoculture in the Amazon are important to support more efficient strategies for reducing impacts and maintaining biodiversity. Therefore, this thesis aims to answer the following questions: I) How the presence of oil palm cultivation around the streams affect their habitat structure and fish assemblage structure in relation to streams that drain through forested areas present along of this anthropogenic landscape? II) What are the effects of the substitution on landscape of primary forest on the oil palm in the habitat physical structure and on the taxonomic diversity of neotropical stream fish? III) How do the patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of Amazon stream fish assemblages responds to the habitat and landscape changes caused by oil palm plantation? To answer these questions, we sampled and analyzed 39 streams in the Eastern Amazon. For the habitat characterization, an extensive protocol of the evaluation was applied, resulting in 238 habitat variables, besides that, was used landscape characteristics based on the percentage of land uses adjacent to the streams. For fish collection was used hand net for six hours in each stream. Morphological measures and ecological information of fish species were taken for later calculation of the functional attributes related to the third chapter. The results showed that oil palm plantation affect the stream habitat structure, modifying mainly the channel morphology, the substrate structure and shelter availability, such as woods and roots, for fish assemblage. Consequently, the fish species distribution was affected, resulting in changes in the assemblage structure. On the other hand, no changes were registered in the functional structure of these assemblies. Finally, we showed that the oil palm plantation modifies the stream habitat natural characteristics, as well as the distribution of the species, however the functional structure of the fish assemblages is maintained.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
As aves do estado do Maranhão: atualização do conhecimento e conservação em uma região de ecótono entre a floresta Amazônica e Cerrado
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-09-12) CARVALHO, Dorinny Lisboa de; SILVA, Daniel de Paiva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1409353191899248; SANTOS, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7941154223198901
The state of Maranhão is located between the eastern Amazon and the northern Cerrado, presenting a wide variety of environments in its ecotonal area. Due to this environmental heterogeneity, Maranhão has one of the richest avifaunas in Brazil. Furthermore, this region includes one of the world's most endangered biogeographical provinces. In order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of avifauna in this region, this study has as its main objectives: 1) review and update the checklist of birds species from Maranhão to identify possiblesampling gaps in the state; 2) test the effectiveness of the State Protected Areas (PAs) and Indigenous Lands (TIs) system in the protection of threatened and endemic bird species using SDMs and; 3) assess the potential impact of climate change on the distribution and conservation of 24 threatened bird taxa occurring in the state, comparing current and future distributions (2070) with the current reserve system, in order to identify potentially stable areas that can serve as dispersal corridors for the evaluated taxa. In chapter 1) we recorded the occurrence of 750 bird species, distributed into 88 families and 30 orders. We added 114 new species (95 residents, 13 migratory and 6 vagrants) to the last list compiled 27 years ago for the same region. In chapter 2) we observed that taxa with wider distributions are protected equally as taxa with smaller distributions and larger PAs are more efficient than smaller. Our results also showed that most Cerrado PAs are poorly allocated. We suggest six priority areas for conservation of Neotropical birds and highlight the importance of indigenous lands in conserving Neotropical biodiversity. In chapter 3) our results indicated that, although threatened Amazon and Cerrado taxa are potentially protected, for both present and future scenarios, most of the taxa are likely to suffer drastic population size declines or even global extinction in the near future. We highlight the importance of creating a system of dispersal corridors that interconnect PAs in this region, as well as the implementation of public policies for maintenance and mitigation of the areas adjacent to these corridors, aiming at the conservation of the richness and diversity of species in this region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Determinantes da estrutura de comunidades de insetos aquáticos em riachos na Amazônia: o papel do habitat e da escala especial
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-01-30) BATISTA, Gilberto Nicacio; HAMADA, Neusa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1512994126787334; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029
Aquatic ecosystems are highly complex environments, mainly due to interactions between their abiotic and biotic components; they are dependent on variation in physical structure and limnological characteristics, which in general, are factors that specifically act on different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, considering this complexity in structuring stream habitats, particularly in Amazonian lotic ecosystems, this doctoral thesis aims to evaluate which are the determining factors to structure aquatic insect communities and their distribution according to environmental variation and geographical distances. To meet this goal the thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first, a systematic revision was carried out with a global assessment about the use of insects (Chironomidae: Diptera) in monitoring aquatic ecosystems and their responses as bioindicators. We found that the main issues presented in the studies were related to anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the taxonomic difficulties on the use of species identification to biomonitoring. The second shows analysis of distribution patterns and diversity of Chironomidae communities, under predictions of Metacommunity models, to evaluate the relations of the assemblages with the spatial scale and the environment. The main results showed that the assemblages were mainly affected by components of the physical habitat structure and partly the communities were limited by dispersal among the streams when considered at large scale in the region studied. The third showed analysis of functional composition on the communities of aquatic insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Megaloptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) and their responses to variation in habitat structure considered under the assumptions of the Habitat Templet. Overall, we found relationships between the distribution of morphological and functional traits with the physical habitat variables. The fourth chapter evaluates the effect of spatial distance on the community similarity of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera communities in two regions of Eastern Amazon. In this final chapter, we find differences in the composition of communities expressed as species replacement because of the geographical distance and local environmental characteristics of each region. Finally, the studies developed in this thesis summarized how the structure of the habitat of streams can affect the aquatic insect communities and variation in the riparian structure and physical habitat, can cause variation in taxonomical composition and functional attributes. In summary, from these findings, we conclude that the physical habitat variables are determining factors in structuring aquatic insect communities. In addition, it is highlighted the importance of local factors (riparian vegetation structure/composition of substrates/limnological characteristics) as explanatory variables for taxonomical and functional composition. In addition, the regional factors (geographical distance / dispersal limitation) are essential components to affect similarity and structure of the communities.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade de peixes de riachos na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2017-09-07) BENONE, Naraiana Loureiro; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; ESPOSITO, Maria Cristina; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2112497575917273
Amazon streams are highly heterogeneous systems that encompass a remarkable diversity. Due to the increasing threats to these systems, it is necessary to understand how ecological process in natural areas affect streams and their fish biota. This thesis was divided in three chapters and aims to answer the following questions: 1) How much do catchment variables affect the physical habitat of small streams in the Amazon? 2) What is the relative contribution of environmental and spatial variables on taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity of stream fish? 3) How much are distinct components of biodiversity (species diversity, taxonomic distinctness, and functional diversity) congruent and how much can they be predicted from catchment variables? Fifty seven streams were sampled across six river basins in the Amazon region. For environmental characterization, a standardized protocol was used to obtain more than 140 local variables, and 11 catchment variables were obtained from aerial images. Fish assemblages were sampled with hand nets during a six-hour period. Stream catchments were divided in two groups based on altitude and slope. These two variables influenced streams habitats, regulating flow velocity and the types and proportions of substrates. The taxonomic and functional patterns of fish assemblages were affected by environmental filters operating at the catchment scale. Nonetheless, variables at the local scale were particularly important to taxonomic and functional alpha diversity. Despite the significant role of environmental filters, limited dispersal was the main driver of variation in fish diversity, indicating a strong biogeographic factor. Finally, various components of diversity exhibited intermediate congruence, which suggests that no single component can describe patterns of fish diversity. In addition, catchment variables alone could not accurately predict diversity patterns, and therefore it is recommended that additional explanatory variables, including descriptors of local environmental conditions, are important to include in studies of stream fish diversity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Impacto dos fatores antropogênicos e ambientais na dinâmica do microbioma e nas interações hospedeiro-patógeno em anfíbios
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-04) MOSER, Camila Fernanda; BECKER, Guilherme; PELOSO, Pedro Luiz Vieira Del; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963420424755544; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-8293
Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrates, with 41% of species at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, and emerging diseases. A key factor influencing their health is the skin microbiota, a community of symbiotic microorganisms that contribute to immunity and disease resistance. However, this microbiome is highly sensitive to environmental disturbances, which can alter its composition and reduce its protective functions. One of the major threats to amphibians is chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogen that disrupts skin integrity and weakens host defenses, leading to high mortality rates. This infection interacts with environmental stressors, including pollution and habitat degradation, increasing amphibian vulnerability. This thesis explores the composition and ecological drivers of amphibian skin microbiota, its interactions with Bd, and the effects of environmental disturbances. The results show that microbiome diversity varies across species, seasons, and environmental conditions. A case study on Bd dynamics across different species and environmental conditions demonstrated that infection prevalence and load were lower in warmer temperatures and in species with non-aquatic habits, suggesting that abiotic factors and host ecology significantly influence Bd susceptibility. Furthermore, seasonal variations in microbiota composition were observed, with microbial diversity generally decreasing in colder months. These seasonal shifts could be linked to changes in amphibian behavior and immune function, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring of microbiota-host-pathogen interactions. In conclusion, this thesis provides novel insights into the complex interactions between amphibian microbiota, environmental changes, and disease dynamics. Understanding how anthropogenic disturbances and seasonal variations shape microbiome diversity is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. Future research should focus on longterm monitoring of amphibian microbiomes, explore the role of larval-stage microbiota in pathogen resistance, and investigate microbiome-based interventions to support amphibian populations facing increasing environmental threats.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a estrutura de comunidade de peixes em diferentes ambientes aquáticos na Amazônia
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2024-04) SILVA, Ronaldo Souza da; ORTEGA, Jean Carlo Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7951329810755189; HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-5097-9382; MONTAG, Luciano Fogaça de Assis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936237097107099; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9370-6747
Species diversity varies over time and space as a reflection of resource availability, suitable conditions, and biotic interactions that can locally exclude species from the regional pool. Understanding the causes of species variations remains challenging for ecologists. Still, it is already known that both biotic (interactions) and local environmental conditions (abiotic variables) are important factors in determining fish richness and abundance. Environmental conditions act differently in various aquatic ecosystems, structuring fish assemblages differently. In this context, the central objective of this thesis was to evaluate how local and regional environmental factors influence fish assemblage structure in different aquatic ecosystems in the southwest Amazon. Firstly, we assessed how the environment affects fish assemblages in river beaches. Next, we evaluated how local and regional environments influence the fish assemblage structure associated with aquatic macrophyte banks in lake environments. Finally, we examined how stream fish assemblage structure responds answered to local and regional environmental factors. In beach habitats, we found that temperature, dissolved oxygen, and depth were important in determining variation in fish species composition, while the temperature was the only variable influencing species richness. For fish in macrophyte banks habitats, the results indicated that both local and regional environmental variables (space and hydrological period) influenced fish assemblage structure. The variables depth of macrophyte bank, bank size, and space were significant for species richness. For species composition, environmental factors such as macrophyte composition, bank size, macrophyte richness, and regional variables such as space and hydrological period were influential, with the hydrological period being the strongest predictor of this variation, showing that flood pulses are a strong determinant in the structure of fish assemblages associated with macrophyte banks in Amazonian floodplains. Finally, we evaluated the influence of local, regional (landscape), and spatial factors on fish assemblage structure in upland streams in western Amazonia. The percentage of forest and spatial component (identity of Conservation Units) influenced species richness. Meanwhile, physical habitat and spatial variables influenced species composition, indicating that the fish assemblage in Amazonian streams answered to intact environments and habitat characteristics capable of supporting the persistence of these assemblages within and between watersheds.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Padrões de distribuição de espécies de percevejos semi-aquáticos (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha): utilizando fatores ambientais e espaciais para determinar a estrutura das comunidades em riachos amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-02) CUNHA, Erlane José Rodrigues da; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029
Amazonian lotic ecosystems are among the environments that have received most attention in studies on species distribution. This is related to the presence of high environmental complexity and spatial variation in these ecosystems, thus it is necessary to elucidate how such conditions affect the species distribution in response to habitat specificity and dispersion under different scales. Thus, in this thesis we aim to evaluate how environmental and spatial factors structure semi-aquatic bug (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha) communities in Amazonian streams. To achieve this goal, the thesis was divided into three chapters. First, we evaluated factors that structure metacommunities, considering environmental factors, linear and fluvial spatial structure within a drainage basin. We observed that the effect of the environment had greater effect on metacommunity structure and only factors related to river dispersion were important for these response. Thus, at basin scale, the metacommunity structure was affected mainly by species sorting and mass effects was associated to dispersion in smaller scales within basin network. In second chapter, we analyzed the patterns of metacommunities of semiaquatic bugs among different biogeographic areas of the Amazon region, we found that the limitation of community variation across space was decisive in structuring the diversity of assemblies. These results showed that high turnover occurs within the ecoregions evaluated due to environmental heterogeneity. In addition, beta diversity between different biogeographic areas in Amazon region evidenced general patterns of decay of similarity due to environmental and spatial distances. In the third chapter, we deconstructed the assemblages between wingless and winged individuals to evaluate the alteration of the environment in areas with anthropic alteration. We find that the composition of winged species assemblages differs from the total community composition, however, assemblages of winged and winged species showed responses associated with the loss of diversity caused by anthropic activity. However, the environmental variables that structure these assemblies were different, indicating that a trade-off occurs between reproduction (wingless) and dispersion (winged) to reach the fitness of these populations. In general, we highlight that characteristics of the aquatic habitat on a local scale, and the fluvial connectivity between habitats are the main determinants in structuring the communities of these organisms at a basin scale. Considering biogeographic scales, the limitation of the dispersion through space was the main factor in the structure of the communities, however, the beta diversity between regions also showed to be dependent on local factors. We consider that the specificity of these organisms to live on the surface of the water, besides showing strong relation with this habitat, also shows that the locomotion on the water surface is the main dispersion mechanism of these organisms in the basin network. In addition, the processes that have determined communities' patterns of diversity act on local scales up to biogeographic scales. However, we highlight that advances in the impacts of anthropic activities in the Amazon can also interfere in these processes and act on the distribution of species among the lotic ecosystems of the region.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Padrões de diversidade e suas implicações para a conservação de Odonata (Insecta) em igarapés amazônicos
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018-08-03) BRASIL, Leandro Schllemmer; JUEN, Leandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1369357248133029
The distribution of species within a landscape and the mechanisms that determine this distribution are fundamental questions for the understanding of the ecology of biological communities. The understanding of these phenomena is essential for the management of ecosystems and decision-making on the conservation of biodiversity, environmental conditions, and ecosystem resources. In this dissertation, we focused on the communities of the damselflies, suborder Zygoptera (Insecta: Odonata), found in streams in the Brazilian Amazon region to investigate their alpha diversity (Chapter 1), beta diversity (Chapter 2), and the elements that structure metacommunities (Chapters 3), as well as the spatial priorities for the conservation of Amazonian odonates (Chapter 4). We used environmental, biogeographic, and spatial predictors to investigate the mechanisms that structure the distribution of the communities analyzed in this dissertation. In the case of alpha diversity (Chapter 1), environmental heterogeneity (climate) and primary productivity were the most important determinants of zygopteran species richness. For beta diversity (Chapter 2), turnover was the most important component of changes in species composition within the landscape, together with the spatial distance between sites, and the biogeographic region (centers of endemism), which were the most important predictors of zygopteran beta diversity. In our analysis of metacommunity patterns (Chapter 3), we found a Clementsian pattern in well-preserved streams, with a major change in the configuration of the communities in streams with environmental alterations, which represented subsets of the better preserved areas. In Chapter 4, we show that the spatial distribution of the conservation units in the Amazon region is relatively ineffective for the conservation of most of the beta diversity of the region’s odonates. As the priority areas are located predominantly in southern Amazonia, and most of these areas have already been deforested, given that they lie within the arc of deforestation, the priority areas were displaced toward the forested environments located nearer the center of the Amazon region. Based on this analysis, we suggest the creation of new conservation units or the implementation of incentives for the establishment of activities that cause reduced environmental impacts in more central, priority areas, which are still forested, as well as 4 the restoration of priority areas that have already been deforested. One possibility here would be the implementation of programs that pay for ecosystem services, such as carbon credits obtained through reforestation and/or the development of activities with a reduced impact on biodiversity, such as agroforestry. This study also makes a major contribution to the reduction of the Wallacean and Hutchisonian shortfalls on the zygopterans of the Brazilian Amazon region.

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