Governanças da água em hidroterritórios conflituosos: possibilidades e limites da aplicação da outorga coletiva no estado do Pará

Abstract

This research has the general objective of analyzing the water management model in conflicting hydroterritories and the possibilities of implementing the governance structure and the organization of collective grants. The theoretical framework of the research was outlined under the literature of institutional governance, water governance, integrated management of water resources, hydroterritories, granting of rights to water resources and collective granting. The methodology was based on a case study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. In this analysis, documentary research is also used in texts produced by the State Secretariat for the Environment and Sustainability (SEMAS), such as: environmental management reports, state listing of grants and State Water Resources Plan (products and diagnoses), mainly accessing State Information System on Water Resources (SEIRH/PA), in addition to consulting the Report of the Pastoral Land Commission (CPT). The study area of the research was the Araguaia-Tocantins Hydrographic Region (RHAT), more specifically the Itacaiúnas River Hydrographic Basin (BHRI) because it has large mineral enterprises with areas of conflict over water use. The results reveal that the granting of the right to use water works as a disciplinary element to support decision-making processes in the management of the water territory, as it guarantees to mediate the control and use of water in a region, avoiding or reducing adjacent conflicts between the different users, safeguarding an effective exercise of the right of access to this resource through regulation, enabling the use of water in the hydrographic basins of the state of Pará. They show, even though through the grant, the main conflicts for the use of water in RHAT, more specifically in the BHRI, characterizing the generating activities, the municipalities, the use of water, the type and classification of the conflict for the use of water. water, situation and category of conflict in the hydroterritory. In this scenario, there are still many challenges, limitations and difficulties for the process of implementing the grant of water resources in a hydrographic basin, in this case the BHRI and they are: the territorial dimension of the state makes it difficult to carry out technical inspections, the presence of rivers with the influence of the tide, lack of technical training and human resources, release of treated or untreated effluents into the urban drainage network, inconsistencies and quality of information provided in grant requirements, among others. The hydroterritories of the state of Pará are permeated by economic activities, such as: industry, agriculture, hydroelectricity, public supply and mining (large projects, prospecting and prospecting). These activities generate conflicts that are directly or indirectly reflected in the use of water, causing extensive areas degraded by irregular occupation of the soil, pollution and obstruction of watercourses, absence of riparian vegetation, release of domestic and industrial effluents. The research also examined the following possibilities for the implementation of the collective grant: identification of the conflict, preposition of the Local Management Commission, institutionalization of the Basin Committee, technical analysis of the grant and decision-making power. The limits were: notion of water abundance in the Amazon, the managing body in the case of SEMAS, must recognize the presence of conflicts over water use, the non-existence of the Committee at BHRI and the need to strengthen the granting instrument. A participatory governance model was proposed for the use of water at BHRI, using collective entitlement as a local public action.