Navegando por Assunto "Saneamento"

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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação de dano ambiental: aplicação de um índice de qualidade em um vazadouro a céu aberto
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-04-05) CONCEIÇÃO, Mário Marcos Moreira da; PENNER, Giovanni Chaves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3110276957027781; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0335-5352; TEIXEIRA, Luiza Carla Girard Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9773700229115395; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0204-6825
The objective of this research was the adequacy and application of a waste landfill quality index (IQAR) as a management tool for the open-air dump in the municipality of Castanhal-PA. For this, a socio-environmental diagnosis was carried out in the research area, in the Urban Solid Waste (USW) management and management system in Castanhal-PA and in the recycling companies in the municipality. A simple checklist was applied to identify the potential socioenvironmental damage resulting from the inadequate disposal of USW in the open-air dump, to the secretariats linked to sanitation in the municipality, collectors and the community of the agrovila Boa Vista. To qualitatively and quantitatively assess the environmental damage generated, the Global Damage Index (IGD) was applied. In order to determine the IQAR, the results obtained were analyzed and interpreted, for later framing the open-air spillway under adequate or inadequate conditions. The indices that make up the IQAR refer to the characteristics of the location, infrastructure implemented and operational conditions. According to the data obtained, the secretariats sampled have flaws due to the lack of elaboration, monitoring, evaluation and updating of the municipal Master Plan, which is expressed by the lack of information on issues related to the leak or projects in progress. The data obtained indicated that the Directly Affected Area (ADA) and the limits used for the disposal of MSW correspond to an area of 54 hectares. Irregularities and the lack of technical criteria in the forms of final disposal of USW and tailings at the ADA are the main factors that promote socio-environmental damage. As for the most significant environmental damages in the ADA, according to the sampling of collectors, they refer to the possibility of pollution/contamination of the soil (100%) by the inadequate disposal of waste and tailings from the various commercial and industrial activities of the municipality, burning of waste (64%), deforestation (52%), water contamination (86%) and air pollution (34%). After an analysis carried out in loco, the community Boa Vista was identified as an Area of Direct Influence (AID), approximately 1km from the spillway, the extensions of the water bodies, due to constant problems related to contamination/pollution from the runoff of surface water and groundwater that can take different directions, and the unpleasant odor by the predominant direction of the winds towards that community. The data obtained to identify the socioenvironmental damages in the dump, from the application of the IGD referring to the indicators of the physical environment, indicators of the biotic and abiotic environment and of the operational conditions, indicated that all the items listed suffer damages of direct and indirect order, with emphasis on infrastructure implemented (-0.50), water (-0.51), fauna (-0.63) and flora (-0.59). Thus, the general value of the IGD (-0.44) shows the precarious conditions of all the indicators evaluated, with damages ranging from -0.33 (operating conditions) to -0.63 (fauna). The results obtained with the application of the IQAR for the characterization of the structural, operational aspects of the locational aspects of the Castanhal-PA open-air dump, indicated alarming conditions in all indicators with predominant assessments referring to inadequate, absent or insufficient conditions. According to the methodology of CETESB (2020), with the value of the IQAR (0.4), the open-air dump in Castanhal-PA has inadequate operating conditions. In order to minimize the damages diagnosed, it is necessary, from the beginning, to know the characteristics of the waste produced in that municipality, the gravimetric composition and, as a matter of urgency, an adequate system of final disposal of MSW must be implemented with: licensing of the activity, delimitation of the area, physical fencing with screens, inspection and periodic maintenance of the site and access roads.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação de risco ambiental por contaminação metálica e material orgânico em sedimentos da bacia do Rio Aurá, Região Metropolitana de Belém - PA
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2013-03) SIQUEIRA, Gilmar Wanzeller; APRILE, Fábio Marques
The Aurá River basin is situated in the Belém Metropolitan region, between the municipalities of Belém and Ananindeua, where the rate of population growth has increased without any social and environmental control. The region is intensely exploited and the more frequent environmental problems are deforestation, erosion, flooding, water pollution and contamination, especially by heavy metals and organic compounds (OC). Geochemistry behavior (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni and Cu) and OC levels were determined in the 30 sampling sites between 2008 and 2010 in the bottom sediments of the river. There is an uncontrolled sanitary landfill situated at the north of the Aurá River responsible, in part, by the metallic contamination of the sediments. The environmental stress is classic in the region, and it has resulted from anthropic activities, which has transported unconsolidated material associated to metals to the Aurá. The variables studied were classified on the transport mechanisms and sources (allochthonous and/or autochthonous). The results showed that the main contribution of ions Al and Fe was the sanitary landfill; Mn and Ni was the adjacent soils; Cr was modified (III/VI) by the allobiochemistry, and Cu by bio-induced processes.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Desenvolvimento de modelo de sistema de informações geográficas para avaliação da eficiência hidroenergética em sistemas de abastecimento de água
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015-10-29) SANTOS, Aline Christian Pimentel Almeida; PEREIRA, José Almir Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9918600634569244
Development of methodology for evaluating the performance of hydro-energy Water Supply Systems (WSS) using System Model of Geographical Information (GIS) to assist in decision-making in the SAAs operation. The model developed in GIS platform enables registration, systematization and the spatial distribution of hydro data in order to avoid excessive spending on electricity aggregate the volume of water available for consumption. In Stage 1 the hydro-energy parameters were identified WSSs used in current management methods and then set the data and indicators for the spatial representation in the model of the hydro-energy performance by sector and water supply unit. In the 2nd stage was developed the management model in GIS through Delphi IDE XE5 and TatukGIS platform in three phases: geographic database construction (Phase 1); Construction of GIS module (Phase 2) and construction of hydro-energy module (Phase 3). The last step (Step 3) was submitted to evaluation of the model developed functionality, which simulated the operation of the WSS Bolonha, the Metropolitan Region of Belém, Pará, Brazil, which allowed the spatial data and indicators to identify the sectors with best and hydro-energy worst performance. The color grading maps building tool was efficient, allowing quick identification of the best result of the electricity consumption index in sector 9 of the Central Zone (0.62 KWh / m³) and the worst index total loss in sector 7 of the Central Zone (54.29%). In addition to the warning signs for tool for the indicators above the target set by the user, which enabled the identification of sector 7 with the worst energy consumption index (0.85 KWh / m³). With the work it was found that the SIGHE2A model is a tool that enables and streamlines the evaluation of the hydro-Energy performance WSS, especially to facilitate problem identification and decision making.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Diagnóstico da qualidade da água do rio Parauapebas (Pará - Brasil)
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2012-09) SIQUEIRA, Gilmar Wanzeller; APRILE, Fábio Marques; MIGUÉIS, Antonio Miguel Borregana
The objective of this research was to develop a diagnostic of the water quality of the Parauapebas River (Pará, Brazil), in the dry periods of 2004, 2007 and 2009. In 20 sampling sites in Parauapebas River, around of the Parauapebas City, physical (transparency, water temperature and total solid residues), chemical (dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, acidity, chloride, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, total phosphorus, total iron and total nitrogen), and biological parameters (thermotolerant coliforms) were measured. The results were used for the determination of Water Quality Index (WQI). As support to the interpretation of these parameters, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA), multiple regression and linear regression analyses and, a general survey of physical, biotical and social-economic of the region were performed. WQI for the Parauapebas River, in the monitored area, was 40.01, which classifies it in the category "Regular". The PCA and multiple regression analysis identified four parameters that have been employed in the WQI determination and that influenced significantly the variation of the Index: dissolved oxygen, BOD, total phosphorus and thermotolerant coliforms, which explained 75% of the variation of the results. The results indicate that the urban expansion, in especial in the directions N-NW and S-SW, has reached the areas surrounding the Riparian Forest, and affected partially the surface water quality of the Parauapebas River.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Inter-relações entre variáveis ambientais e doenças de veiculação hídrica no Município de Belém-Pa
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-11-09) VARELA, Andrew Wallace Palheta; PESSOA, Francisco Carlos Lira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8031687016215046
The theme related to health and the environment is gaining more and more prominence in the scientific environment, since man is sensitive to the constant changes in the environment that surrounds him. The spatial and temporal variations of climatic elements, as well as the worsening of socio-environmental problems, provide specific environmental conditions and, consequently, can favor the emergence of diseases related to water transmission, such as leptospirosis and dengue, especially in regions with peculiar climatic characteristics and serious problems of environmental and social nature, for example, the city of Belém-PA. Thus, the objective of this work is to correlate environmental variables with the occurrence of waterborne diseases, in the 21st century (2001 to 2019), in the municipality of Belém, state of Pará, as well as to identify possible associations of health problems arising from the basic sanitation conditions of the locality. For this, a survey was carried out of the number of monthly cases of leptospirosis and dengue, through the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) and Municipal Health Department (SESMA), as well as the variables precipitation, temperature and relative humidity, through the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and, subsequently, the following methodologies are applied: descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation coefficient (ρ), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multiple Regression Analysis, spatialization by IDW interpolation and the assessment of basic sanitation conditions. The results show a similar monthly behavior of the variables: precipitation, relative humidity and minimum temperature; and dengue and leptospirosis; with a greater number of cases in the rainy season in the region. Furthermore, with the exception of the minimum temperature, there was a correlation between the environmental variables and the diseases studied in this work. It was also observed the precariousness of sanitation conditions experienced by residents of some neighborhoods in Belém, which facilitates the proliferation of transmitting vectors. In this sense, it is inferred that seasonality may indicate a possible contribution to the rates of the mentioned diseases, especially in the rainy season, leading to an increase in the number of cases, however, for the municipality of Belém, this factor is not limited to the variable variable, but to a series of environmental and climatic conditions relating to the period in question. Furthermore, it is estimated that this study will serve as a reference for other research, as well as contribute to the development of solutions that minimize the problem.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Metropolização e vulnerabilidade socioespacial: dinâmicas territoriais e luta pela moradia na porção sul de Ananindeua-PA
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2022-08-29) SILVA, Gilmara Oliveira da; RODRIGUES, Jovenildo Cardoso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9028575905648156; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5650-1168
The urbanization process has been present since ancient times, intensifying with the industrialization process in the 18th century and in Brazil from the mid-19th century on. In the Amazônia this process occurred from the 1960s with transformations that deeply impacted its territories. Contemporarily, with the process of metropolization, beyond a phase of urban development, these territories are increasingly affected by the interests of capital, especially with regard to production and housing conditions, where part of the population lives in degrading conditions and in constant socio-spatial vulnerability, as occurs in the municipality of Ananindeua-PA, a city that makes up the metropolitan region of Belém-PA and that is affected by it in all its structural changes. In this sense, we present the following central problem: How the process of metropolization, such as the actions of the State (land title regularization and the implementation project of the Liberdade Highway) in addition to the expansion of the land market in the metropolitan space of Belém has been interfering in the conditions of socio-spatial vulnerability (infrastructure and housing) of the southern portion of Ananindeua territory between the years 2020 and 2022. The main objective of this work is to analyze how the metropolization process, the actions of the State (land title regularization and the implementation project of the Liberdade Highway) and the expansion of the land market in the metropolitan space of Belém have been interfering in the conditions of socio-spatial vulnerability (infrastructure and housing) of the southern portion of Ananindeua's territory between the years 2020 and 2022. In the present work we will use the historical and dialectical materialism method, because it focuses on the materiality of the history of men in society. The research is quantitative and qualitative, where the first makes a quantification of the data on the growth of the population of the municipality, especially of its southern portion, and the second, makes a survey of qualitative data, which obtains the description about the neighborhoods of the southern portion of Ananindeua and its urban growth over conservation units and territories of traditional Amazonian communities. The analysis is inter-scalar that considers the time and space of urban relations. It counts on a systematic observation of the study area and the application of questionnaires, in addition to the cartographic production showing the advance of urbanization in the southern part of Ananindeua. This work is justified from a theoretical and methodological point of view by the need to understand the new territorial dynamics, in the conditions of infrastructure and housing, from the metropolitan expansion present in the southern portion of Ananindeua. From a theoretical and practical point of view, this work has the relevance of contributing to subsidize public actions and the construction of the right to territory. The present work showed us that the housing conditions in the southern part of Ananindeua are the result of the unequal process of metropolization where some parts of the population live with a good infrastructure in detriment of the majority of the population who live without the minimum conditions of basic sanitation. Added to this, the work showed us that the southern population of Ananindeu has the constant territorial conflicts of traditional communities that are there in the face of urban expansion.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Objetivos de desenvolvimento do milênio da ONU: redução da mortalidade na infância e saneamento básico urbano no estado do Pará
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006-06-13) VINAGRE, Marco Valério de Albuquerque; LIMA, José Júlio Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5176390429456548
Sanitation and health are inseparable. Under this premise, is conducted the investigation contained in this study, that looks for to contribute offering to the society a new interdisciplinary point of view in the formulation and accompaniment of the public politics of urban sanitation. The use of urban indicators is improvement factor in the planning and administration of the cities, and matter up to date. There is abundance of them, however this study search the cognitive simplicity, although without reductionism, and there the concern resides with the Interdisciplinarities contained in the approach of this investigation, that culminates with the proposition of econometric model relating social and sanitary data censes. They are studied the relationships among mortality in the childhood, urban population, provision of urban services of water supply, sanitary exhaustion and waste collects. The explanatory relationships are verified among dependent's variable constituted by the product mortality in the childhood x urban population and the variables independent urban populations assisted with water supply, sewerage system and garbage collect. Considered the expressed politics of investments in sanitation in the General Budget of the State of Pará for the year of 2006 as usual, and starting from the developed model, the mortality in the childhood is inferred for the year of 2015, and compared with the Goal 5 of the Objectives of Development of the Millennium of UN, which consists of the reduction of the mortality in the childhood in 2/3 among the years of 1990 and 2015. The estimates of resources for the attaining of that Goal indicate the need to maintain the investments in water supply, collects of garbage and to increase them in sewer sanitarium. As logical consequence of the reasoning and of the analyses contained in the work, it is suggested as allocation criterion in the planning of resources for amplification of the provision of urban services of sanitation the mortality in the childhood.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O paradoxo hídrico da cidade: uma análise sobre o saneamento da Região Metropolitana e a área de proteção dos mananciais dos Lagos Bolonha e Água Preta
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2021-11-29) LIMA, Fernando Lourenço Matos; DIAS, Daniella Maria dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1345611606547188
This dissertation aims to analyze, from a legal perspective, the legal norms that determine the forms of use of water resources and the new rules established by the new framework of basic sanitation, to know if the rules are consistent with the use and preservation of Bologna and Água Preta springs that are within a conservation unit that does not allow the direct use of natural resources. The territorial delimitation of the study area in the cities of Belém and Ananindeua was carried out because they are bordering cities that shelter and have direct impacts on the area of the springs. In addition, these are the most populous municipalities in the RMB and hold the largest amount of data on basic sanitation. For this purpose, the monographic method of descriptive and qualitative character was used, using the procedure of bibliographical, documentary research, where, based on the investigation, it will analyze whether it is possible to reconcile the rules for the use of water resources and the changes in the new framework of the sanitation, with a view to preserving the Bolonha and Água Preta springs, which are located in an integrally protected conservation unit. The discussion of the project was divided into three parts. In the first one, an assessment was made of the importance and characteristics of lakes Bolonha and Água Preta for the RMB, decomposing the existing normative paradox. In the second part, the historical and legal characteristics of the UCs were studied in order to compare and verify the adequacy of the APA Metropolitana de Belém and the PEUt in relation to Law No. 9,985/2000, which governs territorially protected spaces. In the third, the possibility of operationalizing the new sanitation framework for the use of the Bolonha and Água Preta springs in the area of an Integral Protection Conservation Unit was interpreted. As a result of the research, it was concluded that there is a normative paradox with disparate laws for the same socio-territorial space that are compatible with the water supply in the region, but are incompatible with the new legal framework for sanitation.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
O Planejamento da drenagem urbana de Belém (PA): uma perspectiva sistêmica multinível
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2023-11-30) ELMESCANY, Raquel Serruya; PONT VIDAL, Josep; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4415362518177732
Belém, capital of Pará, metropolis of the Amazon, suffers from constant flooding and inundation. Thus, it is natural to ask what measures the government has planned over the years to deal with the problem, but several administrative instances do urban planning, from different perspectives. Therefore, the question arises: is there cohesion in the decisions and communications between the subsystems that intervene in the planning of urban drainage in Belém (PA), in a systemic and multilevel perspective? To answer, the Theory of Self Referential Systems was used, working on the theoretical categories of decision, communication and self-reference, in a multilevel perspective, observing the planning elaborated between the different administrative spheres that plan interventions related to drainage (Union, State, Metropolitan Region and Municipality), in three observational approaches: territorial, sectoral and budgetary decisions. Thus, the theory of social systems and a general overview of the rationalities applicable to urban planning were exposed, raising a theoretical proposal, which understands planning as a function of the political-administrative system, to be exercised by subsystems that, through planning decisions, can articulate themselves via governance and seek self-reference, via dynamic cohesion of their instruments. in the pursuit of common goals. An applied heuristic observation methodology was constructed, with the use of three data collection techniques: bibliographic research, documentary research and interviews; and three analysis techniques: narrative review, content analysis, and concomitant triangulation. The results were structured taking into consideration the administrative levels, additionally analyzing the organized technical sector and social movements linked to urban drainage. It was concluded that the drainage planning system of Belém is structured in practically isolated levels, with little communication between them, with the only communication commonly understood is the National Basic Sanitation Plan, although pending review and not fully observed by management. Pending issues such as the revision and publication of the State Basic Sanitation Plan, revision of the Municipal Master Plan, revision or observance of the Municipal Basic Sanitation Plan and the lack of an Integrated Urban Development Plan are configured as gaps in the drainage planning of Belém, lacking decisions, impairing the reach of communications. Thus, it is concluded that there is no cohesion in a multilevel perspective, as it comes up against, to a large extent, the lack of planning itself.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Saúde-saneamento e as ações de prevenção: a Estratégia Saúde da Família em Municípios da Região Norte
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2020-02-14) FRANÇA, Samara Avelino de Souza; NASCIMENTO, Durbens Martins
The integrated adoption of sanitation and health policies can contribute to the improvement of the population's sanitary and health conditions, reducing the number of cases of hospitalization and deaths by Inadequated Environmental Sanitation Diseases (IESD) for example. In this context, the general objective of research was examine the relationship among economic conditions, sanitation and coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) and the occurrence of IESD in municipalities in the Northern, from 2008 until 2017, seeking to describe how the sanitation indicators influenced the occurrence of IESD and the relationship between FHS coverage and the occurrence of IESD. It was utilized the Theory of Policy Evaluation, aiming to evaluate the degree which the objectives and goals of a program or policy were achieved, independently of the costs involved. The municipalities of Para’s State were choosen for analysis, using the Statistical and Comparative methods, based in secondary data research on the DataSUS websites, the National Sanitation Information System (NSIS) and the Department of Primary Care (DPC). It were been chosen only municipalities had available data for the study period. Were analysed 18 municipalities, 3 for each state region. It was found that: (1) rates of hospitalizations and deaths decreased over the historical series, which lower average values in the municipalities of Mesoregion of Marajó; (2) the water supply service had little growth; (3) there was an expansion of coverage by the FHS, 11 municipalities with a service exceeding 50%; and (4) economic growth (GDP) was not necessarily accompanied by overcoming social problems, as a level of income in the municipalities did not mean that they were investing in sanitation services and / or promotion and prevention actions. Therefore, infering that although the NSIS is an important policy for expanding coverage of sanitation services in the country, the municipalities of Para still have this issue as a challenge. In turn, the FHS contributed to an expansion of the coverage of prevention and care services to the population, decreasing hospitalizations and deaths by IESD from 2008 until 2017.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Simulação do uso de bombas com velocidade variável em processos de saneamento
(Universidade Federal do Pará, 2025-02-07) TRINDADE, Rafael Pinheiro; SENA, Manoel José dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2349287816857909
The pursuit of energy efficiency and sustainability in sanitation systems motivated this study, which investigated the use of variable-speed centrifugal pumps (VSCPs) in water supply, sewage systems, and urban drainage processes. The main objective was to develop a computational tool to simulate the behavior of these pumps under different operational conditions, comparing their performance with constant-speed pumps (CSPs). The methodology included mathematical modeling based on hydrodynamic similarity laws and the implementation of a C++ algorithm, validated through comparison with reference data. Twenty one scenarios were analyzed, varying the initial flow rate (Qₘ) from 200 to 800 m³/h and the flow variation amplitude (Aq) from 20 to 60 m³/h, over 24-hour periods. Results demonstrated that VSCPs are significantly more efficient at low flow rates (Qₘ ≤ 400 m³/h), achieving energy savings between 19% and 43%. However, at higher flow rates (Qₘ ≥ 500 m³/h), variable-speed operation became less advantageous, resulting in increased energy consumption (up to 154% in extreme cases). The reduction in power consumption at low-speed regimes, combined with the flexibility to adjust flow rates without throttling losses, justifies the adoption of VSCPs in systems with fluctuating demands. It was concluded that variable-speed technology is feasible for energy optimization in specific contexts, particularly in sanitation applications with moderate demand variations. The developed tool enables the analysis of real-world scenarios, supporting technical decision-making and education in sanitary and environmental engineering.