O Financiamento público e a cartelização do sistema partidário brasileiro: uma análise sobre os pequenos partidos nas eleições para Deputado Federal de 2022

Abstract

The imminent research has as its object of study the public financing system, especially the Special Campaign Financing Fund (S.C.F.F.), given the size of each party, in order to identify the distribution pattern of this resource and its relationship with the thesis of cartelization which, in summary, indicates that a small number of political parties dominate the political scene and exercise disproportionate control over the political process (Katz and Mair, 1995; Speck and Campos, 2021). To this end, we seek to use mixed methods, with qualitative-quantitative research, through descriptive statistics, raising more comprehensive questions, to understand the subsequent and more specific problem. Thus, reviewed through the literature, we seek to describe party typologies, differentiating them, especially in the aspect of financing, with a focus on cartelization and possible impacts on small parties; Identify characteristics of the Brazilian political system, with analysis of the constitutional and electoral legislation relating to the Party Fund and the S.C.F.F., in addition to, through quantitative analysis, classifying the size of the parties, based on the number of votes obtained for Federal Deputy in the year 2022, jointly analyzing the S.C.F.F. values, distributed this same year, with data obtained from the database available on the Superior Electoral Court (S.E.C) website, to then identify among the concentrated, dispersed and neutral patterns, which ones would be most evident in the Brazilian public financing system, especially with regard to the possibility of cartelization, focusing on small parties. The research is justified by the need to update data and analysis with an approach to the S.C.F.F., given the relevance of public financing to electoral races, as well as in view of recent constitutional and electoral changes, such as the introduction of the barrier clause through EC 97/2017 which imposed requirements for access to Party Fund resources and the impossibility of forming coalitions in proportional elections that also characterize the political system. In this way, it is expected that the results can contribute to a greater understanding of cartelization in the public financing system, given the identification of how such characteristics occur and whether they persist in the Brazilian scenario.