Análise dos impactos de chuvas intensas coincidentes com marés de sizígia na cidade de Macapá/AP: estratégias para monitoramento, comunicação de riscos e emissão de alertas de desastres

Abstract

Disasters related to Global Climate Change and the disorderly growth of cities, with the expansion of the impoverished population contingent and in precarious conditions of territorialization, as a challenging situation for the Brazilian Civil Defense and those who, under its coordination, deal with disaster management, highlight the urgency of actions, programs and public policies for disaster risk reduction aligned with the practices and recommendations proposed in the international agreements of which Brazil is a participant. Using the exploratory method and bibliographic and documentary research, this work aims to propose the organization of strategies aimed at monitoring, risk communication and issuing of alerts for hydrological disasters for the city of Macapá/AP, in a model applicable to other municipalities in the Amazon. It was found that in the North Region, the National System for Monitoring and Alerts for Natural Disasters monitors 117 municipalities, out of the 450 that comprise it. That 262 municipalities have a municipal Civil Defense and Protection agency and only seven are authorized to issue public alerts using the Public Alert Disclosure Interface, a tool offered by the National Civil Defense and Protection System for issuing alerts, thus highlighting the difficulty that municipal Civil Defenses have in carrying out the duties imposed by Law 12608 of April 4, 2012. As a methodological procedure, rainfall data and two hypsometric maps of the city of Macapá were analyzed, finding that between the months of December and July, Macapá records significantly higher monthly rainfall accumulations, with February, March, April and May being the months with rainfall accumulations close to or greater than 300 mm. Five adverse hydrological events were identified and analyzed, caused by Intense Rains that coincided with spring tides that affected the Capital of Amapá in the period from 2021 to 2024. Intense Rains generally begin during the early morning and continue until the end of the afternoon and when coinciding with spring tides, they cause flooding, overflow of channels and inundate the surf areas, mainly in the south of the city, which due to its morphology and low altimetric classes, allows the predominance of flooding and sudden flooding, generally due to the collapse of the drainage infrastructure. From the analysis of these, and from the analysis of the georeferenced risk mappings, the Technical Products were constructed, a Decision Matrix containing levels of severity and degrees of criticality of the identified hydrometeorological parameters, which associated with a booklet containing Monitoring Strategies, Risk Communication and issuance of Alerts Natural Disasters of a Hydrological Nature in the Amazon, will guide the sending of Alerts to the population, indicating actions that will trigger the integrated action of the agencies included in the Municipal Contingency Plan and the Municipal Civil Defense and Protection System, in order to incorporate these actions into municipal planning, aligned with the international agendas promoted by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and with the National Civil Defense and Protection Policy.